Conventional Steel Frame Research Articles

Analysis and Design of Pre-Engineered Building Using Software

Abstract: Pre-engineered buildings have become quite popular in the last few years. The main advantage are speed of construction and control over quality. However, there is not much information on its economy. There are several parameters like inclination of the gable, spans, bay spacing which control the cost of structure and designed for the common loads DL, LL, EQ, & WL. In this involves comparison of PEB & conventional steel frame. The quality in each case is obtained & finally the structure which regulates the quality of steel is recommended. Cost of steel is increasing day by day & use of steel has increase in the construction industry. Hence to achieve economic sustainability it is necessary to use steel to its optimum quantity. Use pre-engineered building (PEB) & conventional structures, which fulfil our requirements. In present work, PEB & CSB is designed for static & dynamic forces, which includes seismic forces & wind forces.

Seismic Evaluation of Pre-Engineering and Conventional Steel Structure-A review

Abstract: In recent years, the introduction of steel pre-engineered building (PEB) designs has helped streamline design concepts and reduce dead loads in structures. PEB construction, replacing the traditional steel structure (CSB) construction concept, has brought many advantages as the element is the design. According to the bending moment distribution diagram over the full span of the beam and column he dimensions the PEB structure and reduces the steel requirements with the help of conical IS profiles. In this study, his PEB frames and conventional steel frames of industrial structures were subjected to Seismic analysis and designed according to Indian Standards IS 800-1984, IS 800-2007 and IS1893:2016. I was. Traditional steel and prefabricated buildings require aesthetic appearance and high quality construction to be built very quickly. Traditional steel structures and prefabricated buildings can be widely used in the construction of industrial and residential buildings. This paper was prepared to study various research work related to the analysis of PEB and conventional steel structures.

A Comparative Study on Performance of Conventional and Pre-Engineered Steel Frames Subjected to Crane Load

Abstract: Conventional steel frames are low rise steel frames with roofing systems of truss and roof coverings. Standard hot rolled sections are used for truss elements which are usually much heavier than what is actually required as per the design. Pre– Engineered steel frames are the steel frames in which excess steel is tapered as per the bending moment requirements. In present study, conventional (pratt type) steel roof truss and pre-engineered (portal type) steel roof frame with crane load is considered for an industrial warehouse construction located in Davangere city. 2D Modelling of both conventional and pre-engineered steel frame with crane load is done using STAAD Pro. software. Both the steel frames are subjected to different combinations of Dead load (DL), Live load(LL), Crane Load(CL) and Wind load(WL) as per IS 800 (2007) codal provisions. For the factored bending moments and shear force, referring IS 800 (2007) codal provisions, crane gantry girder is designed as a laterally unsupported member having a combination of I and channel sections. The members of both conventional and pre-engineered steel frames with crane load are designed for the worst load combination as per IS 800(2007) codal provisions. It is concluded that about 25% reduction in quantity of steel can be achieved by choosing pre-engineered steel frame than the conventional steel frame.

Seismic Comparison of Diagrid and X-Bracing System in Highrise Building

Abstract: The diagrid (diagonal grid) structural design is one of the fascinating structural design ideas for sturdy tall constructions. Diagrid, a new design style for tall, intricate structures, has emerged due to its aesthetic appeal and structural effectiveness. Diagrid's façade structural system resists both lateral loads and gravity loads by utilizing a small grid of diagonal components. As it uses less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, making the structure more environmentally friendly. This study makes use of ETABS to assess tall structures built of Diagrid steel and tall structures using different bracing techniques. Being thin makes high-rise structures extremely vulnerable to lateral forces, thus they must be constructed to provide safety and comfort in accordancewith user needs. In order to combat the lateral stresses that are most common in high-rise structures, diagrid and X-bracing systems have been created. In this study, the seismic behaviors of diagrid and X-braced systems are compared.

Application of seismic resilient energy-dissipative rocking columns with HSS tension braces in steel frames

Steel moment resisting frames are widely used as seismic resisting systems of buildings in earthquake regions. Since their satisfactory performance is achieved by developing plastic deformation in critical regions, it usually leads to inter-storey drift concentration during a strong earthquake and significant residual deformation after a strong earthquake. To mitigate seismic damage concentration and excessive residual deformation, this study proposed a high post-yield stiffness rocking system, namely energy-dissipative rocking columns with high strength steel tension braces (EDR-TB). The study commenced with lateral cyclic loading tests on the proposed EDR-TB column. Subsequently, numerical model of the EDR-TB was built and validated against test results. System-level nonlinear static and time-history analysis were then conducted on the steel frame with various layouts of the EDR-TB columns. Compared with a conventional steel frame, the frame with EDR-TB columns exhibited much reduced maximum and residual drifts. In addition, the frame with EDR-TB columns exhibited more uniform distribution of drifts. The results also reveal that an appropriate arrangement of lateral resisting capacity of the EDR-TB columns over the structural height may achieve an enhanced seismic performance of the whole structures.

Seismic collapse behavior of steel structures with a smart axial polyurethane friction damper

Shape memory alloys (SMA) are utilized in various engineering fields, owing to their unique properties. In this study, the collapse behavior of steel structures designed with a self-centering damper under seismic sequences was investigated. The proposed damper was made of SMA plates, friction devices, and polyurethane springs called axial polyurethane friction (APF) -SMA dampers to provide desirable damping capabilities and good self-centering behavior. Concentrically braced 14-story steel frames using four types of bracing systems (split X, chevron V, inverted chevron IV, and diagonal) were modeled in OpenSees with and without the APF-SMA damper to evaluate their seismic resistance performance. An incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) was performed for the frames, and the maximum inter-story drift IDA curves of the frames were developed and compared. The analysis results indicated that the APF-SMA damper limited the maximum inter-story drifts of the conventional steel frames and effectively reduced the residual inter-story drifts of the braced frames. Finally, the advantages of the proposed APF-SMA over the conventional braced frames were demonstrated through probabilistic analyses of the results based on the nonlinear response history analyses.

Comparative response assessment of base-isolated braced-frame buildings considering effects of ductility design

This paper evaluates seismic responses of steel concentrically bracing frames isolated by double friction pendulum bearings with two levels of ductility. The seismic responses of base-isolated buildings are compared to their comparable fixed-base buildings. For this purpose, two isolated and two conventional concentrically braced-frame low-rise buildings are seismically designed, and their three-dimensional finite element models are developed in OpenSees. To investigate the impact of ductility, seismic responses of both ordinary and special levels of ductility are computed and analyzed. The results indicate that the ductility levels significantly affect seismic responses of base-isolated buildings. The superstructure with special level of ductility decreases the peak floor acceleration compared to the ordinary ones. The maximum reduction is calculated by about 20%. Moreover, special ductility level increases peak drift demand compared to the ordinary ones up to 75% in base-isolated buildings. Furthermore, the results show that the ordinary superstructure reduces the maximum and residual displacement of double friction pendulum bearings compared to the special ones. • Effects of level of ductility on seismic responses of isolated concentrically braced-frame buildings. • Seismic assessment of buildings with double friction pendulum bearings. • Comparative response evaluation of base-isolated and conventional steel frames. • Considering different hazard levels in assessment of base-isolated buildings.

Failure mechanism and seismic performance evaluation of steel frame using rocking truss

To mitigate the deficiency of the conventional steel frames, a novel steel frame system using rocking truss (SFWRT) and self-centering energy dissipative devices (SCED) was developed. The SCED consists of structural members, pre-tension tendons, abutting element and friction dissipation devices, which exhibits excellent self-centering and energy dissipation capacity. This new structural system is analyzed using Incremental Dynamic Analysis method (IDA). A scaled earthquake acceleration response spectrum from a specified ground motion was used in this analysis. It is found that the formation of the plastic hinges of the structural components includes four stages: emergence, developing, degradation and completely bearing capacity loss. A comparative study is also made to investigate the development of these plastic hinges under different ground motions in both traditional steel frame and SFWRT. The results for evaluating the lateral collapse resistance capacity indicate that the rocking truss can significantly decrease the structural dynamic response and improve the seismic performance of buildings. The collapse probability curves of the steel frame and SFWRT based on three limit states are compared. It is found that the rocking truss is helpful to reduce the collapse probability under earthquakes. The damage of the steel frame as well as the expected loss of the main structure after an earthquake can be significantly reduced with the help of rocking truss, which would also reduce the repair cost and improve the structural resilience under earthquakes significantly.

Evaluating the influences of connection forms on the cyclic performance of RSFBs

A rocking steel frame with buckling-restrained braces (RSFB) with excellent deformation controlling and energy dissipating capacities is proposed to retrofit conventional steel frames. Notably, previous studies have shown that the seismic performance of structures with buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) was influenced by the connection forms of the BRBs within the structures. In this study, a series of pseudostatic tests were conducted on the RSFBs to investigate the influence of the BRB and support connection forms on the structural seismic performance. An out-of-plane deformation is observed in the transiting portion of the compressional BRB because of the failure of the out-of-plane restraints. However, the BRB on the tensional side works normally, and the RSFBs do not fully lose their carrying capacity. The rocking steel frames in all test specimens remain elastic and demonstrate uniform inter-story drifts. Finite element models of the test specimens with full out-of-plane restraints were established and simulated using ABAQUS software to complement the tests. The simulation results show that the BRB and support connection forms have little influence on the overall structural hysteresis response. However, the BRB connection forms affect the deformation of the BRB core plate and the out-of-plane deformation at the BRB ends due to different out-of-plane stiffnesses. Moreover, the supports with various connection forms exhibit different damage degrees and distributions.

Seismic performance evaluation of damage-controlled composite steel frame with flexible-gel-covered studs

This paper proposes flexible-gel-covered (FGC) studs to reduce the earthquake damage of a concrete slab in a composite steel frame. With the FGC studs in the novel frame, the shear constraint between the steel beam and the concrete slab was intentionally released, and the tensile strain of the slab decreased under a positive moment when the initial objective was achieved. To verify the utility of FGC studs in damage control, a numerical model was developed in ABAQUS. The performance of one single composite beam was investigated to obtain the optimal configuration of the FGC studs. Based on single beam analysis, two steel frames were modeled using ABAQUS, including one conventional frame and one novel steel frame with FGC studs. Pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis were carried out. The numerical simulation results revealed that the overall structural performance of the novel frame with FGC studs was adequately maintained compared with a conventional steel frame, which demonstrates the direct applicability of the current seismic design approach. The performance of the FGC stud and its effective range for damage reduction are discussed in detail. The FGC studs are beneficial in terms of reducing the local slab damage under small to moderate earthquakes. Under strong earthquake, the efficiency decreased for very large story drift.

Seismic performance evaluation of damage tolerant steel frame with composite steel-UHPC joint

In order to reduce the earthquake damage and improve the resilience of frame structures, a damage tolerant steel frame was proposed in this paper. In this steel frame, the composite Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) joint and friction damper were applied at the beam to column connection. The UHPC joint can provide excellent crack resistance and deformation capacity, while the friction damper can resist the moment in normal service and dissipate energy under earthquake. To verify the seismic performance of this novel frame, four sophisticated finite element models were built by using ABAQUS, including one conventional moment resisting frame and three novel steel frames with different friction forces. Pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic analyses were carried out. Compared to conventional frame, both deformation and base shear force of the novel frames were significantly reduced in the simulations. Under maximum considered earthquake (MCE), the conventional steel frame sustained significant yielding in the beam-column connection and column base. While for the novel frames, more than 80% external works were dissipated by the friction dampers, and only slight plastic strain appeared on the composite UHPC joint and column base, demonstrating the realization of the expected damage tolerant performance. Furthermore, the relative small friction force was suggested according to the comparisons between novel frames. The early yielding mechanism caused by the weak friction dampers can effectively improve the energy dissipation performance and damage control.

Experimental optimization of tab and slot plug welding method suitable for unique lightweight frame structures

The tab and slot plug welding method applied to frame construction represents an interesting and low-cost construction system. Regarding the materials used, it is possible to create both unique lightweight aluminium frames, applied to service robots or effectors, as well as conventional steel frames for machines and peripherals. This article firstly summarizes the technologies and general aspects of the frame structure, and then it presents the characteristics of the tab and slot plug welding method, followed by a brief theoretical analysis. Furthermore, experimental and numerical simulations are performed based on the comparison of the given method with the common construction system of extruded profiles. The main focus is on optimizing the tab and slot system based on extensive laboratory experiments, where emphasis is placed on the dimensions of the joints in relation to used materials. This is followed by numerical simulation of the stress fields in joints. In the conclusion, recommendations are made for frames of different materials produced by the presented method; Work also includes selected real examples of structural applications of the given system.

Assessment of structural damage detection methods for steel structures using full-scale experimental data and nonlinear analysis

Rapid structural damage assessment methodologies are essential to properly allocate emergency response and minimize business interruption due to downtime in the aftermath of earthquakes. Within this context, data-driven algorithms supported by sensing capabilities can be potentially employed. In this paper, we evaluate an extensive number of damage indicators computed based on nonmodel-based system identification techniques and wavelet analysis. The efficiency of these indicators to infer the damage state of conventional steel moment-resisting frames (MRFs) and concentrically braced frames (CBFs) is evaluated through the utilization of landmark full-scale shake table experiments that examined the inelastic behavior of such frames at various seismic intensities. The same data is complemented with numerical simulations of multi-story steel MRFs and CBFs with the overarching goal to identify potential limitations and propose refinements in commonly used damage indicators for rapid seismic risk assessment. It is shown that wavelet-based damage sensitive features are well correlated with commonly used story-based engineering demand parameters that control structural and non-structural damage in conventional steel frame buildings.

07.10: Elastic buckling strength of light‐gauge built‐up member from lipped C‐section under compression

ABSTRACTIn a cold‐formed steel structures, the plate thickness is thin. Therefore, plates can be connected by drilling tapping screws, or similar processes. Cold‐formed steel structures differs from conventional steel frames in that cold‐formed steel structures does not require welding. This construction method is simple and has excellent workability. In addition, cold‐formed steels can be used in built‐up members having various cross‐sectional shapes by connecting. In particular, built‐up members formed by lipped channel sections are widely used as vertical frame members, because they have a large bending stiffness relative to their cross‐sectional area. The built‐up member that joins the cold‐formed steels back‐to‐back with drilling tapping screws is one among them. When designing a built‐up compression member, it is important to understand the effect of spacing between interconnections and boundary conditions. However, it is not clear whether the connection interval of chord members affects the elastic buckling strength. Therefore, the spacing of connection is given an upper limit. In addition, previous studies have assumed that the cross section of the end is uniformly compressed. Accordingly, other boundary conditions have not been considered. This study considers steel with a thickness of less than 2.3 mm and discusses how spacing between interconnections and boundary conditions influence the elastic buckling strength.

Effects of uncertainties on seismic behaviour of optimum designed braced steel frames

Concentrically braced steel frames (CBFs) can be optimised during the seismic design process by using lateral loading distributions derived from the concept of uniform damage distribution. However, it is not known how such structures are affected by uncertainties. This study aims to quantify and manage the effects of structural and ground-motion uncertainty on the seismic performance of optimum and conventionally designed CBFs. Extensive nonlinear dynamic analyses are performed on 5, 10 and 15-storey frames to investigate the effects of storey shearstrength and damping ratio uncertainties by using the Monte Carlo simulation method. For typical uncertainties in conventional steel frames, optimum design frames always exhibit considerably less inter-storey drift and cumulative damage compared to frames designed based on IBC-2012. However, it is noted that optimum structures are in general more sensitive to the random variation of storey shear-strength. It is shown that up to 50% variation in damping ratio does not affect the seismic performance of the optimum design frames compared to their code-based counterparts. Finally, the results indicate that the ground-motion uncertainty can be efficiently managed by optimizing CBFs based on the average of a set of synthetic earthquakes representing a design spectrum. Compared to code-based design structures, CBFs designed with the proposed average patterns exhibit up to 54% less maximum inter-storey drift and 73% less cumulative damage under design earthquakes. It is concluded that the optimisation procedure presented is reliable and should improve the seismic performance of CBFs.

Ultimate Capacity of Diagrid Systems for Tall Buildings in Nominal Configuration and Damaged State

One of the evocative structural design solutions for tall buildings is recently embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural system. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, provides for a more sustainable structure and has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures due to aesthetics and structural performance. The purpose of this study is twofold. First, to assess the optimal structural design of a diagrid tall-building, also compared to a typical outrigger building, focusing on the sustainability (the use of structural steel) and the structural safety and serviceability. To this aim, dierent diagrid geometries are tested and compared. Second, to provide some insight on the residual strength of diagrid structures, also in the damaged state (modelled by the elimination of diagonal grids). Both goals are accomplished using FEM nonlinear analyses.

Comparative Study of Pre Engineered and Conventional Industrial Building

Long span, Column free structures are the most essential in any type of industrial structures and Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB) fulfil this requirement along with reduced time and cost as compared to conventional structures. This methodology is versatile not only due to its quality predesigning and prefabrication, but also due to its light weight and economical construction. The present work presents the comparative study and design of conventional steel frames with concrete columns and steel columns and Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB). In this work, an industrial building of length 44m and width 20m with roofing system as conventional steel truss and pre-engineered steel truss is analyzed and designed by using STAAD Pro V8i.

Comparative Study of Analysis and Design of Pre-EngineeredBuildings and Conventional Frames

Long Span, Column free structures are the most essential in any type of industrial structures and Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB) fulfill this requirement along with reduced time and cost as compared to conventional structures. The present work involves the comparative study of static and dynamic analysis and design of Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB) and Conventional steel frames. Design of the structure is being done in Staad Pro software and the same is then compared with conventional type, in terms of weight which in turn reduces the cost. Three examples have been taken for the study. Comparison of Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB) and Conventional steel frames is done in two examples and in the third example, longer span Pre Engineered Building structure is taken for the study. In the present work, Pre Engineered Buildings (PEB) and Conventional steel frames structure is designed for dynamic forces, which includes wind forces and seismic forces. Wind analysis has been done manually as per IS 875 (Part III) - 1987 and seismic analysis has been carried out as per IS 1893 (2002).

Comparison between New Concrete Filled Steel Tube Frame Structure and Steel Frame Structure

Concrete filled steel tube (CFT) structure has advantages of the high tensile strength and ductility of steel in addition to the high compressive strength and stiffness of concrete. This research proposes a new CFT column-CFT beam frame structure. In order to validate the cost performance of the new CFT column-CFT beam frame structure, designs were carried out for building frames using both the new CFT column-CFT beam frame structure and conventional steel frame structure. The amount of consumed materials and cost estimations of each designed new CFT and conventional steel building frame are analyzed and compared. The result shows that the new CFT column-CFT beam frame structure is able to exhibit high cost performance than conventional steel frame structure.

Ultimate capacity of blast loaded structures common to chemical plants

AbstractThere has been a great deal of investment in development of design criteria and design and construction of heavily reinforced, blast‐resistant control rooms. This remains the best option for protective construction against severe blast loading experienced close in to a vapor cloud or other explosion hazard. However, most structures encountered at chemical plants and contemplated for future construction are conventional steel frame, metal clad buildings. In this paper we look closely at the response of such buildings to explosion loads and their ability to undergo large deformations without structural failure. The types of structural elements evaluated include metal decking of various gauge and shape along with a variety of girt and purlin sections. Building frames or bents are also evaluated, although the date base for these is much more limited. The work is based on observations made during investigations of large explosion accidents along with analytical predictions and test measurements. To conclude, we offer specific design criteria and connection recommendations for enhancing the overall strength of a building through the use of conventional components in unconventional construction.