Conventional Motorcycles Research Articles

Exploring the Factors Accelerating the Electric Motorcycle Adoptions: Insights from Theory of Planned Behavior and Travel Behavior

Indonesia is a densely populated country where most people use motorcycles for mobility. With increasing carbon emissions, Indonesia plans to migrate conventional motorcycles toward electric ones by 2040. However, the adoption process of electric motorcycles is relatively slow, considering that the number of electric motorcycles is still far from the government's target. This study aims to investigate what factors influence the adoption process of electric motorcycles in Indonesia. Based on 906 samples, an analysis was conducted using a hybrid choice model on willingness to pay more, which considered three components: socio-demographics, Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and travel behavior patterns. The results showed that all three components significantly affect the willingness to pay more. Individuals who are older, highly educated, high-income, use public or environmentally friendly transportation, and have a low frequency of mobility for work purposes are more likely to purchase an electric motorcycle. The results of this study provide a new perspective in the unique context of electric motorcycle adoption in Indonesia and conditions that still need improvement when related to the government's long-term targets. This research will be helpful for governments and manufacturers by providing the characteristics of people who are more likely to purchase an electric motorcycle.

Exploring the determinants of intention to purchase electric Motorcycles: The role of national culture in the UTAUT

Migration to electric motorcycles is urgent to reduce air pollution and prevent climate change. However, the adoption rate of electric motorcycles in Indonesia remains very low compared to the number of conventional motorcycles. This study aims to explore the determinants affecting the purchase intention of electric motorcycles. Because every country has a different culture, the key contribution of our research is developing a model to investigate the purchase intention by integrating national culture into the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). This study also investigates the direct and indirect effects of national cultural constructs such as power distance, uncertainty avoidance, collectivism, masculinity, and long-term orientation on purchase intention. This study used a survey and a non-probability method, especially convenience sampling, and obtained 936 valid responses. This study used the confirmatory factor analysis to analyze the construct validity and reliability and the partial least square–structural equation model to test its hypotheses. The results showed that the model could explain 63.6% of the variance in the purchase intention of electric motorcycles. Performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, power distance, and long-term orientation significantly affected purchase intention, while uncertainty avoidance, collectivism, and masculinity were insignificant. Performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence were found to mediate the relationship between national culture and the purchase intention of electric motorcycles. The study provides better suggestions to manufacturers and the Government to make more efficient planning and policies by considering the factors influencing purchase intentions.

The influence of environmental concerns and psychosocial factors on electric motorbike switching intention in the global south

Motorcycle riding is the principal mode of travel in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Motorcycle-based transport is regarded as highly problematic today due to reliance on fossil-based fuels, which contributes to climate change. Additionally, emissions from fuel combustion release air pollutants in urban areas, resulting in public health issues. Unfortunately, in LMICs, functioning and widespread public transport infrastructure will not be feasible in the near future due to economic and social tensions. As such, encouraging a mode shift from conventional motorcycles to electric motorcycles (EMs), a more sustainable transport mode, is a reasonable strategy for many jurisdictions. However, to develop effective programs to increase the adoption of EMs, it is necessary to have a better understanding of motives and barriers that determine the switching intention to EMs. To cover this gap, this investigation aims to develop a conceptual research model based on the Behavioural Reasoning Theory to explore the antecedents of the switching intention. Data from 751 conventional motorcycle users in Vietnam were used to test the model using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The moderating roles of trust and knowledge were also examined in this study. The results showed that ‘reasons for’ have no direct effect on the switching intention; however, this variable affects the intention indirectly via global motives. In contrast, ‘reasons against’ show a negative direct impact on the intention, and no indirect effect is found. The findings provide interesting insights for governments and the electric vehicle industry.

Understanding the adoption of electric motorcycles among road users in Vietnam

Motorcycles with internal combustion engines using fossil fuels account for the majority of traffic flow in major Asian cities. The increase in the number of conventional motorcycles using a gas engine is one of the main causes leading to air and noise pollution in comparison with other lower-emitting transport modes (e.g., walking, cycling, and public transport). Thus, many Asian countries have promoted the adoption of electric motorcycles to significantly reduce air pollution and non-renewable energy consumption as a solution for motorcycles using internal combustion engines. However, the application of electric motorcycles still faces many limitations and challenges. This study explores factors influencing the adoption of electric motorcycles in Vietnam based on the extention of TAM model. Based on 751 valid responses in Ho Chi Minh and Da Nang cities, Vietnam, a structural equation model (SEM) with first-order and second-order latent variables is proposed to analyse the collected data. The results indicate that perceived of usefulness is the most significant positive effect on the adoption of electric motorcycles. In contrast, perceived risk is found to be a barrier of the adoption intention. In addition, the results of multigroup analysis show that age moderates the correlation between prceived easy to use and the adoption intention. Similarly, the correlation between perceived risk and the adoption of electric motorcycles is influenced by the difference in monthly income. Several policies and governance implications are also discussed in this study.

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on battery electric and combustion engine motorcycles in Taiwan

Electric motorcycles are increasingly replacing combustion engine motorcycles, especially in Asia where personal motorcycles represent a significant proportion of the traffic share. Yet, the life cycle environmental performances of electric and combustion driven motorcycles have not yet been established with field data from this region. To enable the clarification of environmental impact from this modal shift, this study conducts a comparative Life Cycle Assessment on the most popular electric and combustion engine motorcycle models in Taiwan in SimaPro using selected impact categories from the ReCiPe impact methodology. This research reveals a burden shifting between impact categories and life-cycle stages. Electric motorcycle achieves lower impacts than combustion engine motorcycle in global warming and fossil resource scarcity, while combustion engine motorcycle outperforms electric motorcycle in freshwater eutrophication and mineral resource scarcity. Electric motorcycles obtained partially better results from the operation stage at a generally higher production impact compared to combustion driven motorcycles. To mitigate the higher impacts in electric motorcycles, increasing the recycling content in raw materials and establishing suitable reuse, repair and recycling system are suggested. A sensitivity analysis revealed significant fluctuations in conventional motorcycles and robust results for the electric motorcycle.

Prototype Design of E-BMX 2000 Watt Electric Motorcycle

Limited supplies of fossil fuels such as gasoline, diesel and LPG resulting in vehicles that use internal combustion would be abandoned and replaced by electric vehicles. There have been many coverages that have reviewed the advantages of electric vehicles, where the advantages of electric vehicles include simple mechanical components, relatively low pollution, low noise levels, and could become a solution for future vehicles for an environmentally friendly life. This study aims to design and build a motorcycle prototype, a work which includes the design and manufacture of a BMX type motorcycle frame powered by a 2000 watt BLDC motor power, and testing the performance of the prototype using dynotest and compared to conventional motorcycles to compare the performance characteristics of both motorcycle. The frame is designed using Solidworks, then manufactured by cutting, bending, drilling, welding, and painting process. Mechanical components include frames that use mild steel pipes with diameter of 1.5 inches and thickness of 1.2 mm. Other mechanical components use components available on the market, such as headsets, front forks, disc brakes, hydraulic caliper brakes, and wheel assemblies. The electrical components used are 48V 2000-watt QS Motor, 60V 15 Ah Lithium battery, Yuyangking 80A controller and electric gas throttle with voltage indicator. The results of the dynotest show that the maximum torque reaches 204 NM (roller) which is achieved at 976 rpm. The maximum speed reaches 69.7 Km/hour. The range of the single-charged battery could cover a distance of 30 km. The characteristic of 2000 Watt E-BMX is very powerful at low revs and stable at high revs, shown by achieving maximum torque at low RPM. To save battery life, it is necessary to limit the remaining voltage, which is done at 55 Volts, so that the battery do not completely run out. It could be concluded that electric motorcycle developed in this study is suitable for use in urban areas (paved tracks or light off-road) with determined mileage and the path travelled, and battery management is needed so the battery does not run out in the middle of a trip.

Analysis of Community Satisfaction with the Use of Electric Motorbikes in the City of South Surabaya

Mode of transportation is one of the basic human needs in carrying out an activity. Transportation consists of land, sea and air transportation. The development of modern transportation can be viewed from several aspects, such as quality, effectiveness and efficiency for its users, especially the millennial generation. One of the modern transportation today is an electric motorcycle. The development of electric motorcycles in Indonesia is not as fast as the development of conventional motorcycles. Electric motorcycles that are currently developing need to be analyzed to determine the level of consumer satisfaction. Analysis of the level of customer satisfaction can be done using the method. By knowing the analysis of the Kano method, improvements or evaluations can be made for developers of relevant electric motors in the future. Test analysis was carried out by conducting a survey of electric motorcycle users in the Surabaya area. Based on the analysis of the results of Kano's research that has been done, it can be seen that there is a need for an increase in electric motorbikes. This shows that with an increase in electric motorbikes, people's satisfaction with the use of electric motorbikes will increase.

Design and Analysis of Solar-powered E-bike Charging Stations to Support the Development of Green Campus

Currently, conventional motorcycles that utilize hazardous fossil fuels are expanding rapidly in Indonesia's major cities. Especially in campus environments, the increase in motorcycle usage has the potential to raise emissions of greenhouse gases and toxic microparticles. The green campus concept entails that campus living must implement low-emission energy efficiency, conserve resources, and enhance environmental quality by teaching its residents how to live a healthy lifestyle. However, limiting the number of motorcycles on campus is the main challenge, especially in Indonesia. To overcome this challenge, this study provides a design for the e-bike system that will be implemented at Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta (UMY). In addition, a solar power plant is integrated into the design to support the adoption of the zero-emission green energy concept on the campus. The design accommodates specifications for a 6 km radius surrounding the school, a two-day lifespan, and 100 electric bicycles. The experiment's findings indicate that the solar-powered e-bike design requires 99 solar panels with a capacity of 150 Wp, 9 SSCs with a capacity of 100 A, and three inverters with a capacity of 2,500 W. It is projected that this device will reduce exhaust emissions by 7.62 tons of CO2 per year once it is entirely operated.

E-Commerce Parcel Distribution in Urban Areas with Sustainable Performance Indicators

E-commerce transactions have increased during the pandemic as people living in urban areas turn to buy goods online rather than offline. A two-echelon distribution system using parcel mobile hubs (PMHs) with small vehicles can increase operational cost efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The originality of this study is in building and testing a conceptual framework for selecting PMH locations with three variables (parcel distribution, internet quota for e-commerce, and center of e-buyer) and two constraints (space availability and traffic flow). Spatial analysis is used as a method to test the conceptual framework with a parcel distribution database from Bandung. As a city whose profile represents urban areas in developing countries well, Bandung is chosen as a case study. The proportion of distance to variables and the outermost point of each cluster is less than 10%, which proves that the three variables are correlated. This study proves that the selection of PMH locations based on this conceptual framework results in better sustainable performance compared to existing conditions. Using PMHs combined with city freighters can reduce operational costs by 19.7% and prevent 3.4 tons of CO2 emissions per year with conventional motorcycles and 7.2 tons of CO2 emissions per year with electric motorcycles or scooters.

Evaluation of Driving Comparative Life Cycle Cost Assessment of Conventional and Electric Motorcycles in Indonesia: Monte Carlo Analysis

The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is one of the solutions to reduce emission problems. Vehicle cost analysis is one of the keys to seizing the Indonesian market. As a consumer, it is not only the purchase price that needs to be considered, but the life cycle costs throughout ownership also need to be considered in the purchase. This study discusses the life cycle cost (LCC) of EVs in Indonesia, especially electric motorcycles (EMs), which will be compared with conventional motorcycles (CMs). In particular, this study aims to encourage the government's target for ownership of 2.1 million EMs in Indonesia by 2025. The novelty of this research is to develop a more comprehensive LCC model by considering the costs in terms of tangible and intangible to compare the two types of motorcycles using Monte Carlo simulation. This simulation is used to coordinate the behavioral uncertainty of motorcycle users. As a result, the value of an EM is more economical than CM for various users. The average value percentage of EMs is lower than CMs by 45% (IDR 30,6 million). In addition, several scenarios are also analyzed to maximize consumer welfare in Indonesia.

Emissions impacts of electrifying motorcycle taxis in Kampala, Uganda

Large fleets of motorcycle taxis in Kampala, Uganda, and other cities in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) emit significant local and global air pollutants . To reduce emissions, companies have started selling electric motorcycles. We quantify the use-phase emissions impact of electrifying motorcycle taxis by processing real-world trip and charging data from Kampala, then estimating charging-caused emissions with an economic dispatch model of the Ugandan power system. We then compare these emissions to tank-to-wheels estimates of conventional motorcycles over the same trips. We find that electrifying gas-powered motorcycle taxis would reduce carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO x ), and hydrocarbon emissions by 36%, 90%, 58%, and 99%, respectively, but increase sulfur oxide (SO x ), particulate matter 10 μm or less (PM 10 ), and particulate matter 2.5 μm or less (PM 2.5 ) emissions by 870%, 109%, and 97%, respectively. PM and SO x emission increases stem from generation at bagasse and heavy fuel oil (HFO) point sources far from load centers. Additionally, we find seasonality of the charging associated emissions due to dominance of hydropower in the Ugandan grid. Overall, we find clear and potential local air pollution benefits of electrifying motorcycle taxis in Kampala.

Consumers Choice Decision Towards Electric and Conventional Motorcycles

Abstract. Air pollution is one of the most pressing emerging issues in Indonesia. To reduce emissions, people need to shift from conventional to electric motorcycles (EM). However, the number of conventional motorcycles (CM) in Indonesia is still far above electric, and there is no certainty whether the market will adopt it. Therefore, this research aims to identify significant factors that influence consumers’ decision in choosing electric or conventional motorcycles and to identify preferred motorcycle type, as well as to calculate the elasticity of each factor. Choice modeling analysis is used to estimate the probability of choosing motorcycles and the attributes that influence the decision. Data is collected through an online survey sent to 470 respondents. This research used three methods in processing the data: factor analysis, multinomial logistic regression, and demand elasticities analysis. Based on the result of this research, it is found that the significant factors are purchase price, charging times, driving range, and attitude towards each motorcycle type. Additionally, it is found that most of the respondents prefer electric motorcycles to conventional ones. The results suggested that motorcycles manufacturers should consider selling EM with lower prices, develop fast charging technology, and improve driving range, while the government should provide incentives for EM users. Therefore, this research supports findings to decrease air pollution in Indonesia by increasing the use of EM. Keywords: Electric vehicles, motorcycles, choice modeling, significant factors, stated preference

Comparing Total Cost of Ownership of Electric and Conventional Motorcycles in Indonesia

The adoption of Electric Vehicles (EV) is one of the solutions to reduce emission problems. In Indonesia, the government targets 2.1 million Electric Motorcycles (EM) ownership in 2025. One of the keys to encouraging the EV Indonesian market is vehicle cost analysis, like Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). This study developed a TCO model to compare EM with Conventional Motorcycles (CM) in Indonesia. Data were collected from surveys and information from stakeholders. The proposed TCO model considered a battery replacement cost, which influenced the resale value of the vehicle. As a result, the TCO of EM had a more economical value than CM of 12% (IDR 3 million) on low mobility, 16% (IDR 4 million) on medium mobility, and 18% (IDR 5.5 million) on high mobility. In addition, several scenarios were also analyzed as a study to consider providing subsidies ownership motorcycles in Indonesia.

The Feasibility Study on the Infrastructure of Swapping Battery Station for Electric Motorcycles in Thailand

Thailand is a country where people rely on personal vehicles, especially conventional motorcycles which are the main source of the air pollution crisis in the country due to their emissions are containing tons of toxic gas. Hence, the Thai government announces the national strategic plan to switch from conventional fuel vehicles to electric ones by 2035. Currently, The EVs main strategic encouragements focus on electric cars charging stations which pervasive distributed in Bangkok and vicinity provinces. Since electric motorcycles(EMs)require different battery charging methods. Therefore, to be the guideline the potential solutions of these issues, the objective of this study introduces the feasibility of the occurrence of swapping battery Infrastructure for EMs based on previously successful implementation cases from several countries and the conclusion of EMs activities’ s movement from the EMs working group of Thai automotive industries association. This study proposes the entire ecosystem of electric motorcycles along with the main resources of swapping battery infrastructure for EMs. It is concluded that to accelerate the EMs adoption in Thailand, the government is the main trigger to stimuli the related affiliations.

THE COMPARISON OF LEVEL OF COSTUMERS SATISFACTION TOWARD AN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION OJEK ONLINE AND OFFLINE IN BATAM

One business that is developing today is the business of transportation services by motorcycle or used to be called an ojek. If the first motorcycle taxis are managed conventionally and sole proprietorship, now there is a new business motor that is a commercial business, which provides public transportation services and managed professionally. Currently there are two kinds of ojek services, namely ojek offline and ojek online. Unlike conventional motorcycles that can only be found when consumers look for it at certain points, ojek online can be ordered online through android apps. The purpose of this research is to know the comparison of consumer satisfaction level on interpersonal communication on ojek online and offline. The population used is the people of Batam who use Online Ojek and Ojek offline. The population consists of 5 districts namely Batuaji, Sagulung, Sekupang, Batu ampar and Batam Kota with a sample of 384 respondents. The results obtained by using questionnaires / questionnaires. Data analysis used is different test with SPSS version 20. The result of research shows that consumer satisfaction level on communication interpersonal with indicator of openness, empathy, support, positive and equality on ojek online and offline there is difference. Overall the level of customer satisfaction on communication interpersonal ojek online and offline there is a difference, with Sig count 0.000> 0.005. So it can be concluded that there is a difference in the level of customer satisfaction on communications interpersonal services ojek online and offline in Batam. Keywords: Costumers satisfaction, Interpersonal communication

The environmental and cost performance of current and future motorcycles

This work presents an integrative approach to environmental and cost assessment of current and future motorcycle technologies for four motorcycle size categories, three powertrain types, and a variety of fuel supply chains. We consider conventional gasoline (ICEV), battery electric (BEV) and fuel cell electric (FCEV) motorcycles with production years from 1990 to 2030. Motorcycle energy consumption is modelled based on the world harmonized motorcycle test cycle and calibrated with data measured from existing motorcycles. We model the potential future performance of motorcycles by adapting the model input parameters according to historic trends and future component performance predictions. We find that smaller motorcycles have much better environmental performance than larger motorcycles, though this is mostly due to the fact that larger motorcycles have different driving patterns: urban driving is found to have much lower environmental impact per kilometer than highway driving. Current BEV are found to have similar ownership costs to ICEV. They also have reduced climate change potential by roughly 60% when they are powered by electricity from natural gas, 80% when powered by renewables, and they still offer advantages over conventional motorcycles when charged with electricity from hard coal. Next generation BEV are found to have similar environmental performance advantages, though with a definite cost advantage. FCEV climate change reduction potential is found to depend strongly on the source of the hydrogen fuel, with climate benefits being substantial with hydrogen originating from renewable energy sources. Future cost competitiveness of FCEVs is linked closely to the development of fuel cell costs.

Hydrogen mixture with gasoline for conventional motorcycles and effect on mass flow rate, brake thermal efficiency and emissions

The fossil fuel price crisis and emissions control in the transportation sector in Malaysia have become national issues, especially in the transportation sector. As an alternative, using hydrogen mixed with gasoline fuel in conventional combustion engines is a very effective way of improving engine performance and emission control. Generating hydrogen via a chemical reaction between hydrochloric acid and aluminium is a new approach in this study. This methodology has been tested through the mixture application (G + H2) in 10-year-old motorcycles (gasoline) with a modified conventional carburettor engine. The testing of engine performance by chassis dynamometer was done at three levels of experiments: L0: 0 Amp load, L1: 1 Amp load, and L2: 2 Amp load for different engine performances, particularly in identifying quality improvements through the brake thermal efficiency. The study found that the average increase in brake thermal efficiency was 23% higher in the (G + H2) engine compared to gasoline only. The results of this study have proven that the use of hydrogen (Al + HCl) in the stoichiometric ratio has helped to increase combustion efficiency, especially when the oxygen content in the fuel mixture ratio is not adequate during the stroke of power. The successful reduction in fuel consumption, increased engine performance, reduction of pollution and the system’s ability to meet the basic needs of the internal combustion engine cycle can be beneficial to the development of the automotive industry, particularly in the transport sector.

Electric Motorcycles in Thailand: A Life Cycle Perspective

SummaryBattery electric motorcycles offer the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel consumption in road transportation, but result in problem shifting when considering potential environmental impacts during vehicle production and disposal. This study evaluates the life cycle environmental impacts of implementing lithium‐ion and lead‐acid battery electric motorcycles in Thailand's motorcycle fleet to meet the government's motorcycle energy reduction target of 2,791 kilotonnes oil equivalent, compared to conventional motorcycles. A stock‐turnover model is used to determine the market growth of electric motorcycles on the fleet from 2015 to 2030 to meet the energy reduction target. The total costs of ownership of each motorcycle are analyzed on a single vehicle basis to compare the cost benefits. The results of the study reveal that the environmental performance of an electric motorcycle fleet is sensitive to variations in use‐phase energy consumption, the electricity mix consumed, and battery disposal scenarios. Realization of Thailand's Power Development Plan can reduce total impacts of the electric motorcycle fleet to global warming by 6% to 10%. It is crucial that batteries from electric motorcycles are recycled to avoid 98% of impacts to toxicity. Lead‐acid battery electric motorcycles are a more affordable option for consumers in Thailand compared to conventional motorcycles and lithium‐ion battery electric motorcycles. Recommendations are made to improve the environmental performance of electric motorcycle implementation strategies in Thailand.

Moped Collisions among Patients with Revoked Drivers’ Licenses are a Significant Public Health Problem: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Many states do not require a license to operate a moped, defined as a motor vehicle with less than 50-cc engine displacement. These vehicles may therefore serve as a mode of transportation for those who are driving without a license and who may have a history of prior high-risk behavior. We hypothesized that those involved in moped collisions were more likely to have previous convictions for driving while intoxicated (DWI) and other non-DWI offenses than those on conventional motorcycles. At a Level I trauma center, we queried the trauma registry from January 2005 to October 2010 for admissions after motorcycle or moped collisions. Classification of mechanism of injury was verified through chart review. Corrections databases from our state were then reviewed for previous convictions for DWI and other offenses. One thousand seventy-three patients over the study period were involved in motorcycle or moped collisions; 94 were from another state. Of the patients identified from our state, 249 had moped collisions and 730 had motorcycle collisions. Forty-nine per cent (121) of moped drivers had a history of DWI versus only 8 per cent (56) of motorcycle drivers (P ≤ 0.05). Sixty-four per cent (161) of moped drivers were previously convicted of a crime versus 20 per cent (146) of those on motorcycles (P ≤ 0.05). Moped drivers were significantly more likely to have a prior conviction of DWI as well as prior convictions of other crimes, establishing a pattern of disregard for the law. The use of these vehicles without a license likely presents a risk to public safety. Legislation to require licensing before moped operation should be considered.

Actuation of Adaptive Rearview System for Motorcycles

Conventionally, a motorcycle has headlight and mirrors to provide front illumination and rear views for drivers, respectively. Rearview mirrors on conventional motorcycles are fixed, which is easy to cause instant rear blind area for drivers on turns or hubbly roads. Therefore, the drivers cannot get traffic information behind motorcycles, and easily lead to traffic accidents. In this paper, actuation for an adaptive rearview mirror system for motorcycles was proposed. According to sensor inputs, this system adaptively adjusts the rearview mirrors to compensate the changes of vehicle dynamics in pitching, steering and rolling under different road conditions. A grey predictor was also developed in this paper to estimate the change of vehicle dynamics in advance. With the properly designed actuation, this system can provide wide and appropriate rear views to motorcycle riders. It significantly enhances riders’ safety and reduces the occurrence of traffic accidence.