Conventional DC Motor Research Articles

Design and Implementation of Adaptive and Artificial Intelligence Controller for Brushless Motor Drive Electric Vehicle

<div>Brushless direct current (BLDC) motor aims to obtain high efficiency when compared to conventional DC motors due to several reasons. But when it comes to the control then its control is much more complicated due to the requirement of a phase supply switching circuit. Usually, the conventional and classical proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is used but it is quite cumbersome to tune its fixed gains. APID controller is used where PID fails to fulfill the objectives in varying situations. So, the adaptive proportional integral derivative (APID) controller is utilized to enhance the results. An artificial neural network (ANN) controller is one of the recent control methods, which gives accurate and precise results and utilizes ANN to give more accurate results. But it lacks fuzzy logic, that is, human tendency, and finally, the artificial neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) controller is concluded as the best controller to limit the speed of the BLDC motor. ANFIS includes all the advantages of controllers and provides the most accurate results. The mathematical model of all the controllers is discussed and its performance is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. ANFIS includes all the advantages of controllers and provides the most accurate results.</div>

A robotic treadmill system to mimic overground walking training with body weight support.

Body weight support overground walking training (BWSOWT) is widely used in gait rehabilitation. However, existing systems require large workspace, complex structure, and substantial installation cost for the actuator, which make those systems inappropriate for the clinical environment. For wide clinical use, the proposed system is based on a self-paced treadmill, and uses an optimized body weight support with frame-based two-wire mechanism. The Interactive treadmill was used to mimic overground walking. We opted the conventional DC motors to partially unload the body weight and modified pelvic type harness to allow natural pelvic motion. The performance of the proposed system on the measurement of anterior/posterior position, force control, and pelvic motion was evaluated with 8 healthy subjects during walking training. We verified that the proposed system was the cost/space-effective and showed the more accurate anterior/posterior position than motion sensor, comparable force control performance, and natural pelvic motion. The proposed system is cost/space effective, and able to mimic overground walking training with body weight support. In future work, we will improve the force control performance and optimize the training protocol for wide clinical use.

Impact of Stator Slot Shape on Cogging Torque of BLDC Motor

Brushless DC (BLDC) motors have a wide range of applications in these modern days, such as electric vehicles, industrial robots, washing machines, pumps, and blowers. The brushless DC motors have many advantages when compared to induction motors and conventional DC motors, such as better speed control, noiseless operation, high efficiency, less maintenance, and a long life. Along with these benefits, there is one major disadvantage known as cogging, which causes undesirable effects in the motor such as noises and vibrations. BLDC motors have been widely used in automation and industrial applications due to their attractive features. There are certain parameters to be considered while designing a BLDC motor, such as its dimensions, number of windings turns, type of magnetic materials used, required torque, output current, slot-to-depth ratio, efficiency, temperature rise, etc.

Fuzzy Logic Control and PID Controller for Brushless Permanent Magnetic Direct Current Motor: A Comparative Study

Electrical machines based on permanent magnet material excitations have been applied in many sectors since they are distinguished by their high torque-to-size ratio and offer high efficiency. Brushless permanent magnetic direct current (BLPMDC) motors are one type of these machines. They are preferable over conventional DC motors. one of the main challengings of the BLPMDC motor drives is the inherited feature of nonlinearity. Therefore, a conventional PID controller would not be an efficient choice for the speed control of such motors. The object of this paper is to design an efficient speed control for the BLPMDC motor. The proposed controller is based on the Fuzzy logic technique. MATLAB/ Simulink has been employed to design and test the drive system. Simulations were carried out for three cases, the first without a controller, the other using conventional control, and the third using expert systems. The results proved the possibility of improving the engine's working performance using the control systems. They also proved that the adoption of expert systems is better than the traditional nonlinear systems. The simulation response shows that the Rise Time(tr) at PID equals 66.306ms, while it equals 19.530ms for the Fuzzy logic controller. Moreover, Overshoot for PID and Fuzzy logic controller are 6.989% and 1.531%, respectively. On the other hand, undershoot is equal to 1.788% and 11.924% for PID and Fuzzy logic controller, respectively.

Investigation and Calculation of Electric Scooter Electromechanical Characteristics

The design of an electric scooter is presented. The advisability of using an inverted motor with an external rotor, which is part of the wheel, is shown. Permanent magnets producing a large number of pole pairs are installed on the rotor inner surface facing the air gap. With such design, low scooter motion speeds can be obtained without the need of using mechanical gearboxes. The choice of the rotor main dimensions based on the specific tangential force is considered. The stator consists of a core body with a winding, usually a three-phase one. In scooter motors, it is advisable to use a concentrated winding with a fractional q, which is wound around the tooth to form a separate coil on it, belonging to one of the phases. In such winding, the end turns do not intersect; its end-winding parts are much shorter than they are in distributed windings. The stator winding is powered by an inverter controlled synchronously with the rotor rotation. The considered electromechanical converter is nothing but a conventional synchronous machine. Constant torque operation is not typical for the scooter motor. When the user changes the scooter operation mode, for example, in changing over to another track section, all processes develop similarly to those that take place in conventional DC motors. To confirm this, the calculation of the motor is given, and its parameters are determined. An algorithm for calculating the scooter mechanical and performance characteristics has been developed.

Kontrol Kecepatan Motor BLDC dengan PID - Firefly

Conventional DC motors often experience problems that require regular maintenance. The use of conventional DC motors can be replaced with Brushless DC (BLDC) motors. This BLDC motor has good efficiency and durability. Increasing the ability of BLDC motors can be done by speed regulation using the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) method combined with Firefly Algorithm. Testing this method uses matlab 2014a. The firefly algorithm can obtain parameter values of Kp, Ki, and Kd which are then used as PID input. Because of inaccuracies in determining the value of a constant in PID and can cause the length of time to reach the desired speed. BLDC motor speed regulation with the PID method combined with firefly algorithm can make the BLDC motor reach synchronous faster

Desain Dan Analisis Pengaruh Parameter PI Pada Respon Sistem Kontrol Arus Purwarupa Kendaraan Listrik

At this time, there are many electric vehicle manufacturers in Indonesia. The main obstacle in building electric vehicles is the electric motor control system, usually electric vehicles use the BLDC motor type. However, this type of motor has more complex control than conventional DC motors, it requires an encoder sensor to read the rotation of the motor with high accuracy, and a motor controller that can accurately control the amount of current in the motor. Based on the problem, the purpose of this study is to analyze the BLDC motor current control system using odrive motor driver and PI regulation, so that PI parameter values can be obtained to obtain a stable motor current control system, which can also produce system stability with small errors when the system is running. The results of the study show that variations in the value of the PI constant and the load affect the stability parameters of the system under steady-state error, rise time, and overshoot. At the same time, a change in the PI constant does not have a significant effect on the stability parameters of the system.

A Vector Controlled Drive System for Electrically Power Assisted Steering Using Hall-Effect Sensors

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) have been replacing conventional DC motors in numerous automotive applications. One of which is Electrically Power Assisted Steering Systems (EPAS). PMSMs offer better performance and a longer lifetime while slightly increasing the system’s cost and complexity. In a vector-controlled PMSM drive system, the rotor position sensor’s resolution plays a vital role in the overall system performance. The better the resolution, the higher the cost. Although numerous sensor-less control algorithms currently exist, machine startup and operation with dynamically changing set-points and loads still impose a challenge for such an approach. For this reason, inexpensive Hall-Effect sensors have been recently used along with a proper position estimation algorithm to provide high-resolution rotor position. In this paper, an implementation of a vector-controlled drive system is applied to an EPAS using only low-resolution Hall-Effect sensors. Additionally, an improved rotor position estimation algorithm based on speed integration is developed to decrease estimation errors and torque ripples in the case of direction reversal. This is to cater to the dynamically changing commands encountered during the normal power assist operation. Comparisons of the proposed rotor position estimation system with the conventional technique are introduced. A complete representation of the proposed system is built using MATLAB/Simulink. An experimental setup is developed and built around a Motor-Driven Power Steering (MDPS) unit which is a column-assist type EPAS system made by Hyundai Mobis. The simulation and experimental results are presented to verify and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

The Fume Detecting Dual Tone Modulation Frequency Based Rover Using BLDC Motors

The purpose of this project is to improve the control and precision of any rover by replacing the conventional DC motors or servo motors with the BLDC motors. The BLDC motors are much accurate to control because of the sensors they are equipped with. The telephonic signal from the receiver generates two frequencies one is a higher frequency and the other is a lower frequency. The higher frequency is used to drive the motors. The signal is then received by the receiver phone which then transmits the DTMF signal to the DTMF decoder. The DTMF decoder then decodes the signal and then transmits to the Gate Driver IC (which is connected to the Arduino for motor control). The Gate Driver IC which has the BLDC motors connected to it drives the motors. Furthermore this rover is being operated by Dual Tone Modulation Frequency (DTMF). In addition the rover is equipped with a Gas Sensor.

Remaining Useful Life Estimation of BLDC Motor Considering Voltage Degradation and Attention-Based Neural Network

Brushless DC motor, also referred to as BLDC motor, has been a widely used electric machine due to its excellent performance over conventional DC motors. Due to complex operating conditions and overloading, several irregularities can take place in a motor. Stator related faults are among the most commonly occurring faults in BLDC motor. With an initial raise in local heating, a fault in the stator can largely reduce motor efficiency and account for the entire system breakdown. In this study, we present a deep learning-based approach to estimate the remaining useful life (RUL) of BLDC motor affected by different stator related faults. To analyze the motor health degradation, we have investigated two types of stator faults namely inter-turn fault (ITF) and winding short-circuit fault (WSC). A generator was coupled with the motor and using an average value rectifier (AVR), generator's output voltage was monitored for the entire lifecycle. A proven neural network for effective sequence modeling, recurrent neural network (RNN) is selected to train the voltage degradation data. For a better estimation of nonlinear trends, long-short term memory (LSTM) with attention mechanism is chosen to make predictions of the motor RUL for both types of faults. The main concern that encourages authors of this paper is the proposed method can be used for the real-time condition monitoring and health state estimation of BLDC motors. Also, the proposed AVR-LSTM method is not affected by environmental influences, making it suitable for diverse operating conditions.

Implementation of Controller for PMBLDC Motor Drive based Electric Vehicle

The entire research community working on automobiles have turned their focus on electric vehicle. PMBLDC motor is very popular in industrial and household applications due to its high efficiency, high power density and low maintenance cost. The rapid advancement in power electronics devices and controllers aids the use of PMBLDC motor in electrical drives system instead of conventional DC motor and AC motor. In this paper we have discussed a Simulink model of Bi-directional speed control for high torque to volume ratio PMBLDC motor to control the speed of PMBLDC motor in electric vehicle application. In this scheme the direction of motor is changed only with change in switching pattern. So this method is a cost effective method. The same strategy has been implemented using DSPIC4011, 16 bit microcontroller. The Raspberry Pi acts as a gateway to configure the unique ID for the application and connect it with the web server. The device is capable of sending the sensor value to the database and the user can able to monitor the value in the web page.

Artificial-Hand Technology—Current State of Knowledge in Designing and Forecasting Changes

The subject of human-hand versatility has been intensively investigated for many years. Emerging robotic constructions change continuously in order to mimic natural mechanisms as accurately as possible. Such an attitude is motivated by the demand for humanoid robots with sophisticated end effectors and highly biomimic prostheses. This paper provides wide analysis of more than 80 devices that have been created over the last 40 years. It compares both the mechanical structure and various actuators from conventional DC motors and servomechanisms, through pneumatic muscles, to soft actuators and artificial muscles. Described measured factors include angles, forces, torques, tensions, and tactiles. Furthermore, the appropriate statistics of kinematic configuration, as well as the type or number of drive units and sensory systems, show not only recent problems, but also trends that will be followed in the future.

Switched Reluctance Motor, The future of Modern Electric Vehicle - A Technical Review

Development is always the concern of the world. World always looks forward to more and more comforts in the life of people. One of the areas which contributed to this development is the automation, which reduced the effort of people, reduced the distance and the time required for a job. The distance and time could be shortened by the engines used for vehicles, starting with internal combustion engine, steam engine and so on. But at the same time, development had brought in few unwanted features too. The next phase of modernization is to reduce this unwanted features. This brought in the idea of electric drives, even to the electric vehicle. The new era progresses in this search of upgrading the technology with electric and hybrid vehicles, where the conventional electric motors, induction or DC motors, replace the drive. It is the apt time to progress above the same with special electrical machines namely Switched Reluctance Motor. Researches show that the machine will have a far reaching influence in the development of the world, in different areas of automation, especially in the vehicle technology.

Multistable series elastic actuators: Design and control

In this paper we propose a novel actuation concept, consisting of a conventional DC motor in series with a compliant element having multiple configurations of equilibrium. The proposed device works similarly to a traditional series elastic actuator, where the elasticity increases safety and force control accuracy, but presents the possibility of achieving higher efficiency and releasing energy at a higher bandwidth. An introduction on the mechanical properties of the multistable element explains its working principle and provides simple model-based guidelines to its design. We characterize the actuator and propose a robust algorithm to control both storage and rate of release of its elastic energy. Using only an incremental encoder on the motor’s axis, we show that we can reliably control the position of the actuator and its convergence towards a state of stable equilibrium. The proposed robust control architecture sensibly improves the tracking accuracy with respect to conventional PID controllers. Once reconfigured, no additional energy from the motor is required to hold the position, making the actuator appealing for energy-efficient systems. We conclude with a discussion on the limitations and advantages of such technology, suggesting avenues for its application in the field of assistive robotics.

Correction to: Extended State Observer Based Robust Position Tracking Control for DC Motor with External Disturbance and System Uncertainties

This paper proposes an extended state observer-based robust position tracking control for DC motor with external disturbance and system uncertainties. In this control strategy, external disturbance and acceleration dynamics, including uncertainty of the input parameter, are lumped in the disturbance using acceleration dynamics. An extended state observer (ESO) is designed to estimate the disturbance and full states, whereas a position tracking controller is designed to compensate for the disturbance. The stability of a closed-loop system is investigated using Lyapunov theory. The proposed method guarantees the semi-global uniform ultimate boundedness of the position tracking error using only position feedback for unknown nonlinear systems with external disturbance. The proposed method is simple and robust against external disturbance and parameter uncertainties. In addition, only nominal parameter values of the input gain are required. The proposed method was experimentally verified, and it exhibited improved position tracking performance compared to other methods using state feedback and ESO-based conventional DC motor models.

Design of Sensor less Sliding-Mode BLDC motor Speed regulator using Class of Uncertain Takagi-Sugeno Nonlinear Systems

Current Research Brushless dc motor (BLDC) is very popular in wide variety of applications. In comparison to conventional dc motor, the brushless dc motor having electronic commutator rather than mechanical commutator, so it is more reliable than the dc motor. BLDC motors are commonly used in high end white goods (refrigerator, washing machine, dish washer etc.), high end pump applications which require higher reliability and efficiency. This paper proposed a new method for sensor less speed control of high-Speed brushless Dc motors with higher reliability of the motor. The sensor less BLDC motor based on back EMF sensing and a rotor position angular detection value. The Nonlinear characteristics of Sensor less BLDC motor analyzed using (TZ) fuzzy model in MATLAB. Simulated Results shows proposed control method superior than conventional controllers.

S.A.R.A.H.: The Bipedal Robot with Machine Learning Step Decision Making

Herein, we describe a custom-made bipedal robot that uses electromagnets for performing movements as opposed to conventional DC motors. The robot uses machine learning to stabilize its self by taking steps. The results of several machine learning techniques for step decision are described. The robot does not use electric motors as actuators. As a result, it makes imprecise movements and is inherently unstable. To maintain stability, it must take steps. Classifiers are required to learn from users about when and which leg to move to maintain stability and locomotion. Classifiers such as Decision tree, Linear/Quadratic Discriminant, Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbor, and Neural Networks are trained and compared. Their performance/accuracy is noted.

Boost Converter Fed High Performance BLDC Drive for Solar PV Array Powered Air Cooling System

This paper proposes the utilization of a DC-DC boost converter as a mediator between a Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) array and the Voltage Source Inverters (VSI) in an SPV array powered air cooling system to attain maximum efficiency. The boost converter, over the various common DC-DC converters, offers many advantages in SPV based applications. Further, two Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are employed in the proposed air cooling system: one to run the centrifugal water pump and the other to run a fan-blower. Employing a BLDC motor is found to be the best option because of its top efficiency, supreme reliability and better performance over a wide range of speeds. The air cooling system is developed and simulated using the MATLAB/Simulink environment considering the steady state variation in the solar irradiance. Further, the efficiency of BLDC drive system is compared with a conventional Permanent Magnet DC (PMDC) motor drive system and from the simulated results it is found that the proposed system performs better.

Position Sensorless Field Oriented Control of IPMSM Under Parameter Uncertainties

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are widely used in industry due to their high torque per volume ratio, low noise, efficiency and wide stable operation region. Especially in home appliance applications, obtaining high torque using small motors and low audible noise has crucial importance. Therefore, conventional DC motors have been replaced by the permanent magnet synchronous motors in the modern applications. In this study, field oriented sensorless control over wide speed range is carried out under parametric uncertainties. The pole coloring concept is used for the control of a PMSM in an industrial setup for the first time. The design method and experimental results are presented.

Switched Reluctance Motor Actuator Based on Current Source Converter for Automotive Throttle Control

In this paper Switched reluctance motors are proposed for high temperature automotive applications due to the absence of magnets in comparison to conventional DC or brushless DC motors. The improvement in converter efficiency by the use of a current source converter in the front end simplifies the current control strategy that is otherwise required to be implemented in each phase coil winding. The analysis of the converter will be supported with simulation and the results for converter efficiency will be calculated. The proposed strategy will be suitable for implementation using a microcontroller based control mechanism for position control in an automotive application such as throttle control.