Conventional Route Research Articles

Prospects of Inhalable Formulations of Conventionally Administered Repurposed Drugs for Adjunctive Treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Supporting Evidence from Clinical Trials and Cohort Studies.

Background: Drug resistant tuberculosis is a major public health concern, since the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis is resistant to the most effective drugs against tuberculosis treatment ie., rifampicin and isoniazid. Globally, it accounts 4.6 percent of the patients with tuberculosis, but in some low socioeconomic areas this proportion exceeds to 25 percent. The treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis is prolonged (9-12 months) and often have less favorable outcome with novel as well as recently repurposed drugs administered by conventional routes. Materials and Methods: Clinically, these repurposed drugs have shown several major concerns including low penetration of the drugs to the pulmonary region, emergence of resistant forms, first pass effects, drug-drug interactions, food effects, and serious side effects upon administration by conventional route of administration. Although, several antimicrobial agents have been either approved or are under investigation at different stages of clinical trials and in pre-clinical studies via inhalation route for the treatment of respiratory infections, inhalable formulation for the treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis is most untouched aspect of drug delivery to validate clinically. Only a single dry powder inhalation formulation of capreomycin is able to reach the milestone, ie., phase I for the treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis. Results: Administering inhalable formulations of repurposed drugs as adjuvant in the treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis could mitigate several concerns by targeting drugs directly in the vicinity of bacilli. Conclusion: This review focuses on the limitations and major concerns observed during clinical trials of repurposed drugs (host directed or bactericidal drugs) administered conventionally for the treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis. The outcomes and the concerns of these clinical trials rationalized the need of repurposing formulation which could be administered by inhalation route as adjunctive treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis. [Figure: see text].

Recent Advances of B‐P Coupling Reactions: Conventional and Efficient Alternative Routes

Recent Advances of B‐P Coupling Reactions: Conventional and Efficient Alternative Routes

Supercritical CO2 in the Development of Highly Efficient Composite Cathodes for Li-S Batteries.

Conventional Li-S battery cathode synthesis routes are time-consuming, energy-intensive, use toxic solvents, and yet fail to effectively confine sulfur into carbon matrices, reducing the cathode efficiency. Supercritical CO₂ (scCO2) presents notable benefits as a "green solvent" due to its affordability, chemical inertness, recyclability, non-flammability, and non-toxicity. It eliminates the need for energy-intensive post-heat treatments, providing a more sustainable and efficient option. CO2 in supercritical state gains unique gas-like and liquid-like properties that enable precise sulfur loading, uniform encapsulation, and improved sulfur-carbon interactions, which enhance conductivity and reaction kinetics. Recent studies show that cathodes prepared using scCO2 exhibit exceptional electrochemical performance, including long-term cycling stability and high coulombic efficiency. The versatility of scCO2 in infiltrating various host architectures also makes it suitable for a wide range of cathode designs. Despite its tremendous potential, this advanced synthesis technology is often overlooked in textbooks, underscoring the need for awareness within the research community. This review highlights the remarkable features of scCO2 and examine up-to-date research progress, focusing on its application in developing high-performance carbon/sulfur composite cathodes. An application-focused audience would benefit from a summary of this review, as they reveal new Li-S cathode synthesis technologies that haven't been widely explored or discussed.

Structural, optical, and dielectric Properties of Sr2+ substituted Ba1-xSrx(Co1/2W1/2)O3 ceramics for wireless application

The solid solution of Ba1-xSrx(Co1/2W1/2)O3, (BSCWO), (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.60) ceramics has been prepared via conventional solid-state reaction route. In this work, the impact spawned by doping Sr2+ cation on the phase, dielectric, optical and morphological properties of (BSCWO), ceramics has been investigated with respect to the frequency range of 1-3GHz. The X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the base sample has a tetragonal structure, while Sr+2 doped samples exhibit orthorhombic structure. The appearances of the surface and grain size distribution of samples are analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The FTIR study confirms the presence of metal-oxygen bond and functional groups. The dielectric properties of the prepared samples were strongly dependent on the frequencies and as well as on concentration. The UV-visible absorption spectra results, the band gap energy (Eg) drops from 2.56 to 2.37 eV with an increasing the Sr2+ contents. The EDX (energy dispersive x-rays) spectroscopy corroborate the presence of Ba, Sr, Co, and W elements. We observed the lowest dielectric loss (tan = 0.092) and the highest dielectric constant (εr = 51) at contents (x = 0.60), making it a promising option for wireless device applications.

Microwave Assisted Synthesis and 3D QSAR Analysis of Analgesic Oxadiazoles

In present work we report design, synthesis and evaluation of the analgesic activity of new 2, 5-disubstituted1, 3, 4-oxadiazoles. An ecofriendly method for the conversion of substituted benzoic acid hydrazides to 2, 5-disubstituted1, 3, 4-oxadiazoles in the presence of phosphorous oxychloride under the influence of microwave irradiation and conventional route has been described. The structures of oxadiazoles formed were confirmed by elemental and spectral analysis. In comparison with conventional microwave assisted method is simple, rapid and efficient. The title compounds were tested for analgesic activity by tail flick method and the series of 20 compounds was subjected for 3D QSAR analysis using V life MDS 3.5 software. The compounds were divided into training and test set. Best QSAR model was selected on the basis of various statistical parameters like square correlation coefficient (r2), cross validated square correlation coefficient (q2), standard error of estimation (SE) and sequential Fischer test (F). 3D QSAR study reveals that electronegative and bulk substitution at second and fifth position of 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole improves the analgesic activity.

The effects of alpha-lipoic acid transdermal patch for local subcutaneous fat reduction: A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial in overweight volunteers

BackgroundCombating obesity is challenging, as anti-obesity compounds lose effectiveness or cause severe side effects when delivered via conventional routes. Thus, there is a need for new, effective treatment routes that are home-based and safe for long-term use. This double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial aimed to investigate the efficacy of a biocellulose transdermal patch containing α-lipoic acid (ALA), an anti-obesity compound, in reducing subcutaneous fat accumulation. MethodsOne hundred and sixteen overweight participants (average age 37.96 ± 7.80 years) were recruited for the study. They were randomly assigned to apply either the calcium citrate nanoparticle-encapsulated ALA transdermal patch or a placebo on their arm. The participants’ body weight, height, blood lipid profile (cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein), arm circumference, triceps skin fold, and subcutaneous fat thickness were recorded at baseline and at the 2-week follow-up. ResultsThe mean arm circumference did not show any significant difference from baseline, whereas the triceps skinfold and subcutaneous fat thickness showed a significant reduction. The 2-week treatment did not significantly alter the plasma LDL, HDL, and triglyceride levels of the participants, but it significantly reduced the total cholesterol level. ConclusionThis study reports the successful reduction of subcutaneous fat of the calcium citrate nanoparticle-encapsulated ALA transdermal patches. The transdermal patches could be used as a safe and effective home-based solution for combating obesity.

Discovery of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidine–Schiff Base Derivatives as Potent Antifungal Agents Against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Biological Evaluation, Homology Modeling, and Docking Analysis

ABSTRACTBayoud disease, which is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (FOA), is a severe threat to date palm cultivation in North Africa and the Middle East; thus, effective antifungal treatments are urgently required. In response to this, the present study develops, characterizes, and tests imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidine–Schiff base derivatives as potential antifungal compounds. A series of these derivatives (labeled IMP‐1 to IMP‐6) was obtained using a facile conventional synthetic route that holds the potential for scalable production. The structures of the samples were characterized using traditional spectroscopic techniques, while IMP‐1 and IMP‐3 were subjected to single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis to verify the structural assignment of the synthesized compounds. Screening analysis of the antifungal activity of the IMPs against FOA demonstrated remarkable inhibition effects, with IC50 values ranging from 4.7 to 2.6 μg/mL. In particular, IMP‐6 demonstrated exceptional potency, with an inhibition rate exceeding 97% at a low concentration of only 16.42 μM, thus outperforming many previously reported antifungal compounds. Homology modeling and molecular docking analysis were also conducted to understand how these novel antifungal agents interact with their target, with the experimental and theoretical approaches producing consistent results.

225Aс/213Bi generator for direct synthesis of 213Bi-labeled bioconjugates

Background213Bi is a short-lived radionuclide currently trialed for alpha therapy of various oncological diseases. A serious obstacle to the wide medical use is decay losses of 213Bi during a conventional synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals. In this work, we aimed to develop a two-column 225Aс/213Bi generator providing the accumulation of 213Bi separately from the parent 225Ac via continuous circular separation and decay of intermediate 221Fr. When attaining the transient equilibrium, 213Bi could be promptly extracted from the generator with an appropriate complexing agent, including chelator-protein bioconjugates. MethodsSorption behavior of Bi(III) ions onto the cross-linked dextran gel Sephadex G-25 was studied from solutions of hydrochloric and nitric acid, and from sodium chloride, sodium acetate and DTPA solutions. A bifunctional chelating agent p-SCN-Bn-DTPA was conjugated to an antibody Nimotuzumab specific to the epidermal growth factor receptor, and the procedure of 207,213Bi-DTPA-Nimotuzumab synthesis in the dextran gel medium was developed. The parameters of 225Aс/213Bi generator system were evaluated. ResultsThe weight distribution ratios of Bi(III) adsorbed onto the Sephadex G-25 gel were obtained. Up to 85 % of 213Bi was accumulated in the second Sephadex-filled column of 225Aс/213Bi generator after four-hour circulation of 0.15 M NaCl (pH 5.5) solution. Having passed the solution of DTPA-Nimotuzumab bioconjugate through the second column, a fraction of 213Bi-DTPA-Nimotuzumab radioimmunoconjugate was produced with the radiochemical yield of 64 % ± 3 % (n = 6). High radionuclidic and radiochemical purity of product was achieved. ConclusionsThe circulating 225Aс/213Bi generator provides a 213Bi-labeled bioconjugate as a final product. While a conventional synthesis route including generator milking, bioconjugate labeling and size-exclusion purification takes >20 min, the duration of 213Bi-DTPA-Nimotuzumab production by the method proposed in this work is reduced to 6–8 min.

Piezo-to-piezo (P2P) conversion: simultaneous β-phase crystallization and poling of ultrathin, transparent and freestanding homopolymer PVDF films via MHz-order nanoelectromechanical vibration.

An unconventional yet facile low-energy method for uniquely synthesizing neat poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films for energy harvesting applications by utilizing nanoelectromechanical vibration through a 'piezo-to-piezo' (P2P) mechanism is reported. In this concept, the nanoelectromechanical energy from a piezoelectric substrate is directly coupled into another polarizable material (i.e., PVDF) during its crystallization to produce an optically transparent micron-thick film that not only exhibits strong piezoelectricity, but is also freestanding-properties ideal for its use for energy harvesting, but which are difficult to achieve through conventional synthesis routes. We show, particularly through in situ characterization, that the unprecedented acceleration associated with the nanoelectromechanical vibration in the form of surface reflected bulk waves (SRBWs) facilitates preferentially-oriented nucleation of the ferroelectric PVDF β-phase, while simultaneously aligning its dipoles to pole the material through the SRBW's intense native evanescent electric field . The resultant neat (additive-free) homopolymer film synthesized through this low voltage method, which requires only -orders-of-magnitude lower than energy-intensive conventional poling methods utilizing high kV electric potentials, is shown to possess a 76% higher macroscale piezoelectric charge coefficient d33, together with a similar improvement in its power generation output, when compared to gold-standard commercially-poled PVDF films of similar thicknesses.

Magnetic behavior of manganese doped aluminum iron oxide

This paper reports the structural and magnetic properties of undoped and manganese doped aluminum iron oxide. The samples were prepared through a conventional solid-state reaction route using the planetary ball milling technique. The XRD profile showed a body centered tetragonal crystalline behavior in a perovskite structure. The field emission scanning electron microscopy images displayed segregated grain into different clusters. The significant magnetic loss tanδ is marked for the manganese doped aluminum iron oxide, which may dissipate as heat radiation and subsequently make it suitable in thermomagnetic devices for medical related research. The well-resolved peaks as observed in the absorption of the imaginary part of the magnetic modulus correspond to the spin resonance. The characteristic frequency is detected to shift rightward and signifying the lone presence of spin rotations in the high-frequency regime. The magnitude of the imaginary part of magnetic modulus increases with both the milling time and Mn content. This implies the more absorption of magnetic energy from the alternating magnetic field that in turn leading to decrease spin rotations and follows the decreasing trend in the grain size. The release of substantial amount of heat associated with the significant magnetic loss tanδ is noticed for the sample AFMO-3 h that mark it as a suitable candidate for thermotherapy in the low-frequency regime, which may be asserted as the novelty of this study. The semicircles in their Nyquist plots represent the single magnetic relaxation of the samples and thus, an equivalent circuit may be assumed consisting of inductance and resistance in series.

Multi-step thermal design of microwave vacuum heating to basaltic regolith simulant towards lunar base construction

Humanned exploration and extended stay on the Moon are the hottest challenges today. We report highly robust materials by microwave heating under high-vacuum conditions (10− 3 Pa) from a basaltic regolith simulant (FJS-1) to ensure the feasibility of lunar infrastructure construction. The violent degassing dynamics were revealed by monitoring vacuum pressure during heating and analyzing the compounds evolved from basaltic silicate compounds: thermal pyrolysis of silicate compounds became more pronounced above 1000 oC, leading to a catastrophic deformation accompanied by forming countless pores of several hundred µm sizes. The preferential formation of the magnetite phase in vacuum heating dominantly caused the radical change in microwave absorption capacity compared with conventional heating routes using an electrical furnace in atmospheric conditions. Besides, the in-situ measurement of dielectric properties during microwave vacuum heating clarified the increase in one order of magnitude from 100 to 1000 oC. Based on the presumed phenomena during microwave-vacuum heating for basaltic regolith, we propose a new thermal design concept to overcome the practical limitations of microwave technology. The multi-step temperature profile successfully fabricated a highly robust product that demonstrated world-class mechanical performance, equivalent to the compressive strength of 65 MPa without any vigorous hydrostatic cold press as a pre-treatment.

Heteroarylation of Organophosphonium Salts with Indoles in Water: Synthesis of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical 3,3′‐Bisindolylmethane Derivatives.

AbstractA method for the synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical 3,3′‐bis(indolyl)methanes (3,3′‐BIMs) has been developed through the direct heteroarylation of indolyl‐containing di(hetero)aryl phosphonium salts with indole derivatives in aqueous media. This metal‐free reaction proceeds smoothly under mild conditions, eliminating the need for hazardous solvents and expensive additives/catalysts typically used in conventional synthesis routes, thereby highlighting the synthetic practicality and efficiency of the process. The success of this approach is largely attributed to the role of water as a promoter, facilitating the C−P bond functionalization of the phosphonium salts. Furthermore, the reaction demonstrates a broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, and excellent scalability. Moreover, the protocol can also be extended to the synthesis of triindolylmethane compound and diarylmethylated indole.

Synthesis of zirconium-based metal-organic framework under mild conditions and its application to the removal of cationic and anionic dyes from wastewater

Water resources contaminated by industrial dyes can pose a significant threat to the environment and human health. Herein, we conducted a study on the removal of cationic and anionic dyes, such as methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO), using MIL-140A, a zirconium-based metal-organic framework. MIL-140A is synthesized in a Schlenk flask at 120 °C, whereas its conventional synthesis route involves a teflon-sealed autoclave at 220 °C, highlighting the cost reduction and lower equipment requirements of the low-temperature synthesis. The structure of MIL-140A is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption techniques. The optimal pH for the adsorption of two dyes by MIL-140A is pH 5–8 for MB and pH 3 for MO. The adsorption equilibrium can be reached within 60 min at room temperature, and the adsorption of both dyes on MIL-140A follows pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm, and the maximum adsorption capacity of MO and MB by MIL-140A were 163.6 and 89.2 mg/g, respectively. Thermodynamic studies indicate an entropy-driven spontaneous process. The adsorption mechanism of MO and MB on MIL-140A is investigated using FT-IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The adsorption of MO involves coordination between Zr and sulfonate, while MB adsorption occurs via π-π interactions. Additionally, MIL-140A exhibits better removal efficiency for MO from lithium battery wastewater compared to MB, primarily due to stronger coordination interactions than π-π interactions. These findings demonstrate that MIL-140A is a promising adsorbent for effectively removing both anionic and cationic dyes from water resources.

Eco-Friendly TiO2 Nanoparticles: Harnessing Aloe Vera for Superior Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue

In recent years, the contamination of aquatic environments by organic chemicals, including dyes such as methylene blue (MB), Congo red, and crystal violet, has become an increasing concern, as has their treatment. In this work, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) were studied for their photocatalytic performance by measuring the degradation of MB under UV light. TiO2 NPs were synthesized using two synthetic processes optimized in this study: a green method, namely leveraging the natural properties of Aloe vera leaf extract; and a conventional approach. The resulting NPs were thoroughly characterized using X-rays Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), UV–Vis and ζ-potential analysis. The TiO2 NPs synthesized by the green method demonstrated a degradation efficiency of (50 ± 3)% after 180 minutes, which was significantly higher than the (16 ± 3)% achieved by NPs synthesized through the conventional route. Moreover, the reaction rate constant for the green-synthesized TiO2 NPs was found to be approximately five times greater than that of the conventionally synthesized NPs. These results open up a new scenario in the pollution removal strategy research, using resources accessible in nature to synthesize NPs with high photocatalytic activity, which could also be useful for other applications, such as hydrogen production.

More or Less Ice? Shipping in the Russian Arctic and the Role of Climate Change

Melting sea ice has often been presented as a primary driver for development of Arctic shipping, but what role has it played for policies to develop the Northern Sea Route? It may look paradoxical that Russia has embarked on an ambitious icebreaker construction program, given climate change. In Russia, there have been contradictory assessments of further climate developments in the Arctic. Representatives of the nuclear icebreaker fleet have argued that a new cooling period will soon occur, whereas Russian climate science is dominated by unidirectional climate change. Nevertheless, there is agreement that more icebreakers are needed, since shipping activity is expected to increase, and an extended navigation season is an indisputable goal. Nuances in Russian climate science do not seem to play any role in policy planning for Arctic shipping. Shipping through the Arctic emits less greenhouse gases than navigation on conventional southerly routes, which may be used as an argument in favor of the Northern Sea Route. It is doubtful, though, that this will change priorities of international shipping companies, especially as long as international shipping is not subject to emissions standards. Many other considerations will have precedence. Obviously, Russia’s war in Ukraine and the ensuing international tension is affecting trade patterns and investments in the Russian Arctic. In this situation climate change plays less of a role in the development of shipping in the Russian Arctic. But even before the war climate change was less important than often assumed in the international literature.

Transdermal Delivery of Superoxide Dismutase Using Polymeric Microneedle Patches to Inhibit Skin Aging

AbstractSkin aging is characterized by a deterioration of skin quality over time resulting from physiological changes and oxidative stress (OS). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an effective antioxidant enzyme widely used as a food supplement and cosmetic additive to alleviate OS and retard skin aging. However, conventional SOD delivery routes commonly yield unsatisfactory results due to limited stability, compromised bioavailability, and low absorption efficiency in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These issues are addressed by developing SOD‐encapsulated polymeric microneedle (PMN) patches for efficient transdermal delivery. The use of a highly stable SOD isolated from a hot spring microbe ensures its reactivity throughout PMN fabrication and application. This SOD vehicle demonstrated excellent effectiveness through inhibiting skin‐aging and promoting hair growth as validated by extensive in vivo experiments using D‐galactose (D‐gal) induced aging‐mouse model. SOD‐PMNs promoted excellent regeneration of hair follicles, increased melanin synthesis, decreased lipid oxidation, and elevated antioxidative capacity of skin tissue. The success in effective transdermal delivery of SOD promises wide applicability in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Metal-sown selective area growth of high crystalline quality InAsSb nanowires and networks by molecular-beam epitaxy

Scalable in-plane InAsSb nanowires and networks have attracted intense research interest in optoelectronics and quantum computation. However, the poor crystalline quality of InAsSb nanowires and networks limits the development of high-performance nanodevices. Here, we report the growth of high crystalline quality InAsSb nanowires and networks on patterned Ge substrates by molecular-beam epitaxy. We find that high crystalline quality InAsSb nanowires can be successfully achieved by the conventional selective area growth route. But continuous nanowires and networks cannot be obtained by this growth manner. To overcome this problem, a metal-sown selective area growth route is developed. By precisely tuning the growth parameters, the well-aligned InAsSb nanowires and networks have been successfully fabricated. It is determined that the morphologies of nanowires and networks are dependent on the local growth rate and the V/III ratio, and the V/III ratio has an obvious effect on the polarity of nanowires and networks. Detailed structural studies confirm that these well-faceted nanowires are pure zinc blende single crystals, and there is a strict epitaxial relationship between the nanowire and the substrate. The energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses indicate that the Sb content is evenly distributed along the in-plane direction and has an obvious gradient along the out-of-plane direction. The successful fabrication of high crystalline quality InAsSb nanowires and networks provides new opportunities for exploring potential optoelectronic applications.

Brain-computer interface applications in the aging population with Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease

Abstract. The rapidly aging population faces increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD), which significantly impair cognitive and motor functions. There is an urgent need for increased research, awareness, and development of effective treatments to mitigate their impact on the affected individuals and their families. This paper delves into the history, mechanisms, and applications of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) as innovative solutions to mitigate these impacts. BCIs enable direct brain-to-device communication, circumventing conventional neuromuscular routes. We highlight how neurofeedback and neuroplasticity facilitated by BCIs not only restore motor skills and cognitive functions but also enhance the overall quality of life for sufferers. Through applications in cognitive training, motor assistance, and advanced communication aids, BCIs present a significant promise despite the ethical and practical challenges they pose. The continual advancement of this technology promises to a future when its incorporation into treatment plans will be widely used and provide significant advantages for those with PD and AD.

Lithium iodide promoted CO2 hydrogenation towards ethanol via biphasic lewis-acid-base pairs synergistic catalysis

Ethanol synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation is of great importance in view of its high-value utilization. Herein, combining with heterogeneous and homogenous catalysis, we have developed an efficient biphasic Lewis-acid-base pairs synergistic catalysis strategy from CO2 hydrogenation. Apart from conventional heterogeneous ethanol synthesis route, it was surprisingly found that LiI homogenous promoter significantly enhanced CO2 conversion, ethanol selectivity, and productivity. LiI promoted CO2 dissolution in pure water and accelerated reaction intermediates consumption, favoring CO2 conversion. In detail, it can weaken C-O bond of CH3OH intermediate through Li+-I- Lewis-acid-base catalysis. The formed CH3I* with lower bond energy for C-I was more facile to dissociate into CH3*, favoring its subsequent coupling with CO* to form ethanol. In combination of Rh1/CeTiOx catalyst, LiI promoter, and methanol as solvent, a record-breaking ethanol yield was achieved (223.1 mmol·g−1·h−1). The obtained ethanol yield was about 18.7 times of that reported the best result in literatures. Especially, the established catalyst system could also be applied for synthesis of higher-carbon-number alcohols by the CO2 hydrogenation with other alcohols solvent (CnH2n+1OH, n = 2,3…).

Advancement in Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Synthesis of Benzothiazole Derivatives

AbstractBenzothiazole derivatives, a class of heterocyclic compounds, hold significant relevance in medicinal chemistry, materials science, and agrochemicals due to their diverse biological activities and applications. The conventional synthetic routes often involve harsh conditions and generate significant waste, prompting the exploration of more sustainable approaches. This work offers a comprehensive analysis of the developments in the use of heterogeneous catalysts for the production of benzothiazole derivatives, covering research from 2013 onward. Compared to traditional techniques, heterogeneous catalysts provide improved sustainability, efficiency, and recyclability. The review covers many heterogeneous catalysts and discusses their selectivity, recyclability, and catalytic activity. The utilization of heterogeneous catalysts is noteworthy as it facilitates the synthesis process's overall sustainability by allowing for milder reaction conditions, less environmental effect, and easier catalyst separation and recovery. The potential of heterogeneous catalysis in promoting the production of benzothiazole derivatives and satisfying the increasing need for these substances in various industrial applications is also highlighted.