Conventional Preparation Methods Research Articles

Feasibility of matrix solid-phase dispersion combined with HR-CS FAAS for determination of copper in milk-based infant foods

This study proposes, for the first time, the development of an analytical method using the matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) for extraction of copper from infant formulas and milk-based foods for further determination using high resolution-continuum source flame atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS FAAS). MSPD parameters were investigated, and by employing a 0.25 g sample, 0.25 g of diatomaceous earth as a solid support, 1 mol/L HNO3 as the extraction solution, and 1 min of blending, higher agreements with reference values were obtained. The limit of detection of the method was 0.35 µg/g. Accuracy was assessed by comparing the results using the following methods: i) proposed method (MSPD/HR-CS FAAS); and ii) decomposition of samples by microwave-assisted digestion (MAD) and quantification by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS GFAAS). The MSPD extracts were also quantified using HR-CS GFAAS. No significant difference was found between the results. The agreements ranged from 95 to 103 %, and no significant difference was observed between the results. Copper concentrations ranged from 0.40 to 3.8 μg g−1 using the proposed method, with relative standard deviations lower than 10 %. The proposed method proved to be efficient for the determination of copper in infant formulas and milk powder, offering advantages such quickness, simplicity, low cost, low energy consumption, reduced waste generation (due to the use of an aqueous extraction solution), utilization of materials from renewable sources (diatomaceous earth as a solid support), and minimized analyst exposure when compared to conventional sample preparation methods. These attributes align with the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry.

Covalent Linkages Used in Prebiotic Chemistry for RNA‐Templated Amino Acid Transfer and Peptide Synthesis

AbstractBiological translation is a universal process taking place in the ribosome. It involves the synthesis of a protein with a particular sequence from the information encoded in a messenger RNA and the amino acids carried by transfer RNAs with the assistance of specific enzymes. However, the origin of translation in the prebiotic world and, thus, in the absence of enzymes is difficult to envisage. Past and recent studies proposed different prebiotic models, following top‐down and bottom‐up approaches, for the origin and evolution of a primitive ribosome. The bottom‐up models made use of distinct covalent linkages to connect RNA strands with amino acids and peptides. In this review, I focus on the covalent linkages used in these prebiotic models: acyl phosphate mixed anhydrides, phosphoramidates and ureas. I describe their syntheses under prebiotically plausible reaction conditions, as well as include their main conventional preparation methods. I also comment on their properties and chemical stabilities in aqueous solution. Finally, I examine the functions of the described covalent linkages in prebiotic processes involving RNA‐templated amino acid transfer and peptide synthesis.

Advances in diagnostic liquid-based cytology.

Liquid-based cytology (LBC) has changed the landscape of gynaecological cytology. A growing demand exists for LBC in diagnostic cytology, particularly for ancillary testing, such as immunocytochemistry and molecular testing. Ancillary testing solely based on conventional preparation (CP) methods remains challenging. Recently, the increased demand for specialist testing and minimally invasive techniques, such as endoscopic ultrasonography fine-needle aspiration, to obtain cellular samples has led to an increasing demand for ancillary testing on cytology LBC supernatant, slides and cell block (CB). This facilitates the diagnosis and prognosis in cytology samples enabling personalized treatment. An understanding of the history and future prospects of LBC is crucial for its application in routine diagnostics by cytopathologists and cytotechnologists. In this review, we initiated an internet search using the keyword 'liquid-based cytology', and we conducted a literature review to discuss the usefulness of combined diagnosis of LBC and CP, immunocytochemistry and molecular testing and assessed the quality of nucleic acids in diagnostic LBC. High-quality and cell-rich diagnostic LBC surpassed the CP method alone in terms of reliability and versatility of ancillary testing in cytological diagnosis. Conclusively, diagnostic LBC lends itself to various new technologies and is expected to continue evolving with innovations in the future.

Enhanced selectivity for convenient extraction of acidic mycotoxins using a miniaturized centrifugal integrated cold-induced phase separation: Determination of fumonisins and ochratoxins in cereals as a proof-of-concept study

Starches-rich and protein-rich cereal samples commonly need tedious sample preparation steps before instrumental analysis. This study developed a miniaturized centrifugal integrated cold-induced phase separation (CIPS) method for convenient sample preparation. A small-sized centrifuge tube (2 mL) and a low-temperature centrifuge, both of which are easily accessible, make up the basic components of the system. Unlike conventional sample preparation methods that need a step-by-step extraction, enrichment, purification, and centrifugation, this centrifugal integrated CIPS method can be performed by a one-step combination protocol under a low-temperature centrifuge. As a proof-of-concept study, satisfactory recoveries and enrichment factors were demonstrated for the extraction of fumonisins and ochratoxins from cereals. A sensitive and selective quantification method was yielded by combining LC-HRMS using tSIM acquisition mode, with good linearity (R2 > 0.998), accuracy (82.9–106.5%), and precision (<13.4%). This strategy is convenient, low-cost, repeatable, and easy to semi-automate, further expanding the extraction potential for other acidic mycotoxins.

Tensile and creep resistance improvement of GH4975 alloy for turbine discs via electron beam smelting layer solidification technology

A difficult-to-deform superalloy for turbine disks, which can be used at 850 °C for a long time, was prepared by electron beam melting layer solidification (EBSL) technology with high purity and fine structure. Subsequently, the ingot was processed by hot extrusion technology instead of conventional hot forging, and then the tensile and creep tests were performed after standard heat treatment. The results show that the EBSL alloy exhibits excellent high-temperature strength and creep rupture life compared to the conventional preparation method. Among them, the yield strengths at 20 °C and 850 °C are 8.1 % and 5.2 % higher than those in the literature, and the creep rupture life at 850 °C and 412 MPa is 1.53 times higher than that in the literature. The dislocation-precipitate interaction reveals that dislocation shearing γ′ phase is the major mechanism at 20 °C and 850 °C tensile, and Orowan looping and stacking fault shearing are the decisive mechanism during creep at 850 °C and 412 MPa. MC carbides remaining during solidification are the main source of cracks during deformation by fracture analysis. The reasons for refining the microstructure and improving the purity by electron beam melting are analyzed and explained. We believe this work can provide new ideas and methods for preparing superalloys.

Doping Pd2+ into NinCeOx nanofibers promotes low-temperature CO2 methanation

CO2 methanation at low temperatures is still a challenge. Herein, NinCeOx (n = 1–3) and Ni2.5Pd0.1CeOx nanofibers by electrospinning is reported. The main advantage of this method is to obtain the highly dispersed precursor of palladium, nickel, and cerium, overcoming the difficulty of uniform mixing in conventional preparation methods. The Ni2.5Pd0.1CeOx nanofiber catalyst exhibited outstanding catalytic performance at low temperatures (CO2 conversion rate = 90.4 %, CH4 selectivity = 99.6 % at 230 °C) along with exceptional stability over 300 h. EPR, Raman, and O 1s XPS confirmed that Pd2+ doping increased oxygen vacancy concentration. In-situ infrared spectroscopy indicated that CO2 methanation on Ni2.5CeOx and Ni2.5Pd0.1CeOx catalysts followed the formate pathways. Pd2+ doping increased the number of surface oxygen vacancies and hydroxyl groups, thus increasing the amount of bicarbonates and formates. DFT calculations suggested that Pd2+ doping increased CO2 adsorption energy, and confirmed surface hydroxyl groups and bicarbonate being beneficial for CO2 methanation, consequently enhancing the activity of Ni2.5Pd0.1CeOx catalyst especially at low temperatures.

Enhancement of piezoelectric properties of CaBi2Nb2O9 ceramics by Ce doping and direct reaction sintering

CaBi2Nb2O9 (CBN) with the Aurivillius phase has a high Curie temperature (TC) and remarkable fatigue resistance, which has great potential for application as high-temperature sensors. However, due to its low piezoelectric properties, its practical application remains a great challenge. In this paper, Ca1-xCexBi2Nb2O9 ceramics were prepared by the direct reaction sintering (DRS) and conventional preparation (CP) methods, respectively. The experimental results indicate that Ce doping can increase the piezoelectric coefficient d33 of CBN ceramics by about two times. Among them, the grain size of the samples prepared by the DRS method is finer and more uniform, and the d33 value of DRS samples is about 3.6–9.4 % higher than that of CP samples. The DRS sample Ca0·97Ce0·03Bi2Nb2O9 has a d33 value of 18.9 pC/N, a TC of 948 °C, and a resistivity of 1.1 × 105 Ω cm at 600 °C. This study shows that DRS method is an effective densification method, which can prepare CBN-based ceramics with excellent comprehensive properties, and provides an innovative preparation route to explore CBN-based ceramics with excellent piezoelectric properties.

Nano-Interfacial Supramolecular Adhesion of Metal-Organic Framework-Based Separator Enables High-Safety and Wide-Temperature-Range Lithium Batteries.

Polyolefin separators are the most commonly used separators for lithium batteries; however, they tend to shrink when heated, and their Li+ transference number (t Li +) is low. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are expected to solve the above problems due to their high thermal stability, abundant pore structure, and open metal sites. However, it is difficult to prepare high-porosity MOF-based membranes by conventional membrane preparation methods. In this study, a high-porosity free-standing MOF-based safety separator, denoted the BCM separator, is prepared through a nano-interfacial supramolecular adhesion strategy. The BCM separator has a large specific surface area (450.22 m2 g-1) and porosity (62.0%), a high electrolyte uptake (475 wt%), and can maintain its morphology at 200°C. The ionic conductivity and t Li + of the BCM separator are 1.97 and 0.72 mS cm-1, respectively. Li//LiFePO4 cells with BCM separators have a capacity retention rate of 95.07% after 1100 cycles at 5 C,a stable high-temperature cycling performance of 300 cycles at 80°C, and good capacity retention at -40°C. Li//NCM811 cells with BCM separators exhibit significantly improved rate performance and cycling performance. Pouch cells with BCM separators can work at 120°C and have good safety at high temperature.

Magnetic Polystyrene Nanoparticles Prepared by Emulsion Solvent-Evaporation for the Chemiluminescent Immunoassay.

In clinical diagnosis, magnetic polystyrene nanoparticles (MPS NPs) are commonly applied to, e.g., the chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLEIA). However, the conventional preparation method of MPS NPs requires a long duration of heating to form polymer particles, which is inefficient. In this study, we prepared MPS NPs by emulsion solvent-evaporation without heating. We evaluated the effect of the solvent in the water and organic phases on the magnetic particle content. MPS NPs prepared by 4% (v/v) MeOH aqueous solution and adding stearic acid (SA) (4MeSA-MPS NPs) exhibited the highest magnetic particle content. Furthermore, CLEIA analysis indicates that the C-reactive protein detection limit is 80 pg/mL. Thus, 4MeSA-MPS NPs are promising for clinical diagnoses.

Engineering nanoscale nickel sulfide by a “reduction-restriction” strategy for high performance hybrid supercapacitor

Nanostructured materials usually exhibit superior electrical properties than bulk-structured materials, but conventional preparation methods are prone to produce bulk-structured nickel sulfide, leading to unsatisfactory electrochemical properties. In this work, we proposed a novel “reduction-restriction” strategy to synthesize nanoscale β-NiS via a one-step hydrothermal process. We found the introduction of strong reductants accelerates the crystal nucleation and growth of nickel sulfide, and limits further crystal growth, thus generating nanoparticles. Benefiting from the advantages brought by nanoscale effect, both of NS-15mLNaBH4 (β-NiS nanoparticles) and NS-100µLN2H4 (β-NiS nanoparticles) electrodes deliver an outstanding specific capacity of 254.1 mAh g−1 and 256.9 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1, respectively, obviously higher than bulk-structured NS-0 (β-NiS/Ni3S4) electrode (171.0 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1). The assembled NS-100µLN2H4//rGO hybrid supercapacitor shows a high energy density of 69.3 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 399.8 W kg−1. This work offers a novel mechanism and approach for fabrication of nanoscale metal sulfides from the perspective of controlling crystal nucleation and growth.

One-step synthesis of seamlessly contacted non-precious metal cocatalyst modified CdS hollow nanoflowers spheres for photocatalytic hydrogen production

This study ingeniously synthesized a novel CdS/NiS hollow nanoflower sphere (HNS) using a one-step method to enhance photocatalytic hydrogen production activity. Compared to conventional preparation methods, this approach features seamlessly interfaced contact that facilitates efficient electron transfer across the interface. The internal hollow structure allows for multiple light reflections, maximizing light absorption, while the exterior shell and inner surfaces simultaneously offer active sites for reactions. The modification with non-noble metal NiS enables the extraction of electrons from CdS to the NiS surface, achieving rapid charge separation. Furthermore, adsorption-free energy calculations reveal that the NiS surface is more conducive to photocatalytic hydrogen generation, providing additional reaction active sites. The results demonstrate a hydrogen production rate of 2.18 mmol g–1 h–1 for CdS/NiS HNS, which is 9.48 times greater than that of pristine CdS. This work presents a novel approach for synthesizing seamlessly interfaced contacts between photocatalysts and cocatalysts, offering new insight into efficient one-step synthesis for enhanced photocatalytic performance.

Nanoarchitectonics Solution Plasma Polymerization of Amino-Rich Carbon Nanosorbents for Use in Enhanced Fluoride Removal.

Amino-functionalized carbon (NH2C) is an effective adsorbent in removing pollutants from contaminated water because of its high specific surface area and electrical charge. In the conventional preparation method, the introduction of amino groups onto the carbon surface is limited, resulting in low pollutant adsorption. Herein, we present simultaneous carbonization and amination to form NH2C via electrical discharge of nonequilibrium plasma, and the resultant material is applied as an effective adsorbent in fluoride removal. The simultaneous process introduces numerous amino groups into the carbon framework, enhancing the adsorption efficiency. The fluoride adsorption capacity is approximately 121.12 mg g-1, which is several times higher than those reported in previous studies. Furthermore, computational modeling is performed to yield deeper mechanistic insights into the molecular-level adsorption behavior. These data are useful in designing and synthesizing advanced materials for applications in water remediation.

Solvent-Triggered, Ultra-Adhesive, Conductive, and Biocompatible Transition Gels for Wearable Devices.

The development of robust adhesive, conductive, and flexible materials has garnered significant attention in the realm of human-machine interface and electronic devices. Conventional preparation methods to achieve these exceptional properties rely on incorporating highly polar raw materials, multiple components, or solvents. However, the overexposure of functional groups and the inherent toxicity of organic solvents often render gels non-stick or potentially biocompatible making them unsuitable for human-contact devices. In this study, a straightforward three-step strategy is devised for preparing responsive adhesive gels without complex components. Structurally conductive poly(N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-acrylamide-co-p-styrene sulfonate hydrate) (PHEAA-NaSS) gels are synthesized by integrating ionic and hydrophilic networks with distinct solvent effects. Initially, the in-suit formed PHEAA-NaSS networks are activated by dimethyl sulfoxide, which substantially increases intramolecular hydrogen bonding and enhances the matrix stretchability and interfacial adhesion. Subsequently, ethanol exchange reduced solvent impact and led to a compact network that limited surface exposure of ionic and hydrophilic groups, resulting in nonstick, robust for convenient storage. Finally, upon contacting with water, the network demonstrates rehydration, resulting in favorable adhesion, biocompatibility, and conductivity. The proposed PHEAA-NaSS/W gels can stably and reliably capture joint motion and electrophysiological signals. Furthermore, this uncomplicated gel preparation method is also applicable to other electrolyte monomers.

Virtues of Cold Isostatic Pressing for Preparation of All-Solid-State-Batteries with Poly(Ethylene Oxide).

All-solid-state-batteries (ASSBs) necessitate the preparation of a solid electrolyte and an electrode couple with individually dense and compact structures with superior interfacial contact to minimize overall cell resistance. A conventional preparation method of solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) with polyethylene-oxide (PEO) generally consists in employing uni-axial hot press (HP) to densify SPE. However, while uni-axial press with moderate pressure effectively densifies PEO with Li salts, excessive pressure also unavoidably results in perpendicular elongation and deformation for polymer matrix. In this research, to overcome this limitation for the uni-axial press technique, a cold isostatic press (CIP) is applied to the fabrication of ASSB with PEO and LiFePO4 . CIP effectively and uniformly applies pressure as high as 500 MPa without deformation. Characterizations confirm that CIP treated SPE has enhanced mechanical puncture strength, increasing from 499.3±22.6 to 539.3±22.6 g, and ionic conductivity, increasing from 1.04×10-4 to 1.91×10-4 S cm-1 at 50 °C. ASSB treated by CIP demonstrates remarkably enhanced rate capability and cyclability compared with the cell processed by HP, which is further evidenced by improvement of the apparent Li ion diffusion constant based on Sand equation analysis. The improvement enabled by CIP treatment originates from the superior interface uniformity between electrodes and SPE and from the densification of the LiFePO4 and SPE composite electrode.

Synthesis of Superabsorbent Hydrogels with Predefined Geometries and Controlled Swelling Properties for Versatile 3D Cell Culture Scaffolds.

This research presents a simple but general method to prepare water-soluble-polymer-based superabsorbent hydrogels with predefined microscale geometries and controlled swelling properties. Unlike conventional hydrogel preparation methods based on bulk solution-phase cross-linking, poly(vinyl alcohol) is homogeneously mixed with polymer-based cross-linkers in the solution phase and thermally cross-linked in the solid phase after drying; the degree of cross-linking is modulated by controlling the cross-linker concentration, pH, and/or thermal annealing conditions. After the shape definition process, cross-linked films or electrospun nanofibers are treated with sulfuric acid to weaken hydrogen bonds and introduce sulfate functionality in polymer crystallites. The resultant superabsorbent hydrogels exhibit an isotropic expansion of the predefined geometry and tunable swelling properties. Particularly, hydrogel microfibers exhibit excellent optical transparency, good biocompatibility, large porosity, and controlled cell adhesion, leading to versatile 3D cell culture scaffolds that not only support immortalized cell lines and primary neurons but also enable stiffness-modulated cell adhesion studies.

Atomic intimacy in Pd1Ni/SiO2 single-atom alloy prepared by galvanic replacement for enhanced semi-hydrogenation of acetylene

Metal single-atom alloys (SAAs) are important catalysts in many catalytic reactions, while the preparation of metal SAA catalysts is a major challenge because the metal species can inevitably deposit on both support and the host metal when using conventional preparation methods, leading to decreased catalytic performances. In this work, we report the preparation of metal SAA by the galvanic replacement (GR) to selectively deposit metal species on the host nanocrystals (NCs) prior to loading on a support. It includes the first synthesis of Ni NCs by colloidal method and the following deposition of Pd atoms onto Ni NCs via GR. After that, the Pd1Ni nanocrystal alloys were deposited onto SiO2 and the atomic intimacy of Pd with Ni was confirmed by multiple characterization techniques. The Pd1Ni/SiO2 SAA prepared by GR presented improved catalytic reactivity in semi-hydrogenation of acetylene, as compared to the reference PdNi/SiO2 catalyst prepared by impregnation. Moreover, the Pd1Ni/SiO2-GR catalyst showed higher C2H4 selectivity in a wide range of temperatures (30–180 °C), which was better than Pd1Ni/SiO2-I SAA, Pd/NiO-I and Pd/SiO2-I catalysts prepared by impregnation. The DFT explains the enhanced selectivity, which is due to the electron transfer from Ni nanocrystal to Pd single atoms. The electron transfer was resulted from the improved intimacy of Pd atoms and Ni nanocrystals.

Advancing carbohydrate quantification in MALDI mass spectrometry by the rapidly freeze-drying droplet (RFDD) method.

Quantitative carbohydrate analysis faces challenges in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), including insufficient sensitivity and inconsistent spatial distribution of ion intensity. This study introduces an innovative sample preparation approach, the Rapidly Freeze-Drying Droplet (RFDD) method, aimed at overcoming these challenges by enhancing the homogeneity of the sample morphology and signal intensity in MALDI. Compared to conventional preparation methods, the RFDD method reduces the laser energy threshold and demonstrates a remarkable increase in signal intensity for carbohydrates, facilitating the detection of high-molecular-weight polysaccharides (>10 kDa). The RFDD-prepared samples exhibit a uniformly distributed signal intensity that overcomes the 'sweet spot' issue in MALDI. The enhanced signal intensity and reproducibility lead to reliable quantitative analysis of carbohydrates, eliminating the need for expensive isotopic standards in each sample. A straightforward and accessible approach is presented for general laboratories, revolutionizing carbohydrate analysis in MALDI-MS.

Solution properties of laccase-treated pectic polysaccharides derived from steam-dried sugar beet pulp

Steam-drying of sugar beet pulp enables hot water extraction of pectic polysaccharides without adding acid to the extraction medium with a yield higher than the conventional preparation method but a lower molecular weight. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of laccase treatment on the molecular weight and solution properties of the pectic polysaccharides derived from steam-dried sugar beet pulp using hot water extraction. The weight average molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity of the pectic polysaccharides increased from 97.1 kDa to 147 kDa and from 0.383 dL/g to 0.525 dL/g due to isopropanol fractionation to remove low molecular weight fractions, respectively, and then to 661 kDa and 0.832 dL/g by the laccase treatment at the highest laccase rate examined, respectively. The intrinsic viscosity values showed a power-law relationship with the molecular weight, the exponent value of which was found to be 0.32 prior to the isopropanol fractionation or 0.38 after the isopropanol fractionation. These values were much lower than that derived theoretically for a random coil (0.5) and closer to that for a sphere (0.33). Compared to the results previously reported for various polysaccharides, the concentration dependence of the specific viscosity in the semi-dilute region was weaker, the critical concentration which is the threshold between dilute and semi-dilute solutions was higher, and the so-called coil overlap parameter was lower. The present results indicate that the pectic polysaccharides examined in this study had highly branched, compact, and spherical molecular structure.

Analysis of the effect of grouting parameters on pile-soil interaction of grouted piles

Reasonable control of grouting parameters was the key to improving the pile-soil interaction. However, quantitative analysis on the effect of grouting parameters on the pile-soil interaction was still lacking. This article developed an intelligent post-grouting system for precise control and quantitative analysis of grouting parameters. The conventional preparation method for shear tests were improved in this article. By changing the normal stress of the pile-soil interface during grouting, the test sample could simulate the grout distribution of the pile-soil interface at different depths. Through the improved experimental methods, a more accurate analysis of the mechanism for the pile-soil interaction was achieved. And the effectiveness of the intelligent post-grouting system was further verified by the case application. The results indicated that increasing the grout volume could improve the interface shear strength when the normal stress and grouting pressure were constant. This improvement effect caused by increasing grout volume decreased when the normal stress was high. Increasing the grouting pressure increased the interface shear strength when the normal stress and the grout volume remained constant. This improvement effect caused by increasing grouting pressure decreased when the grout volume was small. By appropriately controlling the two grouting parameters, the cohesion and the shear strength of the pile-soil interface were increased by 5.8–18.8 times and 1.16–2.91 times, respectively. The results indicated that the intelligent post-grouting system could accurately control the grouting parameters and effectively improve the pile-soil interaction of bored piles. The intelligent post-grouting system effectively reduced geotechnical engineering risks and improved the bearing capacity of pile.

Preparation of Tetrandrine Nanocrystals by Microfluidic Method and Its In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation.

The anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effects of TET are acknowledged, but its application is hindered by its poor water solubility and low bioavailability. Conventional methods for nanocrystal preparation are laborious and lack control. To address these limitations, we propose employing the microfluidic method in the preparation of TET nanocrystals, aiming to enhance the aforementioned constraints. The objectives of this study were to prepare TET nanocrystals (TET-NC@GL) using a Y-microfluidic method with glycyrrhetinic acid (GL) as a stabilizer. The optimal preparation prescription was determined through a single-factor test and Box-Behnken response surface method. Additionally, the nanocrystals prepared with the commonly used stabilizer polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVPK30), known as TET-NC@PVPK30, were characterized and evaluated for their toxicity to HepG2 cells. Hybridized nanocrystals (TET-HNC@GL and TET-HNC@PVPK30) were synthesized using a water-soluble aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescent probe (TVP). Qualitative and quantitative cellular uptake experiments were conducted using these hybridized nanocrystals. Conducting in vivo pharmacokinetic assays evaluates the relative bioavailability of nanocrystals. The results indicated that TET-NC@GL, optimized using the response surface method, had a particle size of 136.47 ± 3.31nm and a PDI of 0.219 ± 0.002. The administration of TET-NC@GL significantly enhanced the cell inhibition rate compared to the TET group and the TET-NC@PVPK30 group (P < 0.01). Moreover, the qualitative and quantitative cellular uptake results revealed a significant enhancement in cellular uptake in the TET-HNC@GL administration group compared to the TET-HNC@PVPK30 group (P < 0.01). In vivo pharmacokinetic results showed that the bioavailability of TET-NC@GL group was 3.5 times higher than that of the TET group. The results demonstrate the successful preparation of TET-NC@GL nanocrystals.