Conventional PPy Research Articles

Efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of vonoprazan vs Proton Pump Inhibitors in reflux disorders and H. pylori eradication: A literature review.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most prevalent conditions worldwide and is conventionally treated by proton pump inhibitor therapy. However, around 40% of people have reported some form of resistance to this therapy. Vonoprazan has recently been approved for the treatment of GERD. Literature was searched on PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase and Medline. Inclusion criteria were 1) Human subjects; 2) papers published in English language; 3) study types that are RCTs.In pre-clinical studies, VPZ was unaffected by changes in pH, making it 1.2–2 times more potent than PPI, both in-vivo and in-vitro. In studies involving GERD, several RCTs proved higher efficacy of VPZ than conventional PPI. RCTs on patients affected by H. Pylori showed a higher efficacy than VPZ (95.8%) as compared to PPI (69.6%). In another RCT, adverse effects including diarrhea, nausea and body rash were observed in 32.7% of the people taking VPZ as compared to 40.5% of the people taking PPI. VPZ was shown to be much more cost effective as compared to PPI.This article concludes that VPZ is superior to PPI in terms of efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness in reflux disorders and H. pylori eradication. Hence, use of vonoprazan should be preferred over conventional PPIs in these disorders. As most of the research was conducted in Japan, studies should be carried out in different regions of the world to explore if these results are extrapolated in those regions. Research is also needed to explore the efficiency of VPZ in scenarios of PPI resistance.

Biological network topology features predict gene dependencies in cancer cell-lines.

Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks have been shown to successfully predict essential proteins. However, such networks are derived generically from experiments on many thousands of different cells. Consequently, conventional PPI networks cannot capture the variation of genetic dependencies that exists across different cell types, let alone those that emerge as a result of the massive cell restructuring that occurs during carcinogenesis. Predicting cell-specific dependencies is of considerable therapeutic benefit, facilitating the use of drugs to inhibit those proteins on which the cancer cells have become specifically dependent. In order to go beyond the limitations of the generic PPI, we have attempted to personalise PPI networks to reflect cell-specific patterns of gene expression and mutation. By using 12 topological features of the resulting PPIs, together with matched gene dependency data from DepMap, we trained random-forest classifiers (DependANT) to predict novel gene dependencies. We found that DependANT improves the power of the baseline generic PPI models in predicting common gene dependencies, by up to 10.8% and is more sensitive than the baseline generic model when predicting genes on which only a small number of cell types are dependent. Software available at https://bitbucket.org/bioinformatics_lab_sussex/dependant2. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics Advances online.

All-polymer ultrathin flexible supercapacitors for electronic skin

Ultrathin flexible supercapacitors (UF-SCs) are highly desired for powering electronic skin devices. Most of current UF-SCs require electrochemically inactive substrates and binders to load electro-active materials, which limit the volumetric capacitance and stability of these UF-SCs. Herein, we report an all-polymer UF-SC based on conductive polypyrrole (PPy) film, which is constructed by the dynamic network formed by rigid PPy (~90 wt%) and soft polyethylene glycol (PEG, only 10 wt%) through supramolecular interactions. The network structure can effectively dissipate the destructive energy during mechanical or electrochemical deformation, making the PPy film strong and robust; and also helps to maximize the utilization of PPy, enabling the PPy film better electric conductivity and electrochemical capacitance than conventional PPy materials. After systematic optimization, we found the PEG600-PPy as the optimal electrode material, which can serve as electroactive material, current collector, and mechanical support simultaneously. Therefore, without using any substrate or current collector, these high-performance PEG600-PPy films can be directly used as electrodes for making all-polymer UF-SC. With high volumetric capacitance (547 F/cm3), outstanding mechanical and electrochemical stability, our all-polymer UF-SC (~80 μm in thickness, thinner than a piece of A4 paper) is a promising power device for electronic skin devices.

A Facile Strategy for Construction of Sensor for Detection of Ondansetron and Investigation of its Redox Behavior and Thermodynamic Parameters

AbstractA sodium dodecylsulfate‐doped polypyrrole (SDS‐PPy) film was elaborated on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by an electrodeposition method in phosphate buffer solution (pH 2.0) containing pyrrole (Py) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). SDS‐PPy/GCE was used for the construction of sensor, which showed excellent electrochemical response for the detection of ondansetron (OND) compared to conventional PPy. The application of the square wave (SW), with the adsorptive accumulation, indicates a maximum response at 1.33 V in H2SO4 (0.5 M). The influence of experimental parameters on determination of OND is discussed. The adsorptive stripping technique showed to be more sensitive, giving responses twice as big as those of non‐accumulated OND. The substantial improvement of response permits the development of an electroanalytical technique with a linear concentration in the range (1.0–80 μM), low detection (0.09 μM), and quantification limits (0.3 μM), and acceptable relative standard deviations of repeatability (0.59 %), and reproducibility (1.51 %). Consequently, this electrode is promising candidate for an accurate electroanalytical determination of OND in pharmaceutical samples with high sensitivity and selectivity, good accuracy and precision. The electrooxidation of OND at SDS‐PPy/GCE at various temperatures were studied by cyclic voltammetry to evaluate both the kinetic (ks and Ea) and thermodynamic (ΔG*, ΔH* and ΔS*) parameters.

Comparative Evaluation Of Efficacy of Omeprazole versus Lansoprazole for Relief of Functional Dyspepsia: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Functional dyspepsia (FD) is defined as a condition chronically presenting symptoms centered in the upper abdomen, such as epigastric pain or discomfort, in the absence of any organic, systemic, or metabolic disease that is likely to explain the symptoms. Proton pump inhibitors are main line agents to treat functional Dyspepsia. Omeprazole is conventional PPI and Lansoprazole is a new PPI both are said to be effective option to treat functional dyspepsia in individual trials.
 Aim and Objective: To compare efficacy of Omeprazole versus Lansoprazole for Relief of Functional Dyspepsia.
 Methodology: All randomised control trials which follows PRISMA guidelines 2009 and in which Omeprazole and Lansoprazole were first compared with placebo for the treatment of functional dyspepsia. Clinical trial registries, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE database were searched for MeSH terms Omeprazole, Pantoprazole, Placebo which resulted in the treatment of Functional Dyspepsia. Observational studies, Unpublished studies, RCTs not following PRISMA guidelines were excluded. Data was analyzed using RevMan version 5.3 ® and Odd’s Ratio was calculated to determine the difference in Early and late phases. Both Fixed and Random effect model was utilized to calculate the difference. To compare the difference between Omeprazole and Lansoprazole Fischer’s exact test was used. P value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The I2 will be used to measure the heterogeneity between studies and a value >30.0 will be considered to reflect heterogeneity.
 Results: A total of 10 studies were included consisting of 3934 patients. Omeprazole was effective than placebo to treat functional dyspepsia(Odd’s ratio=1.603, CI=1.264 to 2.033, p value less than 0.01) Lansoprazole was also effective when compared to placebo to treat functional dyspepsia. (Odd’s ratio=0.748, CI=0.553 to 1.011, p=0.058). When Omeprazole was compared to lansoprazole indirectly statistically significant difference was seen (P=0.0001).
 Conclusion: Both Omeprazole and Lansoprazole are effective to treat functional dyspepsia when compared to placebo. Omeprazole is more effective than Lansoprazole to treat functional dyspepsia.

MEGADOCK-Web: an integrated database of high-throughput structure-based protein-protein interaction predictions

BackgroundProtein-protein interactions (PPIs) play several roles in living cells, and computational PPI prediction is a major focus of many researchers. The three-dimensional (3D) structure and binding surface are important for the design of PPI inhibitors. Therefore, rigid body protein-protein docking calculations for two protein structures are expected to allow elucidation of PPIs different from known complexes in terms of 3D structures because known PPI information is not explicitly required. We have developed rapid PPI prediction software based on protein-protein docking, called MEGADOCK. In order to fully utilize the benefits of computational PPI predictions, it is necessary to construct a comprehensive database to gather prediction results and their predicted 3D complex structures and to make them easily accessible. Although several databases exist that provide predicted PPIs, the previous databases do not contain a sufficient number of entries for the purpose of discovering novel PPIs.ResultsIn this study, we constructed an integrated database of MEGADOCK PPI predictions, named MEGADOCK-Web. MEGADOCK-Web provides more than 10 times the number of PPI predictions than previous databases and enables users to conduct PPI predictions that cannot be found in conventional PPI prediction databases. In MEGADOCK-Web, there are 7528 protein chains and 28,331,628 predicted PPIs from all possible combinations of those proteins. Each protein structure is annotated with PDB ID, chain ID, UniProt AC, related KEGG pathway IDs, and known PPI pairs. Additionally, MEGADOCK-Web provides four powerful functions: 1) searching precalculated PPI predictions, 2) providing annotations for each predicted protein pair with an experimentally known PPI, 3) visualizing candidates that may interact with the query protein on biochemical pathways, and 4) visualizing predicted complex structures through a 3D molecular viewer.ConclusionMEGADOCK-Web provides a huge amount of comprehensive PPI predictions based on docking calculations with biochemical pathways and enables users to easily and quickly assess PPI feasibilities by archiving PPI predictions. MEGADOCK-Web also promotes the discovery of new PPIs and protein functions and is freely available for use at http://www.bi.cs.titech.ac.jp/megadock-web/.

A novel cascade control principle for feed drives of machine tools

Most feed drives in machine tools are designed using ball screw drives. The bandwidth of such drives with conventional PPI control principle is limited by the first natural frequency of mechanical transmission elements. A novel feedback control principle is presented to improve feed drive dynamics. It is cascade structured and consists of a weakly set motor speed controller, a disturbance observer with the feedback velocity of machine table and a PD position controller. This principle increases the bandwidth of the position loop over 200% without any extra sensor or actuator. Experimental results validate the effectiveness and robustness of this principle.

Gravity-assisted synthesis of micro/nano-structured polypyrrole for supercapacitors

A highly electroactive polypyrrole film (GA-hPPy) with micro/nano-structured horn-like arrays is synthesized by a pulse potentiostatic method with the assistance of gravity. Compared with the conventional cauliflower-like PPy (cPPy) that is synthesized without gravity assistance, GA-hPPy exhibits horn-like morphology in good ordering and uniform size, which leads to remarkably high ionic and electronic conductivity, as confirmed by apparent diffusion coefficient and limit diffusion coefficient. It presents great specific capacitance up to 360Fg−1 at the scanning rate of 10mVs−1 and ultrafast charging/discharging capability, with a specific capacitance of 208Fg−1 at the scanning rate of 1000mVs−1. Its cycling performance is validated to be stable as 88.2% of capacitance held after 10,000 continual cycles. With these distinguishing properties, GA-hPPy is promising to be an excellent active material for supercapacitors.

Stretchable conductive polypyrrole films modified with dopaminated hyaluronic acid

In this paper, we report the modification of polypirrole (PPy) with dopaminated hyaluronic acid (HADA). This design improves PPy adhesion onto stretchable materials such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) allowing the formation of conducting films on this kind of very flexible, hydrophobic materials. The results revealed that described PPy modification allows to obtain stable PPy:HADA nano–suspension able to cast films directly on PDMS. The comparison of PPy:HADA films with conventional PPy and other modified PPy shows that the modification improved the strength of the films under tension stress and their water resistance. Moreover, the modification proposed does not affect significantly the conductivity of the PPy films. The resulting properties of the material make it especially suitable for bio–integrated device applications, where a biocompatible material with stable electrical behaviour under deformation and water media is needed.

Electro-responsive macroporous polypyrrole scaffolds for triggered dexamethasone delivery

Corticosteroids such as dexamethasone are first line ophthalmic treatment for non-infectious posterior uveitis. Corticosteroids are often administered via intravitreal injection to treat this condition with frequent injections associated with poor treatment adherence and complications such as endophthalmitis. Current ocular implants provide sustained corticosteroid release at predetermined rates and lack the ability for dose individualisation. This study describes the successful fabrication of electrically responsive macroporous polypyrrole (PPy) thin films, and their subsequent application to triggered dexamethasone release. Colloidal crystal films composed of 370nm polymethylmethacrylate colloids were first deposited on ITO coated glass substrates, and subsequently used as sacrificial templates for the fabrication of high surface area, 3-dimensionally ordered macroporous PPy inverse opal (PPy IO) thin films. SEM, UV–Vis reflectance and cyclic voltammetry measurements established that the redox state of the PPy IO films could be controlled via electrical stimulation, which in turn influences both porosity and optical properties of the films. Incorporation of the anti-inflammatory corticosteroid, dexamethasone phosphate (DexP), in the PPy IO films during their fabrication resulted in an effective delivery platform for triggered DexP release. A sustained release profile was observed for the PPy IO–DexP films, bursts of release could be triggered by electrical stimulation. The amount of DexP released from the PPy IO–DexP films was significantly higher than that released from the conventional non-porous PPy–DexP films of comparable mass. Results suggest that electrically responsive PPy IO structures are highly suitable for on-demand drug delivery applications. This technology may enable physicians to fine-tune the required dose according to disease state and patients’ needs to enhance the safety and efficacy of corticosteroid treatment.

Polypyrrole shell@3D-Ni metal core structured electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors.

Three-dimensional (3D) nanometal films serving as current collectors have attracted much interest recently owing to their promising application in high-performance supercapacitors. In the process of the electrochemical reaction, the 3D structure can provide a short diffusion path for fast ion transport, and the highly conductive nanometal may serve as a backbone for facile electron transfer. In this work, a novel polypyrrole (PPy) shell@3D-Ni-core composite is developed to enhance the electrochemical performance of conventional PPy. With the introduction of a Ni metal core, the as-prepared material exhibits a high specific capacitance (726 F g(-1) at a charge/discharge rate of 1 A g(-1)), good rate capability (a decay of 33% in Csp with charge/discharge rates increasing from 1 to 20 A g(-1)), and high cycle stability (only a small decrease of 4.2% in Csp after 1000 cycles at a scan rate of 100 mV s(-1)). Furthermore, an aqueous symmetric supercapacitor device is fabricated by using the as-prepared composite as electrodes; the device demonstrates a high energy density (≈21.2 Wh kg(-1)) and superior long-term cycle ability (only 4.4% and 18.6% loss in Csp after 2000 and 5000 cycles, respectively).

Synthesis of polypyrrole nano-fibers with hierarchical structure and its adsorption property of Acid Red G from aqueous solution

The polypyrrole nano-fibers with hierarchical structure were synthesized in α-CD/I2 inclusion compound solution via chemical oxidation by using FeCl3 as the oxidant. The formation of the hierarchical structured PPy was certified by Field Emission Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results showed that the molecular structure of the prepared PPy backbone is same as the conventional PPy. From the results of X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, the α-CD/I2-Fe2+ is as the soft-template during the synthesis process of PPy with hierarchical structure. Some I− ions retained in the backbone of the prepared PPy were as the counter ion after rinse. PPy with hierarchical structure shows very good adsorption performance for the Acid Red G (azo dye). The adsorption equilibrium time was very short (within 30min) and the maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) was 121.95mg/g, which is better than that of some other adsorbents reported in literatures. The hierarchical structured PPy that we prepared can be considered as a potential adsorbent for the removal of organic dyes from wastewater.

Polypyrrole nanotubes–polyaniline composite for DNA detection using methylene blue as intercalator

Electrochemically active nanostructured polypyrrole (PPy) coated with polyaniline (PANi) was deposited on an electrode followed by gluteraldehyde (GA) attachment for grafting 5′-amine modified single strand DNA (ssDNA) to form PPy–PANi–GA–ssDNA and DNA hybridization in phosphate buffered solution. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to monitor the hybridization events with methylene blue as the electrochemical indicator. The exhibited sensitivity and selectivity was attributed to the nanotube structure of PPy–PANi and the conductivity obtained was 472 times greater than that for the conventional PPy–PANi composite. The biosensor was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance , FT-IR, DPV and scanning electron microscopy. This sensor showed good stability, selectivity and higher sensitivity than the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)/Ag nanoparticles (NPs) and PPy/MWCNT/AuNPs composites reported previously. The dynamic range observed was 1 × 10−9 to 1 × 10−13 M, with a lower detection limit of 50 fM.

Fabrication of Polypyrrole/Graphene Oxide Composite Nanosheets and Their Applications for Cr(VI) Removal in Aqueous Solution

In this paper, we report on the simple, reliable synthesis of polypyrrole (PPy)/graphene oxide (GO) composite nanosheets by using sacrificial-template polymerization method. Herein, MnO2 nanoslices were chosen as a sacrificial-template to deposit PPy, which served as the oxidant as well. During the polymerization of pyrrole on surface of GO nanosheets, MnO2 component was consumed incessantly. As a result, the PPy growing on the surface of GO nanosheets has the morphology just like the MnO2 nanoslices. This method can provide the fabrication of PPy nanostructures more easily than conventional route due to its independence of removing template, which usually is a complex and tedious experimental process. The as-prepared PPy/GO composite nanosheets exhibited an enhanced properties for Cr(VI) ions removal in aqueous solution based on the synergy effect. The adsorption capacity of the PPy/GO composite nanosheets is about two times as large as that of conventional PPy nanoparticles. We believe that our findings can open a new and effective avenue to improve the adsorption performance in removing heavy metal ions from waste water.

Synthesis of polypyrrole nanowire network with high adenosine triphosphate release efficiency

A novel drug release system based on polypyrrole (PPy) nanowire network is developed for controlled adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release. Interestingly, the formation of the PPy nanowire networks is induced by ATP itself, i.e. ATP serves as both the morphology-directing agent and the model drug. More importantly, it should be pointed out that using ATP as morphology-directing agent for the formation of the PPy nanowire network can significantly increase the ATP release efficiency due to the high surface area of the resulting nanowire network. The experiment results show that ATP release efficiency increases from 53% (for conventional cauliflower-like PPy) to 90% (for PPy nanowire network) within 45h upon electrical stimulation.

Impact of Pantoprazole on Duodeno-Gastro-Esophageal Reflux (DGER)

Duodeno-gastro-esophageal reflux (DGER) is considered as an independent risk factor for complicated reflux disease (GERD). Patients with Barrett's esophagus have significantly higher levels of DGER than patients with uncomplicated GERD. However, the clinical response to conventional high-dose PPI therapy in patients with uncomplicated GERD and DGER is largely unknown. 30 patients with uncomplicated GERD and combined pathological reflux (acid and bile) were enrolled in the study. Clinical work-up included evaluation of clinical symptoms, esophageal manometry and upper endoscopy. After 6 - 8 weeks of treatment with Pantoprazole 80 mg/d pH measurement and Bilitec 2000 were repeated, and the pattern of symptoms was re-evaluated. Under treatment with Pantoprazole 80 mg/d acid reflux was normalised in 28 patients (93 %). Similarly the mean percentage of DGER (time with an absorption greater than 0.14) was significantly reduced from 19.6 % (+/- 13.7) to 5.7 % (+/- 7.7, p < 0.05). In 15 patients (50 %) an elevated DGER persisted under treatment with Pantoprazole (DGER-NR group) whereas in 15 cases (50 %) a normalisation could be achieved (DGER-R group). The DGER-NR group had significantly higher levels of bile reflux before (and under) treatment compared to the DGER-R group: 22.9 % (9.98 %) vs. 15.6 % (0.72 %), respectively. Overall, the median quality of life index (QLI) improved from 4.78 (+/- 0.86) before to 8.04 +/- 1.84) under therapy. The clinical response under treatment was marikedly reduced in the DGER-NR group compared to the DGER-R group: QLI 7.3 vs. 8.9. Particularly heartburn and nocturnal coughing persisted. Our data confirm that high-dose pantoprazole therapy effectively exerts acid suppression in GERD patients with combined pathological reflux. However, DGER could only normalised in 50 % of patients. High levels of DGER at diagnosis enhance the risk of persistent DGER under PPI therapy and are associated with a reduced clinical outcome.

Electrochemically controlled release based on nanoporous conducting polymers

An electrochemically controlled drug release system based on nanoporous polypyrrole (PPy) films was developed. Pyrrole and a model drug, fluorescein, were electrochemically copolymerized on glassy carbon (GC) electrodes modified with self-assembled multilayer polystyrene (PS) nanobeads, and PPy films incorporated with fluorescein as dopants were formed among the interstitial spaces of the tightly packed PS nanobead template. After the removal of the PS hard template, nanoporous PPy films incorporated with the drug fluorescein were obtained. Due to the porous morphology and huge surface area, the efficiency of the prepared PPy films in electrochemically releasing incorporated fluorescein was about nine times higher than that of conventional PPy films.

Polypyrrole coated magnetite nanoparticles from water based nanofluids

The synthesis and characterization of hybrid structures obtained by coating Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles from water based nanofluid with a polypyrrole (PPy) layer are reported. The thin amorphous layer of polypyrrole surrounding the crystalline magnetic core was observed by HRTEM. The FTIR spectra of the nanocomposites show that the absorption bands characteristic for pyrrole ring vibrations significantly shifted to lower frequencies in the nanocomposite spectra, which indicates a higher degree of oxidation of the PPy shell covering the magnetite as compared with conventional PPy. The existence of superparamagnetism in the investigated nanocomposites is evidenced by the missing hysterezis loop in the magnetization versus applied magnetic field dependences. The comparison between the physical size of nanoparticles determined from TEM analysis and the magnetic size deduced from magnetization measurements is discussed. The surface modification of magnetite by polypyrrole coating results in an increase in the saturation magnetization and of the apparent magnetic diameter of the nanoparticles. This novel effect is attributed to a charge transfer process from the conducting polymer to the surface iron ions of magnetite, producing an increase in the surface contribution to the overall magnetic moment of the nanoparticles.

Hydrogen bubble‐assisted syntheses of polypyrrole micro/nanostructures using electrochemistry: structural and physical property characterization

AbstractPolypyrrole (PPy) in the family of π‐conjugated polymers is a potential candidate for microscopic actuators, electrochromic devices, batteries, and drug delivery systems. We report the controlled syntheses of PPy micro/nanocontainers through electrochemical generation of H2 bubbles from a surfactant cum electrolyte β‐NSA (β‐naphthalene sulfonic acid) stabilized on the working electrode, followed by electrochemical polymerization of monomer (pyrrole) around the wall of the micelles serving as template. It is noticed that the density, shape, caliber, and thickness of self‐assembled PPy micro/nanocontainers can be regulated by electrochemical potential window for H2 bubbles and number of cyclic voltammetric scans for the electropolymerization of pyrrole. Sodium chlorate and perchlorate are used to synthesize conventional PPy films. By changing the dopant structure, one can control the microscopic structure and physical properties, which are analyzed using multiple microscopic techniques and X‐ray diffraction (XRD), infrared, vis Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic analytical tools. In light of this information, an exhaustive description of the material is attained. Experimental results show that the films consist of spherical/globular surface morphology and cup‐/bowl‐like structures, which becomes lantern‐like with increasing cyclic voltammetry scans. The bowl diameter and caliber and room temperature conductivities range 0.05–60 µm, 5–50 µm and 2 × 10−2–20 S cm−1, respectively. Raman spectroscopy (RS) helps to identify the oxidized PPy; polaron and bipolaron states and thus a detailed molecular structure. The results also showed that the relative conjugation length increases with decreasing size of the morphological feature. Moreover, these studies enhanced the understanding of bubble nucleation at the solid–electrolyte interface. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Electrochemical capacitance of polypyrrole nanowire prepared by using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as soft template

Polypyrrole (PPy) nanowires were prepared in high yield by using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as “soft template” in 0.2 M HCl aqueous solution. From the observation of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), PPy nanowires with a diameter in the range of 30–50 nm was obtained. The electrochemical capacitance of PPy nanowires was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, charge/discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Compared with conventional PPy, PPy nanowires had the higher specific capacitance and energy density. The capacitor also exhibited the good cycling performance with 1000 cycles.