Conventional Encryption Algorithms Research Articles

Reconfigurable Image Confusion Scheme Using Large Period Pseudorandom Bit Generator Based on Coupled-Variable Input LCG and Clock Divider

This paper presents a reconfigurable image confusion scheme, which uses Linear Congruential Generators (LCGs)-based Pseudorandom Bits Generator (PRBG). The PRBG is based on the variable input-coupled LCG with a reconfigurable clock divider. The proposed algorithm encrypts the input image up to four times successively using different random sequences in every attempt. This new scheme aims to efficiently extract statistically strong pseudorandom sequences from a proposed PRBG with a large keyspace and simultaneously increase the security level of the encrypted image. This PRBG was initially designed on Virtex-5 (XC5VLX110T), Virtex-7 (XC7VX330T) and Artix-7 (XC7A100T) Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The statistical properties of the proposed PRBG for four different configurations are verified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) tests. Thereafter, a reconfigurable encryption/decryption algorithm that uses the proposed PRBG is developed for secure image encryption. The encryption process was accomplished using the MATLAB tool after obtaining the PRBG keys from the FPGA. To show the quality and strength of the encryption process, security analysis [correlations and Number of Pixels Change Rate (NPCR)] is performed. Security analysis results are compared with the conventional encryption algorithm to show that the developed reconfigurable encryption scheme provides better results in security tests.

A secure and lightweight cloud data deduplication scheme with efficient access control and key management

Data deduplication technology is extensively employed to enhance the storage efficiency of cloud servers by eliminating redundant files. Cloud users commonly encrypt their data prior to uploading it to the server. Conventional encryption algorithms, however, lead to the encryption of duplicated data from different users into distinct ciphertexts. Consequently, these ciphertexts must be stored in the cloud since the cloud server cannot identify such duplicated data. In this paper, we introduce a hybrid cloud-based secure deduplication scheme tailored for implementation on large-scale data systems. Specifically, our approach leverages ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE), which enables us to establish access control and key management via a private cloud server. Simultaneously, we leverage a public cloud server to cater to enterprises and groups seeking secure data storage. Notably, our approach ensures mutual zero-interaction verification between both public and private cloud servers through ElGamal encryption, thereby guaranteeing data unforgeability. The security assessment illustrates that our proposed approach ensures both data privacy and integrity. We also show that the approach resists brute-force attacks on the dictionary, prevents malicious users from deceiving cloud servers to return incorrect ciphertext, and achieves secure and efficient access control and key management. Furthermore, functional and performance evaluation underscores the superiority of our method over five other classical data deduplication schemes. Under the premise of having more comprehensive security settings, the performance of the scheme still maintains a good level at every stage.

Symmetric Key Cryptosystem based on Sequential State Machine

Cryptography is a type of art that translate strings of plain text into strings of cipher text and is very important in sharing of secrete information in communication system. It is very essential to have cryptographic algorithms to provide high security by utilizing optimum computational resources during information sharing to achieve data confidentiality, privacy, integrity and other security services. The traditional conventional encryption algorithms (DES, AES) have high computational cost due to generating number of sub keys and bilinear concept. Hence this paper propose the sequential state machine (Mealy state Machine) based cryptosystem which is very light weight in nature and provide high security due to its weakly invertability concept with relatively smaller key size. The paper also presents the performance analysis on proposed algorithm and describes the security analysis on it.

Blockchain Technology for Secured Healthcare Data Communication among the Non-Terminal Nodes in IoT Architecture in 5G Network

In the contemporary world, with ever-evolving internet models in the process of automating and digitalizing various industrial and domestic implementations, the Internet of Things (IoT) has made remarkable advancements in sharing the healthcare data and triggering the associated necessary actions. Healthcare-related data sharing among the intermediate nodes, privacy, and data integrity are the two critical challenges in the present-day scenario. Data needs to be encrypted to ensure the confidentiality of the sensitive information shared among the nodes, especially in the case of healthcare-related data records. Implementing the conventional encryption algorithms over the intermediate node may not be technically feasible, and too much burden on the intermediate nodes is not advisable. This article has focused on various security challenges in the existing mechanism, existing strategies in security solutions for IoT driven healthcare monitoring frameworks and proposes a context-aware state of art model based on Blockchain technology that has been deployed for encrypting the data among the nodes in the architecture of a 5G network. The proposed strategy was examined through various performance evaluation metrics, and the proposed approach had outperformed compared to its counterparts.

A Non Linear PUF Circuit Design for Two Factor Authentication in IoT Cryptography

Internet-of-Things (IoT) is growing network paradigm which enables mutual communication between the user and smart devices using the internet. The IoT devices are susceptible to the security threats, due to placement of restricted computational capabilities of the computing devices in IoT. The conventional encryption algorithm utilizes the high amount of resource block in it which increases the area and power. Moreover, Two Factor Authentication (TFA) scheme based authentication protocols does not have the efficiency to secure the data. Because the random number generated by the TFA is ideal for all IoT devices which are easy to hack by the unauthorized persons. In this Research paper, the Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) based Reconfigurable Physical Unclonable Function (RPUF) is proposed to overcome the security issues caused in the IoT communication. The RPUF is designed based on the LFSR to generate the random number for every clock cycle. Normally, reconfigurable process helps to generate the different output values for every clock cycle. But, it failed to generate different outputs for same input values. Here, LFSR based RPUF helps to generated the different response values even the same challenge is given to the input side. The Lightweight TFA scheme is presented for IoT, where PUF has been considered as one of the major authentication factors. At last, Spartan 6 and Virtex 6 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) performances are calculated for proposed TFA-RPUF-IoT and existing TFA-PUF-IoT protocols. In Spartan 6, TFA-RPUF-IoT protocol occupied 11 slices, 31 LUTs, 42 flip flops which are less compared to conventional TFA-PUF-IoT.

IEVCA: An efficient image encryption technique for IoT applications using 2-D Von-Neumann cellular automata

Present era is marked by exponential growth in transfer of multimedia data through internet. Most of the Internet-of-Things(IoT) applications send images to cloud storages through internet. However, in sensitive applications such as healthcare, defense, etc., these images should be encrypted before transmission through insecure public channels to gateway fog nodes. Conventional encryption algorithms cannot be used there due to the resource constraint characters of IoT devices. Here, Cellular Automata (CA) based encryption algorithms can be used because of their inherent simplicity in implementation in hardware, without affecting the capability of generating highly random sequences. In this paper, a lightweight, robust and secure image encryption technique has been proposed using 2-D Von-Neumann Cellular Automata (VCA), called IEVCA, which is lossless, correlation immune and has all the essential properties of a good image cipher. Additionally, the proposed technique passes all the randomness tests of DIEHARD and NIST statistical test suites. Moreover, several security and performance analyses of the IEVCA proved its efficiency and resistance against security attacks. Experimental results of the IEVCA show its better performance when compared to the existing encryption techniques.

Scheduling Policies for Quantum Key Distribution Enabled Communication Networks

The upsurge of ubiquitous data-driven applications makes the need for super-secure communication networks more urgent than ever. Conventional encryption algorithm oriented cryptology would be hacked by cryptanalysis, hence is challenging to provide unconditional security. To tackle this unprecedented issue, quantum key distribution (QKD) has been envisioned as a promising physical layer security technology for the upcoming 6G era due to the unique properties of quantum physics, i.e., no-cloning and uncertainty. To accommodate as many security-sensitive applications as possible, in this letter, the secure key rate maximization problem for QKD enabled communication networks is investigated. By transforming the original problem into a maximum weight perfect matching problem of an undirected and non-bipartite graph, the associated quantum devices scheduling policy is optimally determined, along with the feasibility analysis as well as two simpler heuristic scheduling approaches. Numerical results demonstrate the performance of the devised scheduling strategies from comprehensive perspectives, such as achievable secure key rate and outage probability.

Chaos based Encryption of Image for Secure Communication

The 20th century is known as the Information age. Development of technology led to the storing and communication of information in the digital form. Digital technology provides easy access to the information through internet and other forms of technology. Transmission of information is also become easy using digital technology. The information stored or communicated may be vulnerable to attacks from the adversaries. All the organizations and individuals are facing the threat of the insecurity of the information of data over the internet. Development of communication media and insecure media emphasizes the requirement to secure the data. The method of securing the information so that it is not stolen by the hackers is known as encryption. The development of multimedia technology has increased the images as the carriers of information. The conventional encryption algorithms are not well suited for the image encryption. Image encryption has developed in the past recent years as an important field. In the image encryption, the substitution and transposition techniques are performed on the pixel values of the image based on the key. One of the mechanisms for image encryption is based on chaos theory. Chaos sequence is used as a key for encryption because of its properties. This method of encryption is more secure and robust.

Revisiting Lightweight Encryption for IoT Applications: Error Performance and Throughput in Wireless Fading Channels With and Without Coding

Employing heavy conventional encryption algorithms in communications suffers from added overhead and processing time delay; and in wireless communications, in particular, suffers from severe performance deterioration (avalanche effect) due to fading. Consequently, a tremendous reduction in data throughput and increase in complexity and time delay may occur especially when information traverse resource-limited devices as in Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications. To overcome these drawbacks, efficient lightweight encryption algorithms have been recently proposed in literature. One of those, that is of particular interest, requires using conventional encryption only for the first block of data in a given frame being transmitted. All the information in the remaining blocks is transmitted securely without the need for using heavy conventional encryption. Unlike the conventional encryption algorithms, this particular algorithm achieves lower overhead/complexity and higher data throughput. Assuming the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, the performance of the lightweight encryption algorithm under study had been evaluated in literature in terms of throughput under the assumption that the first block, that undergoes conventional encryption, is free of error, which is practically unfeasible. In this paper, we consider the AWGN channel with Rayleigh fading and assume that the signal experiences a certain channel bit error probability and investigate the performance of the lightweight encryption algorithm under study in terms of bit error probability and throughput. We derive analytical expressions for these performance metrics considering modulated signals with and without coding. In addition, we propose an extension to the lightweight encryption algorithm under study by further enhancing its security level without significantly affecting the overhead size and processing time. Via numerical results we show the superiority of the lightweight encryption algorithm under study over the conventional encryption algorithms (like the AES) and the lightweight encryption algorithms proposed in literature in terms of error and throughput performance.

Securing Smart Meter Data in Smart Grid Transmission using Attribute Based Encryption

In recent Electrical era, Smart Grid (SG) is rapidly evolving technology. SG consists of smart meter to provide two way communications from consumer to distributor and from distributor to the consumer. Because of this communication, smart meter need to transmit large amount of information. In order to avoid cyber security issues in smart meter transmission, Attribute Based Encryption Algorithm (ABEA) is proposed. Conventional encryption algorithms cannot prevent cyber security threats like Denial of Service (DOS) attacks which targets the availability of the information to the authenticated user. By introducing additional information to the encryption system, Intrusion Detection (ID) of the smart meter information cannot be done easily. Performance of the proposed system can be evaluated by comparing the performance of the different types of encryption algorithms like synchronous, asynchronous and hybrid algorithms.

A Lightweight Cellular Automata Based Encryption Technique for IoT Applications

The Internet of Things (IoT) devices are resource-constrained devices with limitations such as low computation power, low communication capabilities, low bandwidths, high latency, and short-lived power. Therefore, securing communication among these devices is a key challenge for various sensitive applications. However, the conventional encryption and decryption algorithms, known as ciphers, cannot be implemented because of their inherent complexities of implementation and power requirements. One of the promising options available is to implement light-weight ciphers for these resource-constrained devices. Moreover, the choice of lightweight encryption tool has a great dependency on the type of IoT devices being used in an application. In this paper, a lightweight cellular automata (CA)-based cipher, named as Lightweight CA Cipher (LCC), has been proposed for IoT applications. In the proposed method, encryption is done at the perception layer, where the sensor nodes are deployed and decryption is done at the network layer where gateway devices are installed. The experimental results show that the proposed method is efficient than some of the existing ciphers like DES, 3DES when randomness, execution time, and implementation simplicity are considered as prime requirements. This cipher passes the randomness tests as prescribed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and it also passes all the DIEHARD tests and it establishes the security feature of LCC. Though it is specially designed for resource-constrained environments, it can be scaled up for a large number of sensor nodes.

Enhanced tiny encryption algorithm for secure electronic health authentication system

One of the main worries circling the globe today is how to provide efficient and effective quality health services. Conventionally, part of the constraints in making these efficient quality health services possible is the fact that patients and consultants must be physically present in the same location. Modern development in information technology have been able to raise the number of possible ways healthcare can be delivered remotely to reduce medical access restraints, but the issue of patient authentication remains paramount. As more delicate data is stored in electronic health record (EHR) systems, there is need to provide effective security to avoid malicious attacks through illicit access to EHRs. This paper presents an enhancement to tiny encryption algorithm for secure near frequency communication based EHR system. The conventional tiny encryption algorithm was enhanced with Yarrow pseudo random number generator for better key randomisation. Results of the performance evaluation of the developed enhanced algorithm showed that the scheme is capable of providing countermeasures against replay and tag cloning attacks in data communication channels of clinic tele-consultations.

SIT: A Lightweight Encryption Algorithm for Secure Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) being a promising technology of the future is expected to connect billions of devices. The increased number of communication is expected to generate mountains of data and the security of data can be a threat. The devices in the architecture are essentially smaller in size and low powered. Conventional encryption algorithms are generally computationally expensive due to their complexity and requires many rounds to encrypt, essentially wasting the constrained energy of the gadgets. Less complex algorithm, however, may compromise the desired integrity. In this paper we propose a lightweight encryption algorithm named as Secure IoT (SIT). It is a 64-bit block cipher and requires 64-bit key to encrypt the data. The architecture of the algorithm is a mixture of feistel and a uniform substitution-permutation network. Simulations result shows the algorithm provides substantial security in just five encryption rounds. The hardware implementation of the algorithm is done on a low cost 8-bit micro-controller and the results of code size, memory utilization and encryption/decryption execution cycles are compared with benchmark encryption algorithms. The MATLAB code for relevant simulations is available online at https://goo.gl/Uw7E0W.

Performance Analysis of CRT for Image Encryption

With the fast advancements of information technology, the security of image data transmitted or stored over internet is become very difficult. To hide the details, an effective method is encryption, so that only authorized persons can decrypt the image with the keys available. Since the default features of digital image such as high capacity data, large redundancy and large similarities among pixels, the conventional encryption algorithms such as AES, , DES, 3DES, and Blow Fish, are not applicable for real time image encryption. This paper presents the performance of CRT for image encryption to secure storage and transmission of image over internet.

Deduplication in Hybrid Cloud with Secure Data

Deduplication is also called single instance technique, deduplication remove redundant data and stores original copy of data so it will saves the storage space to protect sensitive data. The data security and access to particular data is very much important in current days hence the features in deduplication have been widely used in cloud storage system. There was drawback in previous work where differential privileges of users are set permanently so any client can access any files which are not authorized to specific user. To overcome the drawback of the previous work, we are concentrated on client privileges which will grant or revoke the file access permissions to specific client. With deduplication technique, the client data is secured with advanced encryption algorithm rather than conventional encryption algorithm in hybrid cloud. In previous work convergent encryption technique was used with deduplication which does not provide the security to data. To better enhancement of the security of data, client has given specific permission to access the data, which is more enhanced security system for data security .Our simulation results shows that increase in security of data.

A New Method for Encrypting Digital Data Using Symmetric Key in Information Exchange Spaces

with the arrival of the information age and much more important information systems and communication in human everyday life, necessity immunization information and communication strategy were also raised. The easiest way to meet this necessity is conventional encryption algorithms. Encryption is a right tool for data protection in an unsecure channel. To this end, from two-method symmetric key encryption and public-key cryptography are used. In this paper we examine text cryptography, one of the most important topics in cryptography. A unique attribute of this kind of encryption has been of interest to many researchers in this field. This paper, considering the symmetric encryption algorithm, provides a text encryption algorithm using a 128-bit key. The proposed algorithm uses a 128-bit key, the text data using the XOR operator to convert the encrypted information. Therefore, the aim of this method is to provide a convenient method for symmetrically encrypting data not to be easily decoded, and finally, the results of the tests show that the proposed method is better in terms of security and speed of execution.

Image Bit Depth Plane Digital Watermarking for Secured Classified Image Data Transmission

The demand for rapid use of Internet has increased many folds in distributed environments. It is easy for the custodian of the digital data to transfer images of classification across computers via internet. The information transmitted is not secured. Conventional encryption and decryption algorithms are vulnerable from the thefts of the digital data and do not protect the data from copying after the data is transmitted. The data prone to copyright thefts should be protected against manipulation, misuse and security breaks. First the image is classified using maximum likelihood classification and fuzzy model. Second, for transmission, with copyright information, image is secured, by image bit depth plane digital image watermarking. In this method, image is read and separated into n-bit planes. The accuracy is tested using visual interpretation and assessment. The application of this method is identification of ownership, claim of ownership, online transaction, digital content authorization, file reconstruction. This method is robust against intentional and unintentional attacks of malicious users.

Implementation of a parallel XTS encryption mode of operation

Security of data stored inside storage devices is becoming one of the main issues in computer security now. It is known that the most efficient techniques to protect storage devices are using cryptography. Developing newer and more secure encryption algorithms and modes of operation might be critically important to protect these devices since conventional disk encryption algorithms, such as CBC mode, have shown serious security flaws. In this paper, the IEEE XTS encryption mode of operation for storage encryption (P1619 standard) has been implemented using parallel design. A performance comparison between the sequential and parallel algorithms of XTS mode is presented here. Parallel overheads that prevented from achieving perfect linear speedup are measured and minimized. The parallel XTS algorithm has shown a speedup of 1.80, with 90% efficiency, faster than the sequential algorithm. In these simulations, AES is used as encryption algorithm with 256-bit encryption key.

Puzzle - an efficient, compression independent video encryption algorithm

Real-time video streams require an efficient encryption method to ensure their confidentiality. One of the major challenges in designing a video encryption algorithm is to encrypt the vast amount of video data in real-time to satisfy the stringent time requirements. Video encryption algorithms can be classified according to their association with video compression into joint compression and encryption algorithms and compression-independent encryption algorithms. The latter have a clear advantage over the former regarding the incorporation into existing multimedia systems due to their independence of the video compression. In this paper we present the compression-independent video encryption algorithm Puzzle, which was inspired by the children game jigsaw puzzle. It comprises two simple encryption operations with low computational complexity: puzzling and obscuring. The scheme thereby dramatically reduces the encryption overhead compared to conventional encryption algorithms, such as AES, especially for high resolution video. Further outstanding features of Puzzle are a good trade-off between security demands and encryption efficiency, no impairment on video compression efficiency, and an easy integration into existing multimedia systems. This makes Puzzle particularly well-suited for these security-sensitive multimedia applications, such as videoconferencing, where maximal security and minimal encryption overhead are desired simultaneously.

Fingerprinting RFID Tags

Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags are low-cost devices that are used to uniquely identify the objects to which they are attached. Due to the low cost and small size that are driving the technology, a tag has limited computational capabilities and resources. These limitations constrain the use of conventional encryption algorithms and security protocols to prevent cloning and counterfeiting of an RFID tag. Therefore, we propose to create an electronic fingerprint of a tag based upon the physical attributes of the tag. We have fingerprinted RFID tags based upon their minimum power responses measured at multiple frequencies. The fingerprint can be used effectively to identify the tags in the future with high probability and to detect counterfeit tags. This mechanism does not increase the cost of the tag and can be applied to any existing tag, because it is independent of the computational capabilities and resources of the RFID tag.