Conventional Rice Fields Research Articles

Relationship between chlorophyll and yield of two rice varieties in different farming systems

Abstract Rice is the staple food of Indonesian society which continues to increase in demand due to population growth. Currently, there are 3 agricultural systems in rice cultivation, namely organic, semi-organic, and conventional. The three systems provide changes in soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, but there is not much information related to chlorophyll levels in plants. This study aims to assess chlorophyll levels and their relationship with the yield of two rice varieties in various farming systems, especially the IR64 and Mentik Wangi varieties. This research is a field survey study followed by laboratory analysis. Determination of sampling locations by purposive sampling on organic, semi-organic, and conventional rice fields with two varieties of rice. Observation parameters include chlorophyll content, harvest dry grain weight, and milled dry grain weight. The results showed that the levels of chlorophyll A in IR64 and Chlorophyll B in IR 64 and Mentik Wangi varieties with organic farming systems were higher than in semi-organic and conventional farming systems. There was a positive correlation between chlorophyll levels and the yield of two rice varieties in different farming systems.

Multiple dimensions of phyllostomid bat biodiversity across ecosystems of the Orinoco Llanos

AbstractUnderstanding the impacts of habitat conversion on species assemblages across multiple biodiversity dimensions (taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic) and spatial scales is pivotal for implementing effective conservation strategies. Here, we surveyed phyllostomid bats using mist nets in riparian and unflooded forests, flooded savannahs, and conventional rice fields to investigate how changes in habitat quality affect multifaceted diversity from two Colombian farming systems in the Orinoco Llanos: traditional farmlands with high‐intensity agriculture (mainly rice production) and Civil Society Nature Reserves with greater ecosystem protection. We used a unified framework based on Hill numbers for quantifying bat taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity and modeled the relationship of these diversity facets with landscape variables (habitat cover and patch density) across three spatial scales (0.5, 1.5, 3 km) using Bayesian generalized linear mixed‐effect models. Our results indicate that increasing human activity toward rice monocultures representative of traditional farmlands negatively affected all diversity facets. In contrast, forested habitats associated mainly with riparian forests within private reserves contained higher taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity than savannahs and rice fields. However, the differences between riparian forests and rice crops were significant only for phylogenetic diversity, indicating loss of evolutionary history after habitat conversion. At the landscape scale, forest cover was a significant predictor for functional (0.5‐ and 3‐km scale) and phylogenetic diversity (0.5 km), and bats responded negatively at the 3‐km scale to rice patch density from a functional diversity perspective. Increasing habitat quality through preserving forest cover and patches should minimize the harmful effects of habitat conversion on multidimensional bat biodiversity. Furthermore, the conservation of riparian forests and the creation of more wildlife‐friendly farming, as practiced in the reserves, should be prioritized to ensure high levels of bat taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity across Orinoco countryside landscapes.

A Comparative Study of Soil Fertility in Organic, Semi-Organic, and Conventional Rice Field Farming Systems (Case Study: Nguntoronadi District, Wonogiri, Indonesia)

The soil fertility of rice fields is closely related to rice crop production. The research aims to identify soil fertility under different rice field farming systems, find the key factor of soil fertility, and recommend strategies to improve soil fertility based on the key factor. The research was conducted in Nguntoronadi District, Indonesia, on conventional, semi-organic, and organic rice fields. The research was an exploratory descriptive survey through a field survey approach and soil chemistry and physics analysis. Soil sampling was conducted in 12 Land Map Units (LMUs) with three replicates using purposive sampling methods. Observation indicators include soil pH, organic C, total N, C/N ratio, available P, available K, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg, Cation Exchangeable Capacity (CEC), Base Saturation (BS), Aluminum saturation, soil texture, and worm population density representing soil chemical, physical, and biological properties. Soil fertility is determined using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and scoring based on the category. The research results show that the level of soil fertility under various rice field farming systems was included in the moderate with ranges of 0.53-0.70, and organic farming has the highest soil fertility. The key factors of soil fertility include pH, organic C, available P, available K, Ca-dd, CEC, and Aluminum saturation. The appropriate management direction is the addition of organic fertilizer in the planting period.

Evaluation of soil fertility index in organic, semi-organic, and conventional rice field management systems

Rice farming in Madiun Regency implements three different management systems, that is organic, semi-organic, and conventional. The different implementation of these rice field management systems impacts soil fertility index and rice productivity. This purpose of this research was to know the effect of rice field management systems on soil fertility index and rice productivity in the Madiun Regency. The research uses an explorative descriptive qualitative method with a survey approach. Soil samples were taken using a random sampling method and 3 types of soil management systems (conventional, semi-organic and organic), and rice production samples were taken using an estimation method. The research results show that the soil fertility index ranges from 0.78 to 0.82, which is high. The highest soil fertility index is in the semi-organic management system and the lowest is in the organic management. The management system of semi-organic gave a response to the highest rice production of 6.89 tons/ha. Management system of semi-organic is a better management for increasing and maintaining soil fertility and crop production than conventional or organic. Farming activities results show that organic management systems increase the highest income, increasing 115.58% and 53.30% in semi-organic compared to conventional. The rice field management system has the effect of increasing the worm population density with the highest in the organic system, namely 4.19 individuals m-2. The Pontoscolex worm type dominates the three management systems. There is a correlation between organic matter content and earthworms.

Dampak Pertanian Organik dan Konvenional pada Biodiversitas dan Sifat Kimia Tanah pada Budi Daya Tanaman Padi Sawah

The phenomenon of leveling off and environmental degradation that occurs as a negative impact of the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides encourages the development of organic farming systems that can produce crop yields that are not contaminated and free from synthetic chemicals and maintain a healthier environment. The research was conducted from October to December 2022 by taking soil samples from farmers' paddy fields in Tegal Regency using an organic (Cawitali Village) and conventional or non-organic (Jembayat Village) farming system. Composite soil samples were taken from a soil depth of 0 to 20 cm from the soil surface using a soil drill on lowland rice fields with organic farming systems and conventional farming after harvest. The analysis of the chemical properties of the soil carried out was C-organic (Walkley and Black), N-total (Kjeldahl), CEC and soil bases (exch-Ca, exch-Mg, exch-K, and exch-Na), total P (25% HCl) and available P (Bray I), while the observed soil biological properties were the total number of microbial and fungal populations. The results showed that organic paddy soil's chemical and biological properties were relatively higher than conventional paddy soil's. Total fungi in organic lowland soils were lower than in conventional paddy fields. The nutrient status of C-organic and N-total in organic rice fields tended to increase compared to conventional rice fields, namely from very low to low and low to moderate, respectively. In contrast, the other nutrient statuses observed tended to remain relatively unchanged. Generally, soil biological and chemical properties were better in organic farming than in conventional farming systems. Keywords: leveling off, organic farming, conventional farming, nutrient status

Total Carbon Sequestration on Soil and Plant Biomass Under Different Farming Systems of Organic, Semi-Organic and Conventional Rice Fields

Total Carbon Sequestration on Soil and Plant Biomass Under Different Farming Systems of Organic, Semi-Organic and Conventional Rice Fields

Comparison of Arthropod Diversity in Organic and Conventional Rice Cultivation in Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency

Different cultivation techniques for rice (Oryza sativa L.) are known to affect arthropod populations and diversity levels. This research was conducted to study how arthropod diversity can be affected by different cultivation techniques. The research was carried out from October 2022 to March 2023. Arthropod diversity observations were carried out in the organic rice field of Kampung Pertanian Organik Brenjonk and a conventional rice field belonging to a farmer in Penanggungan Village, Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency. Data were collected weekly for 12 observations. Arthropods were collected using passive methods, such as pitfall and yellow sticky traps, and active methods, such as sweep netting and handpicking. The data were analyzed to assess the diversity level. The results showed more arthropods in the organic rice field, with 1815 individuals consisting of 4 classes, 13 orders, 52 families, 70 genera, and 74 morphospecies. In contrast, in the conventional rice field, 1028 individuals were found, consisting of 3 classes, ten orders, 28 families, 32 genera, and 33 morphospecies. The calculation results of arthropod diversity levels showed that the organic field is better than the conventional field.

Sawah Surjan Environmental Management for Food Crop Diversification in Kulon Progo of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The utilization of wetlands as agricultural land requires specific processing techniques, which are relatively expensive and unaffordable for local farmers. The optimization of wetlands as agricultural land by local farmers is usually made by elevating a certain part using the adjacent soil material known as Surjan system. The land management using Surjan system increases the diversity of agricultural products and deals with inundation problems. However, its environmental impact has not been widely studied.
 The research was conducted by observing the land with Surjan system in Kulonprogo area to determine its characteristics. Interviews with farmers were conducted to determine land management techniques. Soil and gas emissions samples were taken based on the age of the crop. The characteristics of land with Surjan system and conventional rice field were then compared to determine the difference, and the implications of the two agricultural lands on the environment are discussed.
 Surjan system can increase land productivity, and it can be adopted easily by farmers in other areas with inundation problems. This system is a planting system consisting of mound (the raised beds) and tabukan (the sunken beds that remain inundated). The mound part can be planted with secondary crops, horticulture, and other dryland crops, while the tabukan part can be planted with rice and used for mina padi (rice-fish) farming system. Surjan system provides benefits for environmental management through the prevention of floods and eutrophication, as well as reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. Land management through Surjan system affects soil pH, redox potential, and organic matter. Land with Surjan system produces lower methane gas emissions than conventional rice fields. It produces methane gas of 4.06 - 45.73 µg / m2 / minute, with soil pH, redox potential, and organic matter of 6.65 - 7.69, (-) 49 - 10 mV, and 1.28 - 3.59%, respectively

Ecotoxicological and Chemical Approach to Assessing Environmental Effects from Pesticide Use in Organic and Conventional Rice Paddies

Despite laws and directives for the regulation and restriction of pesticides in farming, the large use of Plant-Protection Products (PPPs) in paddy fields is a relevant worldwide cause of environmental contamination. The aim of this work is to evaluate the environmental impact due to the use of PPPs by using an integrated approach based on chemical analyses and ecotoxicological hazard assessment, supported by statistical tools, in order to overcome the issues related to traditional tabular evaluation. Samples of soil and water of seven conventional and organic paddies located in Northern Italy were examined for two years. The results evidenced a direct relationship between the presence of Oxadiazon in water and bioassay responses as the main cause of the toxicity measured. This phenomenon affected both biological and conventional rice fields, due to the free circulation of water through irrigation canals. Therefore, the implementation of organic districts with water circulation isolated from conventional fields represents a simple and effective countermeasure to safeguard the agricultural practices of organic crops.

Bat Activity in Organic Rice Fields Is Higher Than in Conventional Fields in Landscapes of Intermediate Complexity

The extent to which organic farming can support biodiversity has been extensively studied. However, most of the research has been conducted on organic farms in temperate regions, with the focus mainly being on birds, insects, and plants and rarely on insectivorous bats, especially in Southeast Asia. We studied pairs of matched organic and conventional rice fields along a gradient of landscape complexity in the Songkhla Lake Basin and conducted acoustic surveys using bat detectors to analyze the influence of farming system and landscape characteristics on bat activity and prey availability. We also tested the “intermediate landscape complexity” hypothesis, which states that local conservation efforts are most effective in landscapes of intermediate complexity compared to extremely simple or extremely complex landscapes. We detected no difference in bat species richness, total bat activity, feeding activity, and insect prey abundance between organic fields and conventional fields. Even though organic farming did not increase bat activity on its own, it was most beneficial to bat activity in landscapes of intermediate complexity. Our findings suggest that landscape traits contribute more to bat activity than farm management and that insectivorous bats have species- and guild-specific responses to various landscape contexts. We also found that disturbance caused by tropical storms negatively impacts the activity of insectivorous bat.

Farming practice affects rice field animal biota during cultivation but not fallow periods in Taiwan

AbstractRice is one of the most important staple foods in the world, with irrigated rice paddies largely converted from natural wetlands. The effectiveness of rice fields in preserving species depends partially on management practices, including the usage of pesticides. Previous studies have focused predominantly on the cultivation period, leaving the potential effects of soil pesticide residues on organisms during the fallow periods underexplored. Other animals, such as waterbirds, also rely on aquatic invertebrates in flooded fallow fields for their survival. We investigated vertebrates and macroinvertebrates during cultivation and fallow periods in organic and conventional rice fields in Taiwan. The association of environmental factors with terrestrial and aquatic organisms was also analyzed. In total, 32,880 individuals from 144 invertebrate families and 381 individuals from 15 vertebrate families were recorded after nine samplings each in six organic and six conventional rice fields. The family richness and abundance of all invertebrates were higher in organic than in conventional fields during the cultivation period but were similar in fields under either agricultural practice during the fallow period. The differences in richness and abundance of terrestrial invertebrates between the two practices increased with progression of rice cultivation, while there was no difference in abundance of aquatic invertebrates during the fallow period. The richness and abundance of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and migratory waterbirds were not statistically different between the two practices. Our study suggested accumulative effects of pesticides on suppressing terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates during the cultivation period, but no negative effects of soil pesticide residues on aquatic invertebrates during the fallow period. This comprehensive study provided a holistic picture of macroinvertebrate and vertebrate fauna, as well as the potential ramifications of pesticide usage, in a representative Southeast Asian rice paddy ecosystem. Future studies should compare rice fields with natural wetlands to better assess how to capitalize on agroecosystems for biodiversity conservation.

Assessment of water and sediment quality variation due to organic and conventionally irrigated pre-germinated rice-field cultivation

This study evaluated the water and sediment quality of samples collected from different points in organic (O1, O2, O3, and O4) and conventional (C1, C2, and C3) pre-germinated rice fields located in Viamão/RS. Quality indicators such as phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, manganese, iron, turbidity, and BOD5 reduced water quality beyond Classes 3 and 4, as defined by CONAMA Resolution 357/2005. Based on the aluminum levels, the water samples collected from all the points were categorized as Class 4; furthermore, the IQA classified the quality of water samples from Points O4 and C1 as “bad.” The COD/BOD ratio was high, demonstrating that the biodegradable fraction was considerably low. The conductivity of water at points O4, C1, C2, and C3, exceeded 100 µS/cm, as defined by CETESB, indicating impacted environments. The levels of zinc in C1 and nickel in O2, C2, and C3 in the sediment exceeded the quality reference values established by the FEPAM Ordinance 85/2014. In general, the lowest water quality was observed in the samples collected from Points O2 and O4, and the lowest sediment quality was observed in the samples collected from all points in the conventional rice fields and from Point O2 in the organic rice field.
 Keywords: CETESB, coliforms, CONAMA no 357/2005, FEPAM Ordinance no 85/2014, irrigated rice, physicochemical analysis.

Nitrogen uptake in fully organic, semi-organic and conventional rice fields in Madiun Regency

Nitrogen is one of the essential nutrients for rice plants. However, the inappropriate use of nitrogen fertilizers can pollute the environment caused by the loss of N to groundwater and the atmosphere so that it can increase the nitrate content in the soil and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, optimal management of N nutrients is needed so that fertilization is in accordance with the needs of rice plants. This research aims to determine the estimation of nitrogen uptake in full organic, semi organic, and conventional rice fields. This research was conducted in Kab. Madiun, East Java. The research was conducted using qualitative, descriptive, and comparative methods as well as survey methods. Soil sampling used a stratified random sampling approach. Nitrogen uptake analysis was carried out by the Kjeldahl method. Data analysis was carried out by T-test. The results showed that the application of a fully organic system had a higher response than a semi organic system to plant biomass. The increase in plant biomass in full organic reached 20.36%, while semi-organic reached 2.91%. The highest tissue N content was in semi-organic. The application of semi-organic was able to increase the N uptake by 11.67% compared to the conventional system, while the full organic system was able to increase the N uptake by 1.87%.

Diversity and Composition of Arthropods Natural Enemies in Integrated Rice Fish Farming System (Minna padi) and Its Functions in Agroecosystems

Minna Padi is an integrated rice fish farming system that implements environmentally friendly cultivation and creates a sustainable ecosystem. However, the effects of minna padi farming systems on the diversity of natural enemies have not been reported previously. This research was conducted to compare the diversity and abundance of natural enemies [parasitoids and predators] in minna padi and conventional rice fields. Three pairs of minna padi and conventional paddy fields were selected for fields research. Natural enemies were collected in the field research using sweeping nets, yellow sticky traps and pitfall trap every two weeks during the cultivation. The results showed that the abundance of parasitoids was higher in minna padi than that in conventional farming systems. However, the abundance of predators was higher in conventional farming systems. Parasitoid and predator species richness also showed no difference between the two rice farming systems. However, the composition between the two farming systems was different, minna padi was dominated by parasitoids such as Aphonagmus sp. and Eurythoma dentata, while conventional dominated by a predator such as Pardosa pseudoannulata and Plexippus sp.

Density, Distribution and Population Structure of Apple Golden Snail (Pomacea canaliculata L.) in Organic and Conventional Paddy field Ecosystems

Golden snail is one of the important pests that attack paddy crops. The structure of golden snail is divided into 3 based on the size of the shell diameter, namely juveniles (0.5-1 cm), preadults (1-2.5 cm), and adults (2.5-4 cm). The paddy cultivation system can affect the golden snail population. The purpose of this study was to determine the density, distribution and population structure of the golden snail (Pomacea canaliculata L.) with case studies in Cicalengka (conventional field) and Ciparay (organic field), District of Bandung, from October 2020-January 2021. This research used survey method with sampling technique in purposive sampling. At each location divided into 5 fields with sized 10x5 m which were divided into 7 quadrant plots. Sampling was carried out at the age of paddy crops 14,21,28, and 35 days after planting. The observerd parameters were density, distribution pattern using the Index of Morisita (Id) and population structure of P. canaliculata. The results showed that the density of P. canaliculata in organic field was higher than in conventional field. The average population structure of pre-adult golden snails in organic and conventional rice fields was significantly different at 14-35 days after planting (DAP) and adult golden snails at 14, 28, and 35 DAP. Distribution pattern of P. canaliculata in organic and conventional were grouped.

Do phytoplankton and epiphyton communities differ between organic and conventional rice fields?

This study aimed to determine if there are any differences in the attributes and composition of the phytoplankton and epiphyton communities between organic (OF) and conventional (CF) rice fields. We also strove to identify if there were any variations in these communities by comparing samples taken from two different periods (12 and 35 days) after the application of the herbicide clomazone and penoxsulam in CF. The farms are located in the Pampa Biome, Southern Brazil. Phytoplankton samples from the subsurface water and epiphyton samples from the rice stems were analyzed using the Utermöhl method. The CF and OF had distinct environmental conditions (pH, conductivity, and turbidity values), and the residual concentration of the herbicides decreased over time. There were no significant differences in epiphyton and phytoplankton density, or in phytoplankton richness, between the rice fields; only the epiphyton richness and taxonomic composition showed differences between the rice fields. Cyanobacteria and Chlorophyceae comprised a large proportion of the epiphytic density in CF and OF, respectively. However, Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae had greater phytoplankton densities in CF and OF, respectively. The taxonomic composition of communities should be considered an effective tool to show the differences between the two cultivation systems.

Effect of different management techniques on bird taxonomic groups on rice fields in the Republic of Korea

Many bird species rely on the ecological functions of rice field habitats (e.g., paddy, levee, road, and ditch). However, recent intensive practices are causing rice fields to provide fewer suitable habitats. This study examined bird habitat usage and how it is affected by cultivation methods (e.g., eco-friendly vs conventional fields). Eco-friendly and conventional rice fields in the midwestern region of the Republic of Korea were surveyed from January 2014 to December 2016, and the species presence, number of birds, and locations of observed habitats were recorded. It was found that shorebirds and herons used more eco-friendly rice paddies with lower or no pesticide and/or herbicide use, while waterfowl used paddy habitats more than the other habitats, regardless of the amounts of pesticides and/or herbicides used. Land birds used ditches or roads in conventional rice fields more than those in fields that used pesticides and/or herbicides. Pesticide and/or herbicide use affected bird taxonomic groups differently. Consequently, the use of habitats by different bird taxonomic groups varied depending on the crop cultivation as well as the cultivation methods. These results provided valuable information for managing rice fields, which serve as habitats for birds.

Soil Fertility Index of organic, semi-organic, and conventional rice fields on 3 different soil types

In Indonesia, there are three management systems of rice fields, namely organic, semi-organic and conventional. The research aimed to determine the fertility index of rice fields with different management systems on different soil types (vertisol, ultisol, inceptisol). Each combination of the management system and soil type is taken three soil samples as a repetition. The soil parameters analyzed were pH H2O, total-Nitrogen, available-P, available-K, exchangeable-Ca, exchangeable-Mg, soil organic carbon, Exchangeable-Al, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation. The soil fertility index was determined based on the Minimum Soil Fertility Index (MSFI). Data analysis used was Pearson’s Correlation Analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine MSFI. The MSFI values were derived from indicators that have high scores on correlation analysis and PCA. The results showed that the fertility index of rice fields from 3 types of soil ranged from 0.46 to 0.57. Vertisol rice fields have the highest soil fertility index ranging from 0.52-0.57. Conventional management of inceptisol soil has the lowest soil fertility index of 0.46. Vertisol rice fields with organic management with a soil fertility index of 0.57 are the most ideal rice field management system.

Exploration and Characterization of Trichoderma sp. in Conventional and Organic Rice field in Bali

Abstract. Although Trichoderma spp has been widely used in the SRI technique of rice cultivation the sources of Trichoderma that can adapt well to the local environment have been an interesting issue for quite some time. It is commonly agreed that the local Trichoderma is much more preferred to be used for rice cultivation. In the present study, the Trichoderma from the soil of a rice field in Sukawati District, Bali where conventional fertilizer and pesticide has been applied for a very long time was isolated. After macroscopic observations (green color and sweet coconut smell ) the single isolated fungi have very much resembled Trichoderma Harzianum. 2 mL of the Trichoderma Harzianum solution was introduced in a plastic container containing 200 g half-boiled rice. After seven days the rice in the plastic appeared green. This sample will be used to produce more T. Harzianum for rice cultivation. One of the T.Harzianum treated rice hosts was coated with gold and subjected to SEM observation. Very high populated T. Harzianum fungi were observed. It was dominated by hyphae. No conidia and conidiophores were spotted. Instead, quite a high density of spherical and oval shape spores was observed. Such a high density of T.Harzianum will certainly meet the requirement for an efficient application in the cultivation field. It would also be interesting to see the interaction between such a highly populated T.Harzianum with other fungi or pathogens in understanding the role of Trichoderma as an antipathogen

Profile of microbial community of organic and conventional rice field using metagenomic analysis

Organic farming can increase the diversity of soil bacterial. This research aimed to compare the profile of microbial community of organic and conventional rice fields in early (0 Day After Planting/DAP), mid (15 DAP), and late (45 DAP) fertilizer application period. The total DNA genome from the soil sample was extracted then analyzed metagenomically using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). There was nine genus of bacteria found in high relative abundance, 95.28%, while 4.72% included in Domain of Archaea (genus Methanosaeta). Phylum of Firmicutes (genus Clostridium has 24.50% relative abundance, Bacillus 11.90%, Lactobacillus 9.69%); Proteobacteria (genus Defluviicoccus 12.10%, Buchnera 18.46%, Rosenbergiella 2.46%); and Actinobacteria (genus Nocardioides 12.21%, and Streptomyces 3.96%). Meanwhile, the average plant height of organic rice fields was shorter than conventional rice fields got directly measured coincided with soil sampled. Based on alpha and beta diversity analysis, the highest community diversity and abundance were found in organic rice field soil samples taken at 45 DAP, i.e., at the end of the fertilizer application period. However, in both organic and conventional rice field soils, there was almost no significant difference in the bacterial community, so it impacts that organic and conventional systems do not make a real difference in the total N, P available, CEC, and pH values. It makes a significant difference in organic C and organic matters.