Conventional Extrusion Process Research Articles

Wires using multi-hole SolidStir Extrusion

SolidStir® Extrusion, a newly-innovated manufacturing process, offers tooling design adaptability as a significant advantage over conventional extrusion processes. Aluminum 6061-T6 was extruded using a modular multi-hole three-piece die. Microstructural characterization of as-extruded 3 mm diameter wire revealed refined equiaxed grains of 9.5 ± 4.0 µm average size. Tensile testing showed that as-extruded wires exhibited a tensile yield strength (YS) of 110 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 171 MPa, and elongation of 15.3%. After subjected to post process heat treatment, the extruded wires had a tensile YS of 246 MPa, UTS of 298 MPa, and elongation of 9%.

Member capacity of cold-rolled aluminium alloy channel columns - part I: Experimental investigation

Cold-rolled aluminium alloy sections have been recently introduced in Australia as newly developed thin-walled products. To fabricate these sections, the roll-forming process used in cold-formed steel production has been employed, which has proven to be more cost-effective than the conventional extrusion process. This paper describes a series of compression tests to investigate member buckling behaviour and ultimate strengths of cold-rolled aluminium alloy 5052-36 channel columns. Twenty-eight specimens of three commercially available sections (C10030, C25025 and C40030) were tested at the University of Sydney. Two configurations of end boundary conditions were specially designed to capture flexural, flexural-torsional and local-global interaction buckling failure modes. Prior to testing, initial geometric imperfections were measured using a laser scanning method, and flat/corner coupons were tested to determine compressive and tensile strengths of the aluminium alloy material. The experimental results are compared with ultimate column strength predictions by current Australian/New Zealand, North American and European design specifications for aluminium structures. Additionally, the test results provide data for calibration of finite element models of cold-rolled aluminium structural members for use in parametric and similar studies. A companion paper describes such parametric study and the derivation of new design guidelines for member buckling of cold-rolled aluminium channel columns based on the numerical parametric data and the experimental data presented herein.

High mechanical performance short carbon fiber reinforced polyetherimide composites via solution mixing process

Proper preparation processes of short fiber reinforced thermoplastics are critical to achieving high residual fiber lengths in final composites, which in turn greatly influences the mechanical properties of short fiber reinforced polymers. In this work, the injection molding process was respectively combined with conventional extrusion compounding and a newly developed solution mixing process to fabricate short carbon fiber (SCF) reinforced polyetherimide (PEI) composites. Carbon fiber-filled PEI master batches were prepared for injection molding respectively by conventional extrusion compounding (denoted by CE-MB) and solution mixing process (denoted by SM-MB) diluted with PEI powders. Afterwards, the corresponding two types of composites (SCF/PEIE and SCF/PEIS + D) were prepared by injection molding. Compared with the SCF/PEIE composites, the SCF/PEIS + D composites exhibit significantly enhanced mechanical performances due to greatly higher residual fiber lengths in final composites. As a result, the 20 vol fraction (vol%) SCF/PEIS + D composite obtained shows a record high tensile strength of 239.6 MPa for injection molded PEI composites. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that the tensile strength of the SCF/PEIS + D composite with only 5 vol% SCFs is even higher than that of the SCF/PEIE composite with 25 vol% SCFs. Consequently, the injection molding process combined with the newly proposed solution mixing process is promising to replace the conventional extrusion process for developing high mechanical performance short fiber reinforced high-performance thermoplastic composites, particularly for the cases with low to medium fiber contents (≤25 vol%).

Mechanical Behavior and Wear Characteristics of a Conform Extruded C18150 (Cu-Cr-Zr Alloy) Rod

The demand level of Cu-Cr base alloys is on the top notch from miniature parts to large parts based on their mechanical, metallurgical, chemical, and electrical properties. Due to these, the processing of Cu-Cr-Zr alloys for the betterment of those properties has been a prospect for researchers. Commonly, Cu-Cr alloys are manufactured through the conventional extrusion process at the industrial level. However, conventional extrusion processes have some limitations, specifically regarding grain size refinement and accompanying strength. To avoid such a problem, the conform extrusion process is inculcated for the Cu and Al alloys extrusion. In the present study, C18150 copper rods were extruded from the feed stock rod of 12.5 mm to 10 and 8 mm in diameter through the conform extrusion process; however, no posttreatment and artificial aging have been made to the extrudates. The extrudates of C18150 rods were tested mechanically and microstructurally. Significant mechanical properties improvement has been observed as the diameter decreased to a certain dimension. Same phenomenon is also observed in the microstructural and hardness case. Wear test results also followed the similarity with that of mechanical properties.

Reducing the cyclic tension-compression asymmetry and cyclic hardening of ZK61 magnesium alloy via the compression-extrusion process

In order to reduce the cyclic tension-compression asymmetry and cyclic hardening that exists widely in magnesium alloys, ZK61magnesium alloys with different texture intensities and grain sizes were fabricated by conventional extrusion and compression-extrusion process. It was found that the compression-extrusion process had a remarkable effect on the texture weakening and grain refining, which significantly improved monotonic tension-compression asymmetry and cyclic tension-compression asymmetry. Under their combined effects, the {10–12} twinning-detwinning behavior of ZK61 magnesium alloy during cyclic tension-compression deformation was effectively suppressed, resulting in a remarkable reduction of the difference of peak stresses in tension and compression. In the meantime, shape asymmetry embodied in a concave-up characteristic of the cyclic hysteresis loops was almost eliminated as the weakening of the detwinning-prismatic slip transition. Twinning-promoted dislocation pile-up and twinning-induced grain segmentation were significantly attenuated with texture weakening and grain refining, leading to a substantial weakening of cyclic hardening. Eventually, ZK61 magnesium alloy with low cyclic tension-compression.

Research on ultrasonic vibration assisted ploughing-extrusion process in forming μ-scale micro grooves

The surface micro groove structure on metallic components has received extensive attention for its role in improving the heat transfer coefficient. Limited by the size effect, it is difficult to manufacture μ-scale micro groove structure with large depth-to-width ratio through conventional extrusion or rolling processes. A novel UV assisted ploughing-extrusion process was proposed to manufacture μ-scale micro grooves. A series of UV assisted compression tests were conducted to study the acoustic deformation behavior of α-Ti, and a modified Ludwik model were established., The influence of deformation parameters was investigated, and the optimized deformation parameters are the leading angle is 60°, the extruded angle is 40°, and the ultrasonic amplitude is 10.30 μm. The results indicate that the novel ultrasonic vibration assisted ploughing-extrusion is able to continuously form large-sized micro-grooves parts with high quality.

Influence of different extrusion methods on the microstructure, texture evolution and mechanical property of Tip/AZ31 composite

Asymmetric extrusion (AE) deformation has been proved to be an effective way to weak the basal texture of Magnesium (Mg) alloys, improving their mechanical properties. However, the influence of AE process on particle reinforced Mg-matrix composites (MMCs) remains unclear. Thus, in this paper, the effect of different deformation modes (conventional extrusion (CE) and AE) on the microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of 6 wt% Tip/AZ31 composite were comparatively investigated. The results showed that the two extrusion methods induced disparate particle deformation zones (PDZs) effects, which mainly related to the deformation accumulation and the distribution of Ti particle (Tip). The microstructure characterization and finite element analysis (FEA) indicated that the Tip distribution was uneven in the AE process compared with the CE process. In addition, the grain orientation of CE- and AE-processed samples showed a pronounced difference. The discrepancy in texture components was mainly related to the difference in the stress states of matrix and Ti particle status. The current research provides insights into the development of Ti particle reinforced Mg-based composites with great properties and structures.

A Novel Method to Formulate Pigmented Powder Coatings by Ultrafine Powders

Powder coatings are a green alternative to conventional solvent-borne liquid coatings, but they have the intrinsic drawback of color-matching and adjustment in production with the conventional extrusion process. In this study, an industrially applicable approach to formulate color powder coatings utilizing ultrafine powders, i.e., a powdery blending and pressing method, was invented. This novel method was validated by comparing samples prepared by the Method 1 conventional extrusion method with an extra ultramarine pigment at 3%; Method 2 powdery blending and pressing of the original coatings and the same coating with 6% ultramarine pigment utilizing regular (coarse) powder coatings; and Method 3 utilizing ultrafine powder coatings for the two coatings with the same formulations as Method 2. The coating powders were prepared to have similar particle sizes and particle size distributions, with three commonly used coating binders, namely polyester-epoxy hybrid, polyester/TGIC (triglycidyl isocyanurate), and polyurethane (PU). The powders prepared by Methods 1 and 3 had similar flow abilities in terms of angle of repose (AOR) and avalanche angle (AVA). The performance of the new coatings by Method 3 was close to or better than the ones prepared by Method 1 in terms of the specular gloss, DOI (distinctness-of-image), reflection haze and color values, being superior to Method 2. The coatings via ultrafine powders also exhibited a comparable ultramarine particle distribution in the coating cross-sections as the conventional ones, whereas the ones via regular powders had an inferior pigment dispersion. The new method can greatly enhance the production efficiency and reduce the cost of powder coatings with compound colors, especially for small batch manufacturing.

Natural and Synthetic Polymer Fillers for Applications in 3D Printing—FDM Technology Area

This publication summarises the current state of knowledge and technology on the possibilities and limitations of using mineral and synthetic fillers in the field of 3D printing of thermoplastics. FDM technology can be perceived as a miniaturised variation of conventional extrusion processing (a microextrusion process). However, scaling the process down has an undoubtful drawback of significantly reducing the extrudate diameter (often by a factor of ≈20–30). Therefore, the results produced under conventional extrusion processing cannot be simply translated to processes run with the application of FDM technology. With that in mind, discussing the latest findings in composite materials preparation and application in FDM 3D printing was necessary.

3D printing of gun propellants based on laminated object manufacturing

ABSTRACT The preparation of complex geometry gun propellant to improve combustion progressivity by conventional extrusion processes has been a challenge. An efficient and scalable 3D printing approach based on laminated object manufacturing (LOM) for gun propellant was proposed. A demonstration of the rosette-shaped 61-perf double-base gun propellant using conventional sheet double-base gun propellant and volatile solvent ethyl acetate was printed by a self-developed printer. The printed gun propellants were characterized in terms of printing qualities, mechanical properties, and combustion performances. The standard deviations of inner diameter and web thickness were 0.031 mm and 0.023 mm respectively. Moreover, its density (1.623 g·cm−3) was comparable to that of conventional double-based gun propellants. The tensile strength, compression strength, and impact strength were 10.37 MPa, 74.13 MPa, and 5.60 kJ·m−2, respectively. Importantly, the dynamic vivacity curve tested by the closed vessel matched the theoretical curve well, with a dynamic vivacity increment of 0.23 MPa−1·s−1. This indicated that printed grain has the highest progressive combustion (35% improvement) of the multi-perforated gun propellants to date. Hence, the gun propellant LOM process offers an attractive route to prepare complex geometry gun propellants with higher progressive combustion, breaking the technological bottleneck in the field of gun propellant manufacturing.

PEEK filament characteristics before and after extrusion within fused filament fabrication process

The heating and extrusion process in fused filament fabrication (FFF) is significantly shorter than the conventional extrusion process where longer heating times and significant pressure are applied. For this reason, it is important to understand whether the crystal history of the feedstock is fully erased through the FFF process and whether the FFF process can be tailored further by engineering the crystallization of the feedstock filaments. In this context, a methodology for evaluating the influence of morphology and mechanical properties on different feedstock and extruded filaments is proposed. Filaments with three different PEEK 450G crystalline structures (standard crystallinity, drawn filament and amorphous filament) were selected and evaluated, before and after free extrusion. The resulting morphology, crystallinity and mechanical properties of the extruded filaments were compared against the feedstock properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential and fast scanning calorimetry (DSC/FDSC) and tensile test were the techniques used to evaluate the materials. The results showed clear differences in the properties of the feedstock materials, while the analysis of the extruded filaments points to a homogenization of the resulting material producing mostly similar mechanical properties. However, the use of the drawn filament highlighted a statistically significant improvement in crystallinity and mechanical performance, especially in strain values. This conclusion suggests the innovative possibility of improving the quality of manufactured parts by tailoring the microstructure of the feedstock material used in the FFF process.Graphical abstract

Multi-hole extrusion process: A review

Extrusion process has played a big role in the metal forming industries for production of many metallic materials of different cross-sections. The die design, lubrication conditions and other parameters are well established with conventional extrusion process. Multi-hole extrusion process uses die with more than one orifice and accordingly more than one product can be obtained during extrusion. The extruded parts obtained from multi-hole extrusion process show different length, mechanical properties as the effect of different process parameters are different. The present review work focuses multi-hole extrusion and its significance to industrial revolution. This review work will provide insights of different methods of understanding the process, effect of different process parameters on extruded product length, product quality and mechanical as well physical properties.

Thin Lithium Metal Foil Technology for Advanced Battery Manufacturing

Lithium metal anode is regarded as the holy grail for the next generation battery materials due to its high theoretical specific capacity which is 10 times higher than that of graphite1. Currently, the most advanced lithium-ion battery cells have energy density of ~300 Wh/kg. Whereas, lithium metal batteries with liquid or semi solid electrolyte from Solidenergy2 and Sion Power3 have demonstrated record specific energy density of over 400 Wh/kg. Solid-state batteries use non-flammable solid electrolytes instead of liquid and, therefore, offer improved safety. The 20 Ah multi-layer all solid-state cells made by Solid Power have achieved 330 Wh/kg.4 However, solid state batteries can exceed the energy density of today's lithium-ion batteries only when the thin lithium metal foil (<20 um thickness) is used as anode enabling a pathway to beyond 400Wh/kg.Industrial scale thin Lithium metal foil is produced by hydraulic extrusion followed by a rolling process. This process usually requires a delicate balance between the pressure and tension created by both extruder and winder, so that the resulting foil is not torn or stretched, retaining all the dimensional characteristics required. This process can be extremely challenging when making lithium metal films with thickness less 20 µm due to the poor mechanical properties of lithium metal.5 Moreover, the cost of making these foils dramatically increases as the thickness decreases. Livent has recently developed Printable Lithium Technology (PLT), which incorporates stabilized lithium metal powder (SLMP®) into a stable printable formulation. This presentation will cover thin lithium foil manufacturing processes and highlight advantages and disadvantages of our approach. The electrochemical performance results will be presented.Figure 1A compares the 50 μm commercially available lithium foil (left) and 20 μm printed lithium foil (right) laminated to copper current collector. Figure 1A shows that a uniform film made from printable lithium formulation is consistent across the application area. Figure 1B and figure 1C are the optical microscope images of 50 μm commercially available lithium foil and 20 μm printed lithium foil, respectively. Figure 1B shows commercial foil made with conventional extrusion and rolling process has rough and scratched surface. Figure 1C shows that printed lithium foil preserves the shape of precursor particles and boundaries are formed creating higher surface area that potentially can mitigate dendrite growth by distributing current over a wider area. Figure 1D and 1E show the SEM and EDS images of the printed Lithium foil after lamination. Figure 1D and 1E show the clear presence of oxygen at the boundaries. Figure 1F shows the microscope image of printed lithium foil before calendering which is a monolayer. Figure 1G compares lithium plating and stripping properties of testing conducted in a symmetric pouch cell format with a current collector coated with 20 um printed lithium foil vs. 50 um commercially available lithium foil. Figure 1G shows that the cell containing the printed lithium foil, with lower thickness, has exceptional cycling stability with negligible potential increases during the first 70 cycles, indicating that the growth of dendritic lithium has been significantly mitigated.Figure Captions: Figure 1A. Image of 50 μm commercially available lithium foil (left) and 20 μm printed lithium foil (right) on a copper current collector. Figure 1B. Microscope (200x) image of the Printed Lithium Foil before lamination. Figure 1C. SEM Image (500x) of the Printed Lithium Foil after lamination. Figure 1D Microscope image of 50 μm commercially available lithium foil. Figure 1E. Microscope image of 20 μm printed lithium foil. Figure 1F. EDS surface mapping of oxygen for the printed foil. FIG. 1G. Lithium plating and stripping properties tested in a pouch cell with a copper current collector coated with 20 μm printable lithium formulation compared to 50 μm commercially available lithium foil. Cycling voltage is between -0.5V and 0.5 V and a current density is 0.5 C for 1h. References D. Lin, Y. Liu, and Y. Cui, Nature Nanotechnology, 12, 194–206 (2017) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2017.16.Q, Hu, Y. Matulevich and Y, Tang, Solidenergy Systems, US Patent No. 16/308,023, June 08th, 2016https://sionpower.com/2021/sion-power-announces-licerion-ev-targeting-electric-vehicles-with-a-large-format-17-ah-400-wh-kg-cell/https://www.greencarcongress.com/2020/12/20201216-solidpower.htmlO. Mashtalir, M. Nguyen, E. Bodoin, L. Swonger, and S. P. O’Brien, ACS Omega, 3, 181–187 (2018).Shu-Hua Wang et al., Nat. Commun.2019,10,4930 Figure 1

A reverse design model for high-performance and low-cost magnesium alloys by machine learning

Developing high-performance, low-cost magnesium (Mg) alloys using conventional plastic forming processes is a tremendous challenge with great potential for commercial application. However, the current research and development for Mg alloys are still based on “trial and error” methods, which are inefficient, unpredictable, and time-consuming. Recently, machine learning (ML) technology has shown great potential in materials, which has provided new ideas and approaches to alloy design. In this work, a Reverse Machine Learning Design Model (RMLDM) has been created to design high-performance and low-cost Mg-Mn wrought Mg alloys. In RMLDM, five relatively inexpensive alloying elements and three conventional extrusion process parameters were selected as features to ensure the “low cost” of all designed alloys. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was innovatively used to optimize the inputs of the artificial neural network (ANN), thus achieving the “reverse design” from “target performance” to “composition and process”. Four alloys with higher performance were proposed through the RMLDM, which were determined to be close to the targets after experimental verification, and the best accuracy can reach 90%. The calculation errors demonstrate that the three ANN models’ prediction accuracies are >94%. Furthermore, the RMLDM is generally a practical approach in developing new Mg alloys. The proposed reverse design strategy can be improved using additional data and easily applied to other alloys by changing the dataset.

Strengthening of Materials by Equal Channel Angular Pressing Using ANSYS

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is one of the popular severe plastic deformation processes used to produce bulk nano structured materials. It is well known that large deformation results in microstructures with small grains and extensive dislocation cells development, often leading to corresponding increases in strength. In order to design an equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) die that can be used to process a variety of materials, it is crucial to understand the effect of die design and material parameters on the deformation behaviour, strain distribution and load requirement. In this analysis, the effect of internal die angle (Φ) and number of passes (N) on the strain behaviour of engineering materials and alloys, during ECAP was investigated by using three dimensional finite element analyses. The benefits of ECAE come from its ability to impose intense simple shear deformation through innovative die design. Unlike conventional extrusion processes, the cross section of billets extruded via ECAE is not reduced. Entire work will be carried out with the help of SOLID WORKS, ANSYS. These ultra-fine grained materials can be used in the manufacturing of semi-finished products used in the power, aerospace, medical and automotive industries.

Hot compression and industrial extrusion characteristics of an as-cast Al-10Sr master alloy

Abstract The mechanical properties and castability of Al-Si-based alloys can be remarkably improved by adding Al-Sr master alloy, which modifies the structure and morphology of eutectic silicon. The size of Al4Sr phases in Al-Sr master alloy has been found to take key effect in Sr-modification. To obtain optimized processing parameters and understand the refinement mechanisms of Al4Sr phases during plastic deformation, the hot compression and industrial extrusion characteristics of an as-cast Al-10Sr master alloy were systematically investigated in this work. The results showed that the flow behavior of the Al-10Sr master alloy can be well described by a constitutive equation with the hot deformation activation energy of 222.23 kJ/mol. The obtained optimum processing region was located at temperature of 460–530 °C and strain rate of 0.2–1 s−1 from the established processing maps. During hot compression testing, plastic deformation mainly occurred in soft Al matrix and the Al4Sr phases were slightly broken. During industrial extrusion process, the Al4Sr phases were refined effectively based on the above optimum processing conditions. Comparing to conventional extrusion process, repetitive Conform process showed better ability in refining Al4Sr phases. After three repetitive Conform passes, the length of Al4Sr phases decreased from 80 to 11 μm and the width decreased from 25.6 to 8.3 μm, and the Al4Sr phases were also distributed homogeneously. The in-depth refinement mechanisms of Al4Sr phases during plastic forming were also discussed based on microstructural examinations and finite element analysis.

Physicochemical characterization and mechanical performance analysis of biaxially oriented PLA/PCL tubular scaffolds for intended stent application

Polylactic acid (PLA) and its blends are potential materials for bioresorbable vascular tubular scaffold (TS) manufacturing. The usual method for TS fabrication for intended stent application includes firstly extruding the polymeric tube and then subjected to post-processing operations for tailoring its mechanical properties. In this study, PLA/PCL blend TS was fabricated by using a novel and facile fabrication method, which eliminates the much-needed post-processing operation on the extruded TS. Two different ways were used to extrude the TS for a comparative study; (a) conventional Extrusion process (SE), and (b) novel single-step Biaxial Expansion during Extrusion (BAE). FTIR spectra were used to investigate the detailed physicochemical evaluation of the TS. Mechanical studies show BAE TS exhibits better mechanical performance as compared to SE TS. Also, BAE PLA/PCL blend TS containing 5 wt% PCL withstood higher burst pressure among the tested specimens. The water contact angle (CA) of BAE8% TS is observed to be 71° as compared to 81° for the SE0% TS. Further, BAE PLA/PCL TS scaffolds showed better cell viability by MTT assay as compared to pristine PLA.

Vacuum‐assisted extrusion of red rice ( bao‐dhan ) flour: Physical and phytochemical comparison with conventional extrusion

The effect of vacuum-assisted extrusion cooking on the properties of red rice extrudate was investigated. The rotatable central composite design was employed to determine the effect of independent variables on dependent variables. The process was optimized using an artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA) The sensitivity analysis of independent variables was conducted and the screw speed showed the highest contribution on the product quality. The optimum condition obtained by ANN and GA was 77.5°C barrel temperature, 32.5% feed moisture, 350 rpm screw speed, and 300 mmHg vacuum level. The developed process was compared with the conventional extrusion process without employing a vacuum in terms of physicochemical and phytochemical properties. The extruded was contented 3.89 mg/L of anthocyanin, 0.021 µm/L of cyanidin-3-glucoside, and 3.21 µm/L of peonidin-3-glucoside. The vacuum-assisted extrusion cooking showed to develop expanded extrudate at low temperatures with higher phytochemical retention. Practical applications Extrusion cooking generally considers as a high-temperature short time process. Due to high temperature and high shear, most of the bioactive compounds are deteriorated during extrusion cooking. Therefore, extruded are considered unhealthy for consumers. The outcome of the present investigation can enhance the retention of bioactive compounds in extruded products. The vacuum-assisted extrusion could expand the extrudate at low temperatures and enhance the retention of bioactive compounds.

Sustainability-based evaluation of Friction Stir Back Extrusion of seamless tubular shapes

In this work, the sustainability of the Friction Stir Back Extrusion (FSBE) process was assessed and compared to conventional extrusion for Mg AZ31 tubes. FSBE experiments were conducted to produce seamless Mg AZ31 tubes. Tensile testing specimens were extracted from the formed tubes to characterize their mechanical properties. The power consumption during FSBE was also recorded. A multi-dimensional sustainability model that accounts for the environmental, social, economic and physical performance dimensions was used to evaluate and compare the sustainability scores for FSBE and conventional extrusion. For the economic dimension, it is shown that FSBE scored 82% compared to 51.4% for conventional extrusion. It is also revealed that the FSBE process consumes less energy and has lower CO2 emissions when compared to conventional extrusion that led to an environmental dimension score of 100% for FSBE. The stress strain curves and strain maps obtained from the digital image correlation system show that the tubes produced by FSBE have excellent mechanical properties. The overall sustainability score for FSBE was found to be 94.3% compared to 39% for the conventional extrusion process.

Mechanical behavior and microstructure evolution for extruded AZ31 sheet under side direction strain

AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets were prepared by a conventional extrusion (CE) and a novel integrated extrusion with side direction strain (SE). The microstructure characterizations, crystallographic texture and mechanical property tests were carried out and compared between the extruded Mg alloy sheets processed by CE and SE. The results indicated that the SE sheets exhibited an excellent combination of strength and ductility. To reveal the side strain effect, the finite element model was employed to investigate the effective stress and strain behavior of the AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets during CE and SE processes. It was found that the SE process was effective in weakening the stress and strain concentration. This implied that it developed an additional side direction strain through the sheet thickness during the hot extrusion. Meanwhile, the side strain shear paths could promote the local accumulation of dynamically recrystallized grains and increase the random high-angle boundaries to achieve weak (0002) basal texture. Important factors including the side strain path and extrusion parameters need to be taken into account to understand the deformation mechanism and microstructure evolution.