Conventional Glass Ionomer Research Articles

An in Vitro Assessment of the Retentive Property of Orthodontic Molar Bands Cemented With HY Agent-Containing Glass Ionomer Cement

Introduction: In orthodontic treatments, glass ionomer cements (GICs) are the most extensively used adhesive materials. Through an acid-base reaction with enamel and dentin, they function as chelating agents, creating a chemical bond with stainless steel bands. It has been reported that glass ionomer cement (GIC) containing HY agents along with a complex of zinc fluoride, strontium fluoride, and tannic acid offers enhanced retentive strength. This combination contributes to reduced solubility, promotes remineralization, and improves acid resistance. In this in vitro study, Shofu HY Bond glass ionomer cement (HY GIC) was utilized to compare and evaluate the retentive strength of molar bands cemented with it against Voco Meron (VM GIC), a conventional glass ionomer cement.Materials and Methods: The long axis of fifty extracted maxillary first molars was aligned at 90 degrees to the acrylic resin blocks. Of these teeth, twenty-five were bonded using HY-GIC (group 1), while the remaining twenty-five were bonded with Meron GIC (group 2). The retentive properties of both types of glass ionomer cement were evaluated using universal testing equipment. An independent t-test was employed to compare the retentive strength between the two groups.Results: The average retentive strength of bands bonded with HY-GIC was measured at 14.65 ± 1.37 MPa, while bands using Meron GIC had a strength of 10.75 ± 1.10 MPa. The difference between these two values was statistically significant.Conclusion: There was a significant difference in the retentive strength between the 2 groups with Shofu HY bond GIC being superior.

Glass Ionomer Modified with Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals. An In Vitro Analysis Assessing Shear Bond Strength and Microleakage Scores in Deciduous Dentition

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) and microleakage of bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNCs) incorporated into conventional glass ionomer cement (CGIC) when bonded to deciduous dentin. Sixty primary first and second molars with class I cavitated dentinal lesions were preserved and randomly allocated into two groups based on the technique used for caries removal. Group 1 utilized the conventional approach for caries removal, while Group 2 used Carie Care™ for caries removal. Each of these groups was further divided into two subgroups based on the type of restoration received. Microleakage and failure mode assessments were performed using a stereomicroscope, while SBS testing was conducted using a universal testing machine. The SBS and microleakage scores were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test with a significance level of p=0.05. Specimens from Group 1A (conventional approach+CGIC) presented the highest scores of marginal leakage, while Group 1B (conventional approach+BCNCs-modified CGIC) demonstrated the lowest values of microleakage. Additionally, samples from Group 2B (Carie Care™+BCNCs-modified CGIC) revealed the highest bond integrity scores. The incorporation of BCNCs into CGIC had a positive impact on both shear bond strength and marginal leakage when bonded to the dentin substrate. This modification improved the performance of the glass ionomer cement, enhancing its applicability in dental restorations.

The effect of mesoporous silica doped with silver nanoparticles on glass ionomer cements; physiochemical, mechanical and ion release analysis

BackgroundThe purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of adding mesoporous silica with silver nanoparticles to conventional glass ionomer cements (GIC) on its, physical, chemical, mechanical properties and ion release analysis.MethodsSynthesized mesoporous silica with silver nanoparticles were added in 1, 3 and 5% by weight to the liquid component of GIC forming three experimental groups and compared with plain GIC as control group. Physical and chemical characterization were conducted using nano-computerized tomography (NanoCT) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Surface microhardness, water sorption and solubility were analyzed. Ion release was investigated using Inductive Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Statistical analysis between different groups for the set parameters using parametric and non-parametric tests. The results were analysed using one way analysis of variance (p < 0.05).ResultsSynthesized mesoporous silica with silver nanoparticles were of 7.28 ± 5.0 nm in diameter with a spherical morphology. NanoCT revealed less porosities for 3 wt %. Microhardness showed a statistically significant difference for 5 wt% at day 1 and 21 ( p < 0.0001). Water sorption values decreased significantly on day 14 compared to day 7 for control, 1, 3 and 5 wt%. Control specimens showed highest concentration of fluoride release followed by 5, 3 and 1 wt%.ConclusionMesoporous silica with silver nanoparticles modified glass ionomer cements showed comparable microhardness to conventional GIC. Ion release was evident from the modified specimens. Silver remained within the GIC for atleast four weeks following incorporation.

Evaluation of some mechanical and optical properties of modified glass ionomer cement with TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles

BackgroundGlass ionomer cements with extended setting time and inferior mechanical properties present significant challenges for dentists in clinical practice. Thus, various alterations aimed to enhance their properties.Aim of the studyTo study the effect of adding TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles on properties of conventional glass ionomer cement.Methods2.5 wt% TiO2 and 2.5 wt% SiO2 were added to the glass ionomer cement (GC Gold Label Luting & Lining Cement, Japan). Microhardness, compressive strength, setting time and color changes were evaluated using Vickers hardness tester, Universal testing machine, Gillmore needle apparatus and spectrophotometer, respectively.ResultsData were analyzed using SPSS 18. Mean, SD, and confidence intervals were reported. Normality was checked using Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The experimental group revealed a higher hardness value than the control group. Meanwhile, Compressive strength results revealed a higher value of the control group than experimental group. Setting time was longer for the experimental group, in the meantime no perceptible color change for the experimental group was recorded.ConclusionsAdding 2.5 wt% TiO2 and 2.5 wt% SiO2 to conventional glass ionomer had a positive effect on microhardness without affecting the perceptible color.

Microhardness, Surface Roughness, and Wear Resistance Enhancement of Reinforced Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement Using Fluorinated Graphene Oxide Nanosheets.

Conventional glass ionomer cements (GICs) have been considered the most prevalent restorative material however; the reduced mechanical qualities and decreased wear resistance have been the main challenges facing their wide clinical application. This study was designed to assess the mechanical properties of fluorinated graphene (FG) oxide-modified conventional GIC. Composites of FG/GIC samples were prepared using (Medifil from PROMEDICA, Germany, shade A3) at different concentrations (0wt%) control group and (1wt%, 2wt% and 3wt% FG) groups using cylindrical molds (3mm × 6mm). FG was prepared using hydrothermal technique and characterized using XPERT-PRO Powder Diffractometer system for X-ray diffraction analysis and JEOL JEM-2100 high resolution transmission electron microscope. Vickers' hardness and wear resistance of GI samples were measured. Mechanical abrasion was performed via three-body tooth brushing wear test using ROBOTA chewing simulator coupled with a thermocycling protocol (Model ACH-09075DC-T, AD-Tech Technology Co., Ltd., Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany). Comparisons between groups with respect to normally distributed numeric variables were performed using one-way analysis of variance test followed by posthoc test. While paired t-test was utilized for comparing data within the same group. The surface roughness values of GICs (1wt% FG) and (2wt% FG) composites were significantly lower than those of the control and 3wt%FG groups. Vickers' hardness numbers were significantly higher in FG/GICs composites than in the control group (p≤0.05). GIC/FG combinations have sufficient strength to resist the occlusion stresses with improved hardness as compared with conventional GIC. GIC/FG appeared to be a promising restorative material.

Wear, microhardness, water sorption, and solubility of conventional glass ionomer cement modified with precured nanofilled composite.

Wear, microhardness, water sorption, and solubility of conventional glass ionomer cement modified with precured nanofilled composite.

Comparative Evaluation of Mechanical Properties and Bond Strength of Glass Ionomer Cement reinforced with three different concentrations of Silver Nanoparticles as against Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement in Primary Teeth.

Comparative Evaluation of Mechanical Properties and Bond Strength of Glass Ionomer Cement reinforced with three different concentrations of Silver Nanoparticles as against Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement in Primary Teeth.

A Bibliometric Analysis of the 100 Most-Cited Articles concerning Atraumatic Restorative Treatment.

The present study aimed to identify the 100 most-cited articles concerning Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) through a bibliometric analysis. The search was conducted in the Web of Science database in December 2023. Scopus and Google Scholar were used to compare the number of citations. The following data were extracted from the articles: title, authors, number of citations, access type, institution, country, continent, year of publication, journal, keywords, study design, and theme. Collaborative networks were generated using the VOSviewer software. Google Trends was used to investigate the global popularity of "atraumatic restorative treatment" research. The 100 selected articles, published between 1996 and 2019, were cited 5,092 times, ranging from 21 to 239 citations. Caries Research (12%) and Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology (12%) published the highest number of articles. Clinical study (52%) was the most prevalent study design. The main theme addressed was restoration longevity (43%). Conventional high-viscosity glass ionomer was the most used restorative material (69%). The country with the highest number of articles was the Netherlands (33%) and Europe was the continent with most publications (38%). The Rabboud University of Nijmegen had the highest number of articles (25%). Frencken JE was the most prominent author (38%). The most common keyword was "atraumatic restorative treatment" (n=60). According to Google Trends, Tanzania was the country that searched the most about ART. The 100 most cited articles on ART were mainly composed of clinical studies focusing on the longevity of restorations and originated in Europe.

An in vitro study of fluoride-preloaded halloysite nanotubes to enhance the fluoride release in conventional and resin-modified glass ionomer cements

ObjectiveThe purpose of the study was to compare the fluoride release in two conventional glass ionomer cements (Ionobond, Ketac Molar) and two resin-modified glass ionomer cements (Vitrebond, Fuji II LC) adapted with halloysite nanotubes preloaded with sodium fluoride at different concentrations. MethodsIn total, 96 samples were prepared and distributed into four control groups and eight experimental groups (5 % and 10 %). Totals of 10 % and 5 % of the total weight of ionomer powder needed to prepare the samples were replaced with nanotubes, preloaded at 2,000 parts per million, respectively. The experimental groups were followed for 120 days at seven time intervals. All the samples were stored at 37 °C. ResultsAll the experimental groups showed significant differences compared with the control groups; likewise, differences were observed between the concentrations of 5% and 10%. ConclusionThe experimental groups (conventional and resin-modified glass ionomer cements adapted with preloaded nanotubes) released a higher and more constant amount of fluoride compared to the control groups.

Evaluation of compressive and diametral tensile strength of novel bioactive material with conventional glass ionomer cement and silver amalgam: An in vitro study.

The aim of this study was to compare the compressive and tensile strength of two different brands of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC), with new zirconia-reinforced GIC and silver amalgam. Eighty specimens with 20 samples in each group were prepared (Group 1-Fuji IX GIC, Group 2-FX-II Shofu GIC, Group 3-Amalgam, and Group 4-Zirconia-reinforced glass ionomer [Zirconomer]) for compressive strength (CS) using cylinder molds with dimensions 6.0 mm diameter × 12.0 mm height. Eighty specimens using cylinder molds with dimensions 6.0 mm diameter × 3.0 mm height were prepared for testing diametral tensile strength (DTS). CS test was carried out using Micro Universal Testing Machine (Mecmesin, PPT Group, UK) having a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. DTS was determined using Instron universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. The data were submitted to two-way analysis of varianceand post hoc Tukey tests (alpha = 0.05). The mean CS value was more for Group III (256.2), followed by Group IV (181.2 Megapascals [MPa]), Group II (129.8 MPa), and the least was Group I (117.9 MPa). The mean DTS value was high in Group III (73.7 MPa), followed by Group IV (58.0 MPa), Group II (36.0 MPa), and the least was seen in Group I (23.2 MPa). It can be concluded that although Zirconomer has mechanical properties greater than that of unmodified GICs, additional studies are essential to evaluate its long-time ability.

Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of Compressive Strength and Diametral Tensile Strength of Luting Cement: An In Vitro Study.

Background Strength parameters greatly influence the selection of luting agents. This study compared the compressive and diametral tensile strengths (DTS) of three luting cements. Materials and methods Three luting cements, conventional glass ionomer (CGI), resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI), and resin cement (RC), were tested for compressive strength and DTS. Forty-two standardized specimens were prepared, measuring 4 mm by 6 mm for compressive tests and 6 mm by 3 mm for diametral tensile tests. The luting materials were prepared according to the manufacturers' instructions. Result Experimental mean compressive and diametral strengths and standard errors were calculated for each luting agent (n = 10). Analysis of variance was computed (p < 0.05), and multiple comparison tests were performed. RC showed significantly higher compressive strengths and DTS among the three tested luting cements, while the CGI showed the least. The results obtained by finite element analysis (FEA) for both tests closely matched the experimental results. Conclusion In this study, it was concluded that the mean compressive strength and DTSvalues of all three luting cements were significantly different. The resin luting cement exhibited the highest compressive strength and DTS, while the CGI exhibited the least.

Evaluation and Comparison of Fracture Strength and Fluoride Releasing Properties of New Alkasite Materials with Conventional Restorative Material, Bulk Fill Composite and Glass Ionomer Cement: An In-Vitro Study.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare fluoride ion release by Cention-N (self-cure and light-cure) and conventional glass-ionomer cement (GIC) at different pH levels and time intervals. For fluoride release assessment, 240 samples (10 mm diameter, 2 mm height) of Cention-N and conventional glass-ionomer cement were created using rubber rings. Samples were stored in deionized water, and the cumulative fluoride ion release and change in pH were assessed using a spectrophotometer and pH meter, respectively, at the end of 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis. All three samples exhibited very high fluoride release in an acidic medium compared to the neutral medium. Although GIC demonstrated superior fluoride release, Cention-N displayed adequate fluoride release over a longer duration. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that both Glass ionomer cement and Cention-N showed an initial fluoride burst.

Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage of Fiber-reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement and Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement Restorations Immersed in Three Different Beverages: In Vitro Study.

The aim of the study was to compare and evaluate the microleakage of fiber-reinforced glass ionomer cement (GIC) and conventional glass ionomer cement restorations immersed in three different beverages. A total of 96 human exfoliating deciduous molars were selected which were cleaned and disinfected. Standardized Class V cavity preparations were done and buccal surface were restored with experimental fiber-reinforced glass ionomer cement (Exp-FRGIC), lingual surface were restored with Type II conventional GIC. They were divided into four groups according to the test beverage. The samples were subjected to various immersion regimes and evaluated for microleakage under stereomicroscope. Intragroup comparison for (Exp-FRGIC) showed significant microleakage when immersed in fresh fruit juice at high immersion whereas intragroup comparison in conventional GIC, showed highest microleakage with soft drink. Intergroup comparison of (Exp-FRGIC) in high immersion regime, showed more microleakage with specimen immersed in soft drink followed by fresh fruit juice. It can thus be concluded that the three beverages used in the study affected the microleakage of both restorative materials significantly. Increasing usage of fruit juices in the pediatric diet has a definite impact on the progression of caries and it directly or indirectly affects the quality of restorations placed in the oral cavity. How to cite this article: George MA, Chandak SA, Khekade SH, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage of Fiber-reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement and Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement Restorations Immersed in Three Different Beverages: In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(4):346-353.

Performance of different cone-beam computed tomography scan modes with and without metal artifact reduction in detection of recurrent dental caries under various restorative materials.

We aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of different cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan modes with and without the application of a metal artifact reduction (MAR) option under 5 different restorative materials. Our research was an in vitro study with 150 caries-free premolars and molars. The teeth were randomly divided into experimental (with artificially induced caries, n = 75) and control (without caries, n = 75) groups and were prepared based on 5 types of restorative materials, including conventional composites (Filtek Z250, Gradia), flow composite, glass ionomer, and amalgam. The teeth were examined under 2 CBCT scan modes (high-resolution [HIRes] and standard) with and without MAR application. Finally, the diagnostic accuracy index values (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC], sensitivity, and specificity) were calculated. The AUC of standard scan mode with the MAR option was significantly lower than that of HIRes with MAR (p = 0.018) and without MAR option (p = 0.011) in detecting recurrent caries. Also, without MAR option, the diagnostic accuracy (AUC) of the standard mode was significantly lower than that of the HIRes (p = 0.020). Similar findings were observed for sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, diagnostic performance of standard and HIRes scan modes with and without MAR in the amalgam group was lower than that in other restorative material groups. Diagnostic performance of HIRes CBCT mode was higher than that of standard mode for recurrent caries and remained unaffected by MAR application. However, the accuracy in detecting recurrent caries was lower in the amalgam group compared with other restorative material groups.

The Effect of Using CaCl2 Gel on Water Sorption and Solubility of Conventional Glass Ionomer (In-vitro Study)

The Effect of Using CaCl2 Gel on Water Sorption and Solubility of Conventional Glass Ionomer (In-vitro Study)

In-vitro Study Comparing the Shear Bond Values of Zirconia-reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement and Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement

The goal of the current study was to compare the shear bond values of zirconia-reinforced glass ionomer cement and conventional glass ionomer cement. A collection of 20 extracted premolars with unbroken buccal or lingual surfaces was made. The whole sample was randomly split into two groups: Group A (n=10) which was Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement and Group B (n=10) which was Zirconia Reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement (Zirconomer). The process of thermocycling was used to mimic oral conditions. Using a universal testing machine, the shear bond strength (SBS) was measured after 24 hours at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute until fracture. After tabulating the results, statistical analysis was done. The findings indicated that Zirconomer exhibited a statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) higher shear bond strength when compared to traditional glass ionomer cement.

Effect of the Different Dietary Supplements on the Average Surface Roughness and Color Stability of Direct Restorative Materials Used in Pediatric Dentistry.

Increased surface roughness and discoloration of the direct restorative materials used in pediatric patients affect the longevity of restorations and impair children's oral health. Many factors can alter these properties. One of these factors is the intake of dietary supplements. It is crucial to predict the properties of restorative materials when exposed to dietary supplements to maintain the dental care of children. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of various syrup-formed dietary supplements on the average surface roughness and color stability of current restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry. Seven different restorative materials (conventional glass ionomer [Fuji IX GP], resin-modified glass ionomer, [Fuji II LC], zirconia-reinforced glass ionomer [Zirconomer Improved], polyacid-modified composite resin [Dyract®XTRA], bulk-fill glass hybrid restorative [Equia Forte HT Fill], conventional resin composite [Charisma Smart], and resin composite with reactive glass fillers [Cention N]) were tested. The specimens prepared from each type of restorative material were divided into five subgroups according to dietary supplements (Sambucol Kids, Resverol, Imunol, Umca, and Microfer). These specimens were immersed daily in supplement solution over a period of 28 days. Surface roughness and color difference measurements were performed at baseline and at the 7th and 28th days. The color difference and Ra values showed that there was an interaction among the type of restorative material, type of dietary supplement, and immersion time factors (p < 0.05). Whereas lower Ra values were found in the composite resin group, the highest Ra values were found in the conventional glass ionomer group. All supplements caused increasing color difference values, and Resverol and Umca showed higher discoloration values above the clinically acceptable threshold. The intake of dietary supplement type, the immersion time of the dietary supplement, and the restorative material type affected the surface roughness and color stability of the tested direct restorative materials. All of the experimental groups showed higher Ra values than clinically acceptable surface roughness values (0.2 µm). The color difference values also increased with the immersion time.

Micro-shear bond strength of a novel resin-modified glass ionomer luting cement (eRMGIC) functionalized with organophosphorus monomer to different dental substrates

ObjectivesThis study aims to assess and compare the micro-shear bond strength (μSBS) of a novel resin-modified glass-ionomer luting cement functionalized with a methacrylate co-monomer containing a phosphoric acid group, 30 wt% 2-(methacryloxy) ethyl phosphate (2-MEP), with different substrates (dentin, enamel, zirconia, and base metal alloy). This assessment is conducted in comparison with conventional resin-modified glass ionomer cement and self-adhesive resin cement. Materials and methodsIn this in vitro study, ninety-six specimens were prepared and categorized into four groups: enamel (A), dentin (B), zirconia (C), and base metal alloys (D). Enamel (E) and dentin (D) specimens were obtained from 30 human maxillary first premolars extracted during orthodontic treatment. For zirconia and metal alloys, 48 disks were manufactured using IPS e.max ZirCAD through dry milling and Co–Cr powder alloy by selective laser milling. Each group was further subdivided into three subgroups (n = 8) according to the luting cement used: (1) Fuji PLUS resin-modified glass ionomer luting cement (FP) as a control cement, (2) modified control cement (eRMGIC), and (3) RelyX U 200 (RU 200) self-adhesive resin cement. The two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's HSD were used to assess the data obtained from measuring the μSBS of the samples. ResultsThe results of this study showed that the mean μSBS values of eRMGIC were statistically higher compared to FP in all tested groups (p < 0.001). The mean μSBS results of eRMGIC were non-significantly different from those recorded by RU 200 for all substrates except for the dentin substrate, where the RU200 cement produced significantly higher strength (p < 0.001). The failure modes were limited to a combination of mixed and adhesive failures without pure cohesive failure. SignificanceThe functionalization of FP with an organophosphorus co-monomer (2-MEP) directly affects the adhesion performance of the functionalized cement, which may be utilized to develop a new type of acid-base cement. It exhibited a performance comparable to that of resin-based cement and should serve well under different clinical conditions.

Titanium dioxide nanotubes applied to conventional glass ionomer cement influence the expression of immunoinflammatory markers: An in vitro study

ObjectivesTo assess the impact of different concentrations TiO2-nt incorporated into a glass ionomer cement on the proliferation, mitochondrial metabolism, morphology, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production of cultured fibroblasts (NIH/3T3), whether or not stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS-2 μg/mL, 24 h). MethodsTiO2-nt was added to KM (Ketac Molar EasyMix™, 3 %, 5 %, 7 % in weight); unblended KM was used as the control. The analyses included: Cell proliferation assay (n = 6; 24/48/72h); Mitochondrial metabolism assay (n = 6; 24/48/72h); Confocal laser microscopy (n = 3; 24/48/72h); Determination of biomarkers (IL-1β/IL-6/IL-10/VEGF/TNF) by using both multiplex technology (n = 6; 12/18 h) and the quantitative real-time PCR assay (q-PCR) (n = 3, 24/72/120 h). The data underwent analysis using both the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests, and by generalized linear models (α = 0.05). ResultsIt demonstrated that cell proliferation increased over time, regardless of the presence of TiO2-nt or LPS, and displayed a significant increase at 72 h; mitochondrial metabolism increased (p < 0.05), irrespective of exposure to LPS (p = 0.937); no cell morphology changes were observed; TiO2-nt reverted the impact of KM on the secreted levels of the evaluated proteins and the gene expressions in the presence of LPS (p < 0.0001). ConclusionsTiO2-nt did not adversely affect the biological behavior of fibroblastic cells cultured on GIC discs.

Tensile strength of conventional glass ionomer cement and silver reinforced glass ionomer cement

A comparative analysis and assessment of the compressive strength (CS) and diametral tensile strength (DTS) between conventional glass ionomer cement (C-GIC) and a silver-reinforced GIC (S-GIC) variant is of interest. Ten specimens of both C-GIC (GC Fuji II, Japan) and S-GIC (Riva Silver, SDI, Australia) were fabricated for the evaluation of compressive strength, and an identical number of samples were created for the examination of tensile strength. These specimens were then tested using a universal testing apparatus. The results exhibited that both the compressive and diametral tensile strengths were significantly greater for the S-GIC cement in comparison to the C-GIC, with a notable p-value of 0.001. The findings suggest that S-GIC may be considered a viable alternative to conventional GIC.