Conventional Diagnostic Strategies Research Articles

BrainScan AI: Early Detection of Schizophrenia through EEG Signals

Schizophrenia is a persistent and debilitating mind disorder characterised via signs and symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized questioning, and lack of motivation.The traditional method to diagnosing schizophrenia is based on scientific tests and EEG assessments, which might be time Consuming and difficult, even for skilled clinicians. With the upward thrust of deep studying strategies, there's developing potential for automating and improving the accuracy of schizophrenia detection. in this examine, we explore using diverse deep learning and machine Learning fashions, along with artificial Neural Networks (ANN), to categorise EEG indicators for schizophrenia detection. We propose a custom method for processing EEG records and evaluate the performance of different models. many of the models examined, the ANN completed the highest accuracy of 84%, demonstrating the feasibility of deep mastering techniques for early and correct detection of schizophrenia. This approach ought to provide a dependable and efficient opportunity to conventional diagnostic strategies, lowering the complexity and subjectivity concerned in the modern- day tactics Keywords: Schizophrenia detection, EEG signals ,EEG learning,Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Machine earning.

Development of machine learning models to predict papillary carcinoma in thyroid nodules: The role of immunological, radiologic, cytologic and radiomic features

ObjectiveApproximately 30 % of thyroid nodules yield an indeterminate diagnosis through conventional diagnostic strategies. The aim of this study was to develop machine learning (ML) models capable of identifying papillary thyroid carcinomas using preoperative variables. MethodsPatients with thyroid nodules undergoing thyroid surgery were enrolled in a retrospective monocentric study. Six 2-class supervised ML models were developed to predict papillary thyroid carcinoma, by sequentially incorporating clinical-immunological, ultrasonographic, cytological, and radiomic variables. ResultsOut of 186 patients, 92 nodules (49.5 %) were papillary thyroid carcinomas in the histological report. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) ranged from 0.41 to 0.61 using only clinical-immunological variables. All ML models exhibited an increased performance when ultrasound variables were included (AUC: 0.95–0.97). The addition of cytological (AUC: 0.86–0.97) and radiomic (AUC: 0.88–0.97) variables did not further improve ML models’ performance. ConclusionML algorithms demonstrated low accuracy when trained with clinical-immunological data. However, the inclusion of radiological data significantly improved the models' performance, while cytopathological and radiomics data did not further improve the accuracy. Level of evidenceLevel 4.

A non-invasive diagnostic tool for cellulose acetate films using a portable miniaturized near infrared spectrometer

This article tests the suitability of a new method to monitor the degree of substitution of cellulose acetate films, by employing a compact and inexpensive near-infrared miniaturized spectrometer (908.1–1676.2 nm) that can be easily applied in situ. The present study compares the analytical performance of the proposed method against conventional diagnostic strategies based on benchtop micro-attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform Infrared (μATR -FTIR) measurements in the mid-infrared spectral range.The novel calibration function exploits the shifts in the first overtone of the hydroxyl stretching 2νOH band of probe materials and was created using a set of analytical standards with different degrees of substitution. The robustness of the method was assessed by application on a group of sixteen historical cinematographic films. The accurate condition assessment of these films was performed in situ, in a non-invasive manner. The proposed analytical procedure is quick and easy-to-implement, and therefore it constitutes a rapid method to guide conservation strategies regarding film storage and digitalization in cultural institutions, including museums and cinematheques. Potential applications on three-dimensional objects and industrial processes are possible.

Report of two patients in whom comparisons of the somatic mutation profile were useful for the diagnosis of metastatic tumors

BackgroundWhen a patient has multiple tumors in different organs, it is very important to identify whether the tumors are multiple cancers or metastasis from one tumor in order to establish an optimal treatment strategy. However, it is difficult to obtain an accurate diagnosis from conventional diagnostic strategies, including immunohistochemistry. We report two patients with multiple tumors in which a somatic mutation comparison using next-generation sequencing (NGS) was useful for the diagnosis of a metastatic tumor.Case presentationsPatient 1: A 64-year-old man was diagnosed with gastric and lung cancer. After radical chemoradiotherapy for lung cancer, gastrectomy was planned for gastric cancer. At gastrectomy, the patient underwent a multiple omics analysis for “Project HOPE”. The gene mutational signature of the gastric tumor showed signature 4 of COSMIC mutational signature version 2, which was associated with smoking and has not been found in gastric cancer. To confirm that the gastric tumor was metastasis from lung cancer, we conducted a somatic mutation comparison of the two tumors with 409-gene panel sequencing, which revealed that 28 of 97 mutations in the lung tumor completely matched those of the gastric tumor. Based on these findings, the gastric tumor was diagnosed as metastasis from lung cancer. Patient 2: A 47-year-old woman underwent distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. A colon tumor was detected 6 years after gastrectomy. The colon lesion was a submucosal tumor-like elevated tumor, and was suspected to be metastasis from gastric cancer. The patient underwent sigmoidectomy, and participated in “Project HOPE”. The possibility of primary colon cancer could not be ruled out, and we conducted a somatic mutation comparison of the two tumors as we did with Patient 1. Panel sequencing revealed 11 mutations in the gastric tumors, 4 of which completely matched those of the colon tumor. The colon tumor was diagnosed as metastasis from gastric cancer.ConclusionWe reported two patients with multiple tumors in which a somatic mutation comparison using NGS was useful for the diagnosis of a metastatic tumor.

NOMAD: metagenomic characterisation of the viral pathogen composition in outbreaks of non-malaria acute febrile illness cases

The clinical importance of non-malaria febrile acute illness (NM-AFI) in patients with a negative parasitological test has become apparent, with the progressive reduction in malaria transmission in endemic regions. Bacterial pathogens, for example Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, which contribute disproportionally to febrile illness, are now preventable by vaccines. However, there are no vaccines, and little is known about viral NM-AFI prevalence, proliferation, virulence, and transmission chains between hosts. Although the predominant viral causes of NM-AFI are established, it is unclear if there are other NM-AFI associated emerging infectious viral pathogens that previously remained undetectable by conventional diagnostic strategies, for example severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-​2). Presumptive broad-spectrum antibiotic prescriptions to aparasitaemic patients not only drive drug resistance, but also lead to poor treatment outcomes. We hypothesized that insights on NM-AFI etiology, and consequently case management, could be improved by exploiting viral sequence diversity to identify viral pathogens present within metagenomics samples. We exploited simulated and existing infectious disease (Ebola, hepatitis C, chikungunya, and mosquito-borne arboviruses) metagenomic datasets to determine the composition of viral pathogens present, by implementing profile Hidden Markov Models derived from Swiss-Prot viral reference sequences for accurate pathogen detection and classification. Our analysis identified a combination of sequences from multiple viral etiological agents within the same disease sample. This approach provides a granular perspective of multiple viral etiological agents present within a single intra-host disease episode. It highlights prevalent viral strains that can subsequently be routinely detected using directed diagnostic tests to improve disease surveillance in endemic regions.

Trends in the epidemiology of dermatophytosis in the Middle East and North Africa region.

Dermatophytosis corresponds to a broad series of infections, mostly superficial, caused by a group of keratinophilic and keratinolytic filamentous fungi called dermatophytes. These mycoses are currently considered to be a major public health concern worldwide, particularly in developing countries such as those in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Here we compiled and discussed existing epidemiologic data on these infections in the MENA region. Most of the available studies were based on conventional diagnostic strategies and were published before the last taxonomic revision of dermatophytes. This has led to misidentifications, which might have resulted in the underestimation of the real burden of these infections in the MENA countries. Our analysis of the available literature highlights an urgent need for further studies based on reliable diagnostic tools and standard susceptibility testing methods for dermatophytosis, which represents a major challenge for these countries. This is crucial for guiding appropriate interventions and activating antifungal stewardship programs in the future.

Biochemical Importance and Kinetic Studies of Placental Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzyme as a Predictor Marker of Primary Malignancies

ung cancer is the main cause of cancer-related death worldwide and conventional diagnostic strategies must be improved. developments of a simple method or techniques which would enable researchers to identify and validate the early screening biomarker of lung cancer patients. The aims of this article were to review the background documents on the state of the art of the scientific literature in studies that used Placental alkaline phosphatase in the diagnostic of lung cancer also to suggest areas where further research is needed, either to deal with gaps in the knowledge related to employ the heat stability of Placental alkaline phosphatase or assessment the quantitation methods of the isoenzyme.

Gold Nanoparticles; Potential Nanotheranostic Agent in Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review with Systematic Search Strategy.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease typically prevalent among women and is the second-largest cause of death worldwide. Early diagnosis is the key to minimize the cancer-induced complication, however, the conventional diagnostic strategies have been sluggish, complex, and, to some extent, non-specific. Therapeutic tools are not so convenient and side effects of current therapies offer the development of novel theranostic tool to combat this deadly disease. This article aims to summarize the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer with gold nanoparticles (GNP or AuNP). A systematic search was conducted in the three popular electronic online databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, regarding GNP as breast cancer theranostics. Published literature demonstrated that GNPs tuned with photosensitive moieties, nanomaterials, drugs, peptides, nucleotide, peptides, antibodies, aptamer, and other biomolecules improve the conventional diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of breast cancer management with minimum cytotoxic effect. GNP derived diagnosis system assures reproducibility, reliability, and accuracy cost-effectively. Additionally, surface-modified GNP displayed theranostic potential even in the metastatic stage of breast cancer. Divergent strategies have shown the theranostic potential of surface tuned GNPs against breast cancer even in the metastatic stage with minimum cytotoxic effects both in vitro and in vivo.

Breast cancer diagnosis by analysis of serum N-glycans using MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy.

Blood and serum N-glycans can be used as markers for cancer diagnosis, as alterations in protein glycosylation are associated with cancer pathogenesis and progression. We aimed to develop a platform for breast cancer (BrC) diagnosis based on serum N-glycan profiles using MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy. Serum N-glycans from BrC patients and healthy volunteers were evaluated using NosQuest’s software “NosIDsys.” BrC-associated “NosID” N-glycan biomarkers were selected based on abundance and NosIDsys analysis, and their diagnostic potential was determined using NosIDsys and receiver operating characteristic curves. Results showed an efficient pattern recognition of invasive ductal carcinoma patients, with very high diagnostic performance [area under the curve (AUC): 0.93 and 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.917–0.947]. We achieved effective stage-specific differentiation of BrC patients from healthy controls with 82.3% specificity, 84.1% sensitivity, and 82.8% accuracy for stage 1 BrC and recognized hormone receptor-2 and lymph node invasion subtypes based on N-glycan profiles. Our novel technique supplements conventional diagnostic strategies for BrC detection and can be developed as an independent platform for BrC screening.

Differential co-expression network analysis for identification of functional modules in HIV infection and tubercolosis-HIV co-infection

Co-infection with tuberculosis (TB) is the preeminent cause of demise in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals. However, diagnosis of TB, particularly in the presence of an HIV co-infection, can be limiting owing to the high inaccuracy associated with conventional diagnostic strategies. Here we determine dysregulated pathways in TB-HIV co-infection and HIV infection utilizing coexpression networks. Primarily, we utilized preservation statistics to identify gene modules that exhibit a weak conservation of network topology within HIV infected and TB-HIV co-infected networks. Raw data was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE50834) and duly pre-processed. Co-expression networks for each condition (HIV infected and TB-HIV co-infected) were constructed independently. Preservation of HIV infected network edges was evaluated with respect to TB-HIV co-infected and vice versa using weighted correlation network analysis. Two out of the 22 modules were identified as exhibiting weak preservation in both conditions. Functional enrichment analysis identified that weakly preserved modules were pertinent to the condition under study. For instance, weakly preserved TBHIV co-infected module T1 enriched for genes associated with mitochondrion exhibited the highest fraction of gene interaction pairs exclusive to TB-HIV co-infection. Concisely, we illustrated the application of using preservation statistics to detect modules functionally linked with dysregulated pathways in disease, as exemplified by the mitochondrion module T1. Our analyses discovered gene clusters that are non-randomly linked with the disease. Highly specific gene pairs pointed to interactions between known markers of disease and favoured identification of possible markers that are likely to be associated with the disease.

The Prognostic Value of TP53 Mutations in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Is Independent of Del17p13: Implications for Overall Survival and Chemorefractoriness

Del17p13 predicts poor outcome and chemorefractoriness in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Conversely, it is unknown whether TP53 mutations carry any prognostic value independent of del17p13. We tested the independent prognostic value of TP53 mutations in CLL. The study was based on a consecutive series of 308 CLL. DNA sequencing of TP53 exons 2 to 10 and del17p13 interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization were done at CLL diagnosis. Study end points were survival and chemorefractoriness. At diagnosis, TP53 mutations (n = 32) occurred in 31 of 308 (10.0%) patients. Of all CLL showing TP53 disruption by either mutation and/or deletion (n = 44), 10 cases (22.7%) showed TP53 mutations in the absence of del17p13. Multivariate analysis selected TP53 mutations (hazard ratio, 3.20; P = 0.002) as an independent predictor of overall survival after adjustment for del17p13. Also, multivariate analysis selected TP53 mutations (hazard ratio, 3.97; P < 0.001) as an independent predictor of chemorefractoriness after adjustment for del17p13. Compared with cases without TP53 alterations, CLL harboring any type of TP53 disruption (mutation only, del17p13 only, or both mutation and del17p13) uniformly displayed a high prevalence of unfavorable prognosticators and poor outcome. Analysis of sequential CLL samples showed the acquisition of new or additional TP53 alterations at the time of chemorefractoriness. These data show that (a) TP53 mutations are an independent predictor of short survival and chemorefractoriness, and (b) that CLL presenting with TP53 mutations without del17p13 fare as poorly as CLL carrying del17p13. Because CLL harboring TP53 mutations without del17p13 are currently not recognized by conventional diagnostic strategies, these results may be relevant for a comprehensive prognostic characterization of CLL.

Syncope Management Guidelines at work: first steps towards assessing clinical utilityThe opinions expressed in this article are not necessarily those of the Editors of the European Heart Journal or of the European Society of Cardiology.

This editorial refers to ‘Hospital admission of patients referred to the Emergency Department for syncope: a single-hospital prospective study based on the application of the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on syncope’† by A. Bartoletti et al ., on page 83 and ‘A new management of syncope. Prospective systematic guideline-based evaluation of patients referred urgently to general hospitals’‡ by M. Brignole et al ., on page 76 Management of patients who present after an apparent transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) and who are suspected of having had true syncope remains a clinical challenge; one that is often first confronted by emergency department (ED) and hospital-based physicians. As a first step in assessment of these patients, it is essential that other conditions associated with real (e.g. seizures and concussion) or apparent (e.g. narcolepsy and certain psychogenic disturbances) TLOC, but that are not syncope, be excluded. Syncope refers specifically to TLOC caused by self-limited inadequacy of cerebral perfusion.1,2 Thereafter, attention must be directed towards establishing the most probable cause for syncope; only then can an appropriate treatment strategy be developed.1,3 In terms of TLOC in general, and ‘true syncope’ in particular, conventional diagnostic strategies have long been fraught with confusing terminology,2 incomplete history taking, and inappropriate reliance on excessive laboratory tests; the outcome has been costly with poor diagnostic yields.1,4,5 Clinical guidelines were clearly needed. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Syncope Task Force published the first set of guidelines on the management (diagnosis and treatment) of syncope in 2001, with the most recent update being issued in 2004.1 In addition, the task force published a succinct handbook designed to facilitate clinical application of the recommendations; the first edition was released in 2002 and a revised version is due … *Corresponding author. Tel: +1 612 625 4401; fax: +1 612 624 4937. E-mail address : bendi001{at}umn.edu

Cost implications of testing strategy in patients with syncope: Randomized assessment of syncope trial

ObjectivesWe sought to assess the cost implications of two investigation strategies in patients with unexplained syncope. BackgroundEstablishing a diagnosis in patients with unexplained syncope is complicated by infrequent and unpredictable events. The cost-effectiveness of immediate, prolonged monitoring as an alternative to conventional diagnostic strategies has not been studied. MethodsSixty patients (age 66 ± 14 years; 33 males) with unexplained syncope and LV ejection fraction >35% were randomized to conventional testing with an external loop recorder, tilt and electrophysiologic (EP) testing, or prolonged monitoring with an implantable loop recorder with one-year monitoring. If patients remained undiagnosed after their assigned strategy, they were offered a crossover to the alternate strategy. Cost analysis of the two testing strategies was performed. ResultsFourteen of 30 patients who were being monitored were diagnosed at a cost of $2,731 ± $285 per patient and $5,852 ± $610 per diagnosis. In contrast, only six of 30 conventional patients were diagnosed (20% vs. 47%, p = 0.029), at a cost of $1,683 ± $505 per patient (p < 0.0001) and $8,414 ± $2,527 per diagnosis (p < 0.0001). After crossover, a diagnosis was obtained in 1 of 5 patients undergoing conventional testing, compared with 8 of 21 patients who completed monitoring (20% vs. 38%, p = 0.44). Overall, a strategy of monitoring followed by tilt and EP testing was associated with a diagnostic yield of 50%, at a cost of $2,937 ± $579 per patient and $5,875 ± $1,159 per diagnosis. Conventional testing followed by monitoring was associated with a diagnostic yield of 47%, at a greater cost of $3,683 ± $1,490 per patient (p = 0.013) and a greater cost per diagnosis ($7,891 ± $3,193, p = 0.002). ConclusionsA strategy of primary monitoring is more cost-effective than conventional testing in establishing a diagnosis in recurrent unexplained syncope.

Contribución de la detección del virus del papiloma humano de alto riesgo al estudio de las lesiones premalignas y malignas del cérvix uterino

High risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPV) are consistently associated with premalignant and malignant lesions of the uterine cervix. Thus, the use of molecular techniques to detect HPV has been proposed to improve the results of conventional diagnostic strategies. In the present study, we evaluated the usefulness of the detection of HR-HPV in a cervical pathology unit. 1005 women (mean age [SD], 38.4 [12.3]; range, 16-83) were referred for a cytology of atypical cells of unknown origin (ASCUS), squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) or carcinoma in the six months previous to the admission. All patients underwent a colposcopy, Pap test and/or histological study as well as HR-HPV detection using the Hybrid Capture II test. HR-HPV was detected in 96% high grade-SIL, 86% carcinomas of the uterine cervix and 86% low grade-SIL, but only in 25% women with no cervical lesions and 0% women with metastatic carcinomas to the cervix (p<0.001). The sensitivity of this test for high grade-SIL or higher was 90.2% and the negative predictive value was 96.5% (odds ratio=18.9; 95% confidence interval, 10.9-33.1). In patients with ASCUS, a negative result for HR-HPV nearly excluded the presence of a cervical lesion (negative predictive value, 98.52%). HR-HPV detection using Hybrid Capture II is useful in the study of lesions of the uterine cervix. It displays a high sensitivity for the diagnosis of squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive carcinomas and a high usefulness in the management of ASCUS cases.

Randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of positron emission tomography (PET) added to conventional diagnostic strategies in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

Randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of positron emission tomography (PET) added to conventional diagnostic strategies in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)