Conventional Stereotypes Research Articles

INFLUENCE OF SOCIETAL NORMS ON THE MOTIVATIONS AND CHALLENGES OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN HARYANA’S MSMES

Within the context of present-day culture, the concept of a "competent woman" has undergone substantial transformation, surpassing conventional stereotypes and encompassing attributes such as self-reliance, perseverance, and resolve. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the influence of societal norms on the incentives and problems encountered by female entrepreneurs operating within micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the state of Haryana. In this study, a quantitative researchis utilised, focussing on a sample of 369 female entrepreneurs from Rohtak. Regression analysis is employed to evaluate the relationship between societal norms and entrepreneurial outcomes. The findings indicate that societal norms account for approximately 65% of the heterogeneity observed in the incentives and obstacles encountered by these entrepreneurs. The findings demonstrate a statistically significant and positive correlation, wherein cultural standards exert an influence on both the motives and difficulties experienced. The present study provides significant contributions to the understanding of social issues that impact women entrepreneurs. Additionally, it offers recommendations for the development of tailored support structures aimed at cultivating a more inclusive entrepreneurial climate in the region of Haryana.

Challenges Between and Within Rural Minority Demographics

Rural minorities in America are in poorer health compared to other demo-graphics, as illustrated by deficits in several health metrics. Such deficits are great in magnitude and temporally persistent. Furthermore, the unrecognized diversity of rural areas means that these deficits affect a larger proportion of rural areas than convention-al stereotype dictates. This review analyzes existing research to characterize the health of rural minorities, focusing on specific challenges and elucidating recurring themes that arise within and between minorities. Specific demographics were chosen for in-depth analysis based on prominence in nonmetropolitan areas, utility as case studies, and availability and quality of research. Population-specific analyses delineate themes that apply across demographics as well as challenges specific to each group, revealing the complexity of rural minority health. Analysis elucidates some key themes surrounding rural minority health. The invisibility of these demographics underlies many surface-level issues such as ineffective interventions and the underfunding of health organizations. Social context also plays a great yet underappreciated role in health, lending complex-ity to this issue through unique demographic-specific challenges. Above all, knowledge gaps are one of the most impactful and long-staying factors affecting rural minorities, impeding solutions and promoting disparity through ignorance on the part of both policy-makers and providers.

Violence on social networks related to the body image of young women and its repercussions on health.

Social networking sites perpetuate gender stereotypes, inequalities, and gender violence, generating adverse health effects. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between Instagram, alcohol consumption and effects on health, through interviews and discussion groups involving adolescents (high school or university students and workers), during the period from the third to the sixth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 118 individuals participated in the study. Three coding clusters were identified: (1) Inequality in the representation of men and women on SNSs; (2) Violence towards women's bodies and sexual violence on SNSs; and (3) Health problems derived from violence against women's body image on SNSs. The main focus of our analysis was the exhibition of the female body, in which eroticization of the body prevails and gender roles are perpetuated. Violence is generated towards women in the form of misogynistic attacks for daring to challenge conventional stereotypes. Many interviewees coincide that the main health effects include low self-esteem, anxiety and eating disorders. The institutional response to the abuses and violence committed on SNSs against women is weak, and public policies are needed to protect women in these environments where they are especially vulnerable.

Anecdote, fiction, and statistics: The three poles of empirical methodology

This article clarifies the role and value of three types of evidence used in empirical research – anecdotes derived from case studies or small samples of data, fictions (including both thought experiments and works of art such as novels and plays) and statistics. The conclusion is that all three have an important part to play. Many conventional stereotypes are deeply unhelpful: contrary to the usual assumptions, science is often dependent on anecdote and fiction for exploring possibilities, qualitative research is often statistical in spirit, and social science is more likely to lead to useful conclusions about future possibilities if it draws on anecdotes and fictions.

The role of manager's gender in mentoring: Evidence in the United Kingdom

AbstractThis article studies the role of managers' gender as a determinant of mentoring relationships between managers and employees in British firms by using data collected from the 2004 and 2011 Workplace Employment Relations Survey. Past literature suggests a rather mixed figure with datasets collected from either one point in time or in a single firm. Using longitudinal data collected from hundreds of British firms, this study shows that the results are inconsistent between classical pooled ordinary least squares (POLS) and fixed effects (FEs) regression models. The significant associations found in POLS regressions disappeared when firm FEs are included. This finding should encourage researchers to go beyond gender differences in mentoring relationships which often are the results of conventional stereotyping.

Turkish History on the Early Stuart Stage

This article explores the role of the strange and spectacular in early modern dramatic (re)presentations of the Islamic world by discussing two sixteenth-century tragedies by Thomas Goffe that engage with Turkish dynastic history. No longer employing the fantastical elements used in medieval literature to mark the East as a spectacular space, Goffe presents a vision of Turkish otherness based on a new (mundane) notion of strangeness that relies on the staging of ‘unnaturally’ excessive behaviour and strangely hyperbolic passions. This strategy emphasises the supposed antagonistic alterity of the Muslim other. However, it also (inadvertently) undermines conventional Ottoman stereotypes by offering points of (emotional) contact and recognition between the audience and the Turkish characters on stage.

Take What You Can Carry: A Novel by Gian Sardar

Reviewed by: Take What You Can Carry: A Novel by Gian Sardar Alan Ali Saeed (bio) Gian Sardar. Take What You Can Carry: A Novel. Lake Union Publishing. Take What You Can Carry is the second novel by Gian Sardar, a young Kurdish American writer, and is a cross-cultural love story that explores historical events. Olivia is an American and Delan is a migrant from Iraqi Kurdistan who is working as a Hollywood actor. They meet and fall in love in California in the late 1970s. An invitation to a family wedding in Iraqi Kurdistan in 1979 leads to an unforgettable visit, during which Olivia is plunged into the horror of the Ba’athist Iraqi regime’s war with the Kurds. The novel is seen through Olivia’s rather naïve, if genuine, viewpoint, and the level of shock felt depends on the reader’s awareness of what happened in Iraqi Kurdistan during the campaign of Arabisation. However, such is the level of careful detail provided by Sardar that the frightening world that Olivia encounters is compelling and visceral, even if the reader knows already what she should have expected. Although the dynamics of the plot are straightforward, there are many refreshing and unusual aspects to both the characters and the way the story and situations unfold. Olivia is an aspiring photojournalist, struggling against explicit sexism to get the break to show her skills in the man’s world of 1970s California. Her bosses are patronising. They like her but consider her to be, at best, secretarial material, lacking the sangfroid requisite for success. Sardar thus revises the common stereotype of narcissistic, ego-centred photojournalists working in troubled countries that is found in such books as Lucy Kirkwood’s Chimerica. Sardar also challenges the conventional stereotypes of Muslim men in American fiction, as Delan is portrayed as more liberal, caring, and progressive than many of the American men in Olivia’s workplace. This is not to say that feminist values are uncontested in Iraqi Kurdish society. Alesa Lightbourne’s The Kurdish Bike, for example, shows a very different—rural and patriarchal—Kurdistan. For Kurds, progressive, secular liberals like Delan are part of a complex Kurdish political lineage, and Delan’s sympathy for feminism is not evidence of Westernisation but rather related to long traditions of Kurdish feminism. It is invigorating to see a portrayal of a cross-cultural marriage that did not turn into the typical, well-worn story of culture clash in which a repressive [End Page 154] Muslim husband tries to stifle and inhibit his independent American wife. This is a love story in which both the principal characters are engaged in a process of self-discovery and transformation. While the relationship is not without its problems, these are very sensitively handled and deftly portrayed, shown to stem from the extreme pressures caused by the alarming situation in Iraqi Kurdistan. Olivia discovers that Delan’s reticence about his homeland when he is in the US hides not only the difficulty of explaining it to someone he feels cannot understand but also his “survivor guilt” at having escaped to California while his family and friends have not. The narrative successfully evokes an atmosphere of distrust and danger in Kurdistan. A powerful moment comes when Delan and his friend play good Samaritan and help a drunk Arab man they see in the street return home. To their horror, they discover he is a member of the security forces. Any wrong mannerism seen or Kurdish accent to their Arabic heard could have all of them, including Olivia, facing death or worse. Another example of careful detail is found in the rich, lyrical descriptions of the otherwise austere Kurdish countryside and the ever-present mountains as well as the kindness and generosity that determine Kurdish social relations. Sardar’s lyricism feels like part of the Kurdish literary tradition and culture, in which poetry is held in extremely high regard. The novel relies on the contrast between two worlds to delineate a binary opposition between the US and Iraqi Kurdistan, even as it challenges and de-constructs the logic of that opposition. California appears evanescent compared to the reality of Kurdistan. A...

An Efficient Row Key Encoding Method with ASCII Code for Storing Geospatial Big Data in HBase

Recently, increasing amounts of multi-source geospatial data (raster data of satellites and textual data of meteorological stations) have been generated, which can play a cooperative and important role in many research works. Efficiently storing, organizing and managing these data is essential for their subsequent application. HBase, as a distributed storage database, is increasingly popular for the storage of unstructured data. The design of the row key of HBase is crucial to improving its efficiency, but large numbers of researchers in the geospatial area do not conduct much research on this topic. According the HBase Official Reference Guide, row keys should be kept as short as is reasonable while remaining useful for the required data access. In this paper, we propose a new row key encoding method instead of conventional stereotypes. We adopted an existing hierarchical spatio-temporal grid framework as the row key of the HBase to manage these geospatial data, with the difference that we utilized the obscure but short American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) to achieve the structure of the grid rather than the original grid code, which can be easily understood by humans but is very long. In order to demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method, we stored the daily meteorological data of 831 meteorological stations in China from 1985 to 2019 in HBase; the experimental result showed that the proposed method can not only maintain an equivalent query speed but can shorten the row key and save storage resources by 20.69% compared with the original grid codes. Meanwhile, we also utilized GF-1 imagery to test whether these improved row keys could support the storage and querying of raster data. We downloaded and stored a part of the GF-1 imagery in Henan province, China from 2017 to 2018; the total data volume reached about 500 GB. Then, we succeeded in calculating the daily normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) value in Henan province from 2017 to 2018 within 54 min. Therefore, the experiment demonstrated that the improved row keys can also be applied to store raster data when using HBase.

Aggressive but loyal

Language powerfully impacts the construction of our gender identities. In the mid-twentieth century gender stereotypes were strong, but at the same time feminism was giving rise to new ideas and becoming increasingly mainstream. What gender-related discourse prosodies did children encounter in popular literature? Did these merely reinforce the conventional stereotypes or did they contain the seeds of change? This study of British children's fiction published in the 1940s-60s seeks to answer these questions through an analysis of personality descriptors collocated with female and male characters in eight books by four prolific children's writers. Although gender stereotypes (as represented by the Bem Sex-Role Inventory) are to some extent reinforced in these books, there are also considerable discrepancies. Children were meeting a range of positive models which did not always match ‘feminine' or ‘masculine' stereotypes.

Communicative Behavior via Gender Identity (Based on the English language “Love Stories”)

The focus of the paper concerns the specific features of characters’ communicative behavior via gender identity. This study deals with two types of correlation and interaction between real and fictional text-creating subjects: the gender identity of the author and the image created in the literary text.
 The research procedure is based on the discourse analysis. The study proves the influence of psychological and socio-cultural factors on speech organization. Due to the combination of content- and elements of intent-analysis the author’s pragmatic intentions in the communicative process are identified. The main findings of this paper are based on the theoretical basis of gender-specified communicative behavior study and the statistical data analysis.
 As a result of the research the specific features of gender communicative style are defined. Besides it is claimed, that taboo words differentiate basic features of male and female speech. The further analysis of non-literary vocabulary proves that gender stereotypes in female-written novels determine the choice of language means for the creation of an ideal male and female image: neglect of moral rules (domination of taboo words provoking conflict and rivalry) or compliance of communicative norms (a rare usage of derogatory vocabulary, communication aimed at cooperation and interaction). Gender differentiation of taboo lexicon in male-written novels argues the conventional stereotype of using taboos mainly by men. The research paper represents the differences in male and female speech, connected with the phenomenon of gender stylization. It proves that style imitation of stereotypical features in the opposite-sex speech occurs in two directions: female authors imitate the masculine communicative style of characters by the domination of taboo words, whereas male authors imitate the feminine communicative style by softening expressions of both-sex characters.
 Thus, in conclusion the study reveals imitating and identifying features of the author’s natural gender identity, such as domination of taboo words like “damn” and “hell” in opposite-sex communication in male-written novels unlike communicative behavior of male and female characters in the novels written by women.

Are Disney Characters ‘Frozen' in Stereotypes? An Intersectional Analysis of Frozen

This paper analyzes changes and continuities in the popular princess characters created by the Walt Disney Studios, specifically in the 2013 movie Frozen. The analysis focuses on five themes suggested by an intersectionality framework: the historical and geographical contexts of Disney characters; the controlling images that are revealed; the power relations among the characters; the macro and micro conditions of Disney movies; and the intersection of gender, sexuality, race, and class in the portrayed characters. The main finding is that the traditional Disney princess has made way for a new and more modern princess character that seems to transcend the conventional stereotype of former characterizations. Yet, closer inspection of the Frozen movie also shows that a new stereotype has developed that depicts a princess as someone who merely thinks she is independent, but who often still needs to rely on a man

Sexual Abuse and Assault in a Large National Sample of Children and Adolescents.

The present study sought to examine features of sexual abuse cases among a U.S. nationally representative sample of 13,052 children and adolescents, ages 0-17 years. The National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence was collected in three different years (2008, 2011, and 2014) via telephone interviews. Information about sexual abuse and assault was obtained from youth themselves (ages 10-17) or caregivers (for children ages 0-9) using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. Results indicate most offenses are at the hands of other juveniles (76.7% for males and 70.1% for females), primarily acquaintances, and occurring more frequently for adolescents aged 14-17. Whereas girls are mostly abused by males (88.4%), boys are abused by both males (45.6%) and females (54.4%). In 15% of cases, penetration is part of the abuse. Victims report being very afraid in 37.5% of episodes but not at all afraid in 19.8%. Among 10- to 17-year-olds, 66.3% of episodes are not reported to parents or any adult. Police reports occur for 19.1% of all cases. The results in the present study indicate that children and youth are exposed to sexual abuse and assault in varied ways, which require moving beyond conventional stereotypes of the problem.

The Poetic Transition and Modernity in Chen Sanli’s (1852–1937) Ancient-Style Verse

AbstractChen Sanli broke the conventional stereotypes, regulations and structural limitations of past poetry to create innovations in poetic form, as well as adopting a variety of writing devices such as the transformed metaphors and the abstruse diction. Within these invented poetic forms, converted metaphors and recondite diction, Chen Sanli experiments with new subject matters which were unprecedented in poetry before his time, and convey his psychological reactions such as oppression, anxiety, helplessness, fear, despair, and confusion toward the change and upheaval. All the poetic forms, metaphors, linguistic devices and emotions in Chen’s verse have a great impact on modern Chinese literature. This paper aims to examine how Chen’s verse promoted classical Chinese poetic tradition but also contributed to the transition from traditional to modern literature.

Introduction

Creative potential of human spearheads their civilization. In fact, progress in every sphere of our lives crucially depends on our creativity. Emphasizing the role of creativity in design even more than other disciplines pushes one to explore understanding of creativity as a key role player in Architecture. Furthermore, by identifying the basic principles of our ingenuity/creativity, researchers might be able to enhance these abilities in the future. But how can we define creativity? Though creativity is the hallmark of human cognition, and therefore a topic of enormous scientific importance, yet not a single definition of creativity exists that is universally accepted by creativity researchers, and the scenario hasn’t changed much in the last fifty years. Nevertheless, any creative output (be it an idea, product, or performance) should have, at least, three characteristics: novelty (it is original), usefulness (it is functional and adaptive), and surprising (it is non-obvious, therefore eliciting an aesthetical or affective response). Many architects confess that, very gradually and unconsciously they tend to inherit and hold on to conventional design approaches, because slowly confinements in construction and conventional stereotypes impose on them, dominate them and prevent them to think innovatively. Now, it is seemingly logical that if you get a chance to see and explore some innovative notions in virtual environments, devoid of any physical limitation, then it will lead to conceptual expansion, since diverse pictures/ inspirations shall be added to pre-conceived design ideas. This will help designers to expand their conceptual boundaries and thus eventually help them to enhance their creativity. Being in varied or miscellaneous environments can help train individuals to encode information in multiple ways, building a myriad of associations between diverse concepts.

‘Lust, Caution’!?: Shanghai and the transnational and transgressive imaginations in classical Hollywood cinema

Abstract The very presence of Shanghai in Hollywood film is fundamental and no accident. Not only was Shanghai an exotic, erotic geographic domain that accommodates and embodies the orientalist fantasies in juxtaposition and contrast with the western realities but also it was stylistically and symbolically crafted, transfigured and woven into the Hollywood ‘dream’ to suggest a range of complex meanings. My article examines the very image and image-making of Shanghai in classical Hollywood cinema of the 1930s and the 1940s. The orientalist strategy that identifies Shanghai as the seductive, threatening and static other is not the only way to understanding the Shanghai of Hollywood’s recreation. I depart from the conventional stereotype of a polarized Shanghai to show the complexity, ambiguity, tension and moreover dynamism in depicting Shanghai vis-à-vis the western self-representation. The very volatile, ambivalent depiction of Shanghai or the East is quite often linked to the projection of the western self, underscored by the dialectic of travelling and captivity, and materialized through the metaphorical lens of the exiled, ostracized and fallen yet challenging woman in the new modern world. Through my close analysis of the Hollywood productions such as Shanghai Express (von Sternberg, 1932), The Shanghai Gesture (von Sternberg, 1941) and The Lady from Shanghai (Welles, 1947) and how the first film was consequently received and perceived in Republican Shanghai, I show how the construction of such a distinct space is intricately intersected with race, gender and nationality at a critical juncture and is moreover mediated through various forms of film noir and camp stylization. It furthermore sheds new light on a nuanced understanding of the Sino-Hollywood relationship during the Great Depression and the Republican era.

Kali, Untamed Goddess Power and Unleashed Sexuality: A Study of the 'Kalika Purana' of Bengal

<p><em>This paper attempts to analyse the paradox inherent in the myth of Kali, both in her iconic delineation and the rituals associated with her worship as depicted in the twelfth century Kalika Purana. The black goddess Kali breaks conventional stereotypes of feminine beauty and sexuality in Hindu goddess mythology. She is the dominant sexual partner straddling the prone Siva and the wild warrior goddess drinking demon blood. She is originally depicted as a symbol of uncontrolled fury emerging from the fair, beautiful goddess Ambika in the battle with the demons in older goddess texts. Thereafter she gains independent existence both as the dark, mysterious and sexually demanding version of the more benign and auspicious Parvati and the Primordial Goddess Power pre-dating the Hindu trinity of male gods, the Universal Mother Force which embraces both good and evil, gods and demons in the Kalika Purana. Unlike other goddess texts which emphasize Kali's role in the battle against the demons, the Kalika Purana's focus is on her sexuality and her darkly sensual beauty. Equally it is on the heterodoxical rituals associated with her worship involving blood and flesh offerings, wine and the use of sexual intercourse as opposed to Vedic rituals. </em></p>

Terms of Silence: Weaknesses in Corporate and Law Enforcement Responses to Cyberviolence against Girls

Girls do not need merely to be empowered with technological know-how in order to engage fully online. While girls use digital and social media for self-expression, activism, and identity experimentation, their engagement is too often interfered with by online gender policing and by being attacked for daring to challenge conventional stereotypes. Reshaping the online environment in ways that address this discrimination meaningfully requires a multifaceted approach that includes transparent, responsive, and accessible redress through both social media platforms and, where necessary, law enforcement agencies. Unfortunately, these institutions all too often fail to respond adequately when girls report acts of cyberviolence committed against them. This article illustrates this failure by drawing on lessons learned from coauthor Julie S. Lalonde’s experiences in advocating online for gender equality. It also raises the troubling concern of law enforcement deference to corporate terms of service rather than to Canadian law.

Diverse Facets in Identities and Party Affiliations of Native Taiwanese Elders

There exists a conventional stereotype about native Taiwanese elders that were born in and lived through the Japanese rule before 1945. On the one hand, some politicians and political commentators derogatorily call them the “Kominka generation,” reinforcing the image of this group of having strong affection for and even intense loyalty to the previous Japanese regime. On the other hand, although many researchers have pointed out this cohorts’ strong cultural ties to Han ethnicity — some even possessed nostalgic feelings toward China — in the colonial period, the researchers also emphasized the emergence of their strong sense of being Taiwanese when they suffered various political and cultural discrimination from the new Chinese dominant class after 1945. Therefore, both perspectives falsely imagine this cohort to be definitely identifying themselves as Taiwanese, rejecting Chinese identity, opposing the Kuomintang (KMT), and supporting the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP). This paper aims to challenge these stereotypes. By adopting the techniques of grounded theory, the paper shows rich diversity not only in this cohort’s perceptions toward the political parties but also in their identity patterns. Furthermore three themes are identified in these participants’ explanation for their political orientations: economic development, social stability and security, and the cultural hierarchy that gives the KMT elites higher symbolic values than native political elites.

Single Working-class Women and the City in Java and Vietnam

Through investigation into the lives of single migrant women who work as department store salesgirls in Surabaya and Ho Chi Minh City, this paper suggests that while commonalities exist with regard to their controlled use of beauty in the workplace, their lack of time and disposable income, and the temporary nature of their right to live in their respective cities as migrants, there are significant differences between them. These differences run contrary to conventional stereotypes of the “outspoken” Javanese woman and the “servile” Vietnamese woman, which in turn are based on stereotypes of the bilateral Southeast Asian kinship tradition and the patrilineal East Asian kinship tradition respectively. Taking into account the forces for and against conservative gender relations in both societies, this paper suggests that it is the Vietnamese working-class woman who exercises more power over how she lives in the city.

Madonna: Feminist or Antifeminist? Domination of Sex in Her Music Videos and Live Performances From the 20th Century to the Present Day

After a nearly four-decade career, Madonna has not stopped with a modernist/postmodernist strategy of shock, which provides the reader or viewer the possibility of different interpretations of her art. While some art theorists condemn her as a ‘total antifeminist’, others praise Madonna’s work and point out her feminist side, through which she represents the ideal of a strong, independent and successful womanconfirming her own power and sexuality. Breaking conventional stereotypes through her videos and concert performances, the ‘Queen of Pop’ constantly demonstrates sexual dominance over both genders. In this paper, based on the contemporary research of Douglas Kellner and other theorists, I will analyze music videos and live performances from the 1990suntil the recent video for the song Bitch, I’m Madonna and consider why Madonna can be interpreted in two ways – as someone who ‘undermines her own feminism’ or as someone who is transparently presented as a feminist in the world of pop culture.