Conventional Content Analysis Method Research Articles

Qualitative exploration of sexual dysfunction and associated coping strategies among Iranian prostate cancer survivors.

Our understanding of the experiences of prostate cancer survivors regarding their sexual life and related issues remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to explore sexual dysfunction and associated coping strategies among Iranian prostate cancer survivors. A qualitative study was undertaken. Participants were 15 Iranian prostate cancer survivors chosen using purposeful sampling. Data collection involved conducting in-depth semi-structured interviews, followed by the utilization of the conventional qualitative content analysis method for data analysis. Three themes were developed: (a) suspension of sexual life-treatment for prostate cancer significantly impacted participants' sexual lives; (b) emotional resilience and psychological coping strategies-various psychological strategies were used to tackle sexual dysfunction; (c) efforts to regain sexual function-several strategies were applied to enhance sexual performance. Our study findings provide insights into the experiences of prostate cancer survivors and subsequent shifts in their sexual dynamics and coping with the disease. Healthcare providers should actively identify patients' concerns and develop culturally tailored care strategies to address sexual challenges and improve coping among prostate cancer survivors.

Antecedents of Spiritual Health Affecting Family Management and Sexual Relationships of Couples: A Conventional Content Analysis

Background: Spiritual Health (SH) is the most meaningful and universal part of health affecting all human dimensions functions. Given that community health depends on the health of the family environment, Islam pays special attention to the basic foundation of the family and its persistence. Therefore, this qualitative study aimed to determine the antecedents of SH in Muslim couples according to Islamic sources. Methods: To collect the required data, some keywords, including “spiritual health”, “spirituality”, “spouses”, “couples”, and “Islam” were searched both in Persian and Arabic in Google Scholar, Noormags, SID, and Magiran databases in 1980-2023. After examining 37 documents, the conventional content analysis method was adopted to determine the antecedents of SH. Results: The 139 extracted codes were then classified into six categories (affecting the family management and their sexual, spiritual, behavioral, emotional, and cognitive relations). This paper elaborates on the antecedents of SH “affecting the family management”, and “sexual relationships” of couples. The first category includes four subcategories, “family boundaries and management”, “mutual and exclusive rights”, “planning”, and “cooperation and division of labor”. The second includes five subcategories, “encouragement to marry with trust in God”, “having offspring”, “preparation and contextualization”, “request and response”, and “infidelity prevention”. Conclusion: Both categories of “affecting the family management” and “sexual relationships” affect the lives of Muslim couples as antecedents and consequences of the concept of SH. It is suggested to perform more research by considering the texts of Sunni scholars.

The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Factors Influencing Iranian Medical Residents' Specialty Selection: A Qualitative Study.

Medical students' specialty selection influences the composition of the physician workforce and the effectiveness of health systems. Therefore, the identification of factors that influence the choice of specialty is critical for an evidence-based health policy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the determinants of specialty choice among Iranian medical residents. In early 2022, this qualitative study was conducted among Iranian medical residents in seven provinces, including Tehran, Isfahan, Fars, Khorasan Razavi, Kerman, Kermanshah, and Khuzestan. The participants were selected using a purposeful sampling method. Data were collected using 74 semi-structured in-depth face-to-face interviews. Finally, a thematic content analysis (conventional content analysis) method was applied for data synthesis. The participant's mean age was 28.7±2.5 years, and more than 52% (N=39) were men. Following data synthesis, 10 sub-themes and four main themes were identified, including educational aspects affected by the pandemic, career-related hazards, personal and professional lifestyles affected by the disease, and experiences and beliefs regarding the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on medical students' educational, professional, and personal aspects of specialty choices. This study demonstrated how the disease affected the choice of specialty. Therefore, the findings could be used for developing national health policy and planning.

Dissatisfaction and Protest of First-Year Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents and Related Factors: A Qualitative Study

Background: Physical and emotional stress during the residency period can have lasting negative effects on residents’ health as well as patient care. Such stress can cause emotional and psychological burnout, decreased physician productivity, impaired job performance, and poor social relationships. First-year residents have more burnout and stress due to many factors. This study aimed to investigate the reasons for the protest of this group of residents. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted with the participation of residents and professors of obstetrics and gynecology in one of the teaching hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in spring of 2021. Data were collected through individual face-to-face interviews and group discussions. The conventional content analysis method was used to analyze the data. To ensure the accuracy of the qualitative data, the criteria proposed by Lincoln and Guba were considered. Results: A total of 14 participants were interviewed and 16 people participated in focus group discussion sessions. From the text of the interviews, two themes were extracted. Participants’ experiences showed unbearable pressure, domination, and anonymity as stressors in first-year obstetrics and gynecology residents. Conclusion: The results showed that the main reason for the protest of the first-year residents was the wrong behavior of the second-year residents and the lack of supervision over these behaviors. Launching a kindness campaign was a suggested solution in this research that could help improve communication between residents and the educational atmosphere.

Pregnant Women’s Experiences of Sexual Activity During Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study

Background: Pregnancy is a sensitive time in women’s lives, as they experience numerous physical, psychological, and behavioral changes that can affect their sexual and marital relations. Due to the significance of this topic, the present study aimed to examine pregnant women’s experiences of sexual activity during pregnancy. Methods: The participants in this qualitative content analysis study were 23 pregnant women who visited hospitals in Babolsar, Iran (2019-2020) and were selected using purposive sampling. Following in-depth interviews, a semi-structured questionnaire guide was used to collect qualitative data. Data were analyzed using the conventional content analysis method proposed by Graneheim and Lundman. The MAXQDA 10 software was utilized for qualitative data analysis. Results: In the present study, pregnant women ranged in age from 19 to 35 years. The analysis of pregnant women’s experiences of sexual activity during pregnancy led to the identification of four categories including sexual changes perceived during pregnancy, strategies for coping with sexual changes during pregnancy, sexual changes leading to the couple’s development, and factors influencing sexual activity during pregnancy. Conclusion: During pregnancy, women observe various sexual changes in themselves and their partners, influenced by gestational age, medical disorders, physical changes, psychological and emotional factors, and underlying factors. Accordingly, it is recommended that couples be educated on sexual health during pregnancy which emphasizes the need for further research in this area.

Social determinants of violence against adolescent married women and how the women respond to it: A qualitative study in the Kurdish areas of Iran.

It is crucial to identify the factors that influence violence against women, one of Iran's most significant health and social issues. Thus, the purpose of this research is to explore the social determinants of violence against adolescent married women and how the women respond to it in the Kurdish areas of Iran via a qualitative approach. The present study was conducted with a qualitative approach and the conventional content analysis method among 33 married adolescent women who experienced violence and key informants in the Kurdish areas of Iran. Targeted and snowball sampling were used to reach the participants, and semistructured interviews were used to collect data. In order to improve the quality of the research results, Guba and Lincoln criteria were observed. Four categories, 18 subcategories, and 195 codes were obtained from the data analysis: (a) sociocultural factors (beliefs dictated by cultural norms, fatalism, incomplete social support, and weakness of the law), (b) family factors (the prevalence of silence in the face of violence, the existence of a model of violence and aggression in families, and inappropriate conditions of the husband), (c) individual factors (strong dependence on the husband, unstable position, low self-confidence, not having enough sexual skills, not having enough skills in interpersonal relationships, and too much insistence on continuing married life), and (d) reactions from the victims (silence and concealment, seeking support, tolerance, confrontation, and revenge). Violence against adolescent married women is influenced by various sociocultural, family, and individual factors, and women react differently to the violence of their husbands, the most common of which is silence and concealment. Therefore, prevention of this phenomenon requires individual, family, social, and cultural interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Caregivers’ concerns about the sexual and reproductive health of women with intellectual disability in Iran: a qualitative study

BackgroundWomen with intellectual disability (ID) have many sexual and reproductive problems. This study was conducted to explain the sexual and reproductive health considerations of women with ID from the perspective of their caregivers in a qualitative approach.MethodsThis study was a qualitative research conducted with a content analysis approach in Iran. The sampling method used was targeted sampling with maximum possible variation, which was continued until data saturation. For data collection, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 participants, including 8 mothers, 6 caregivers, and 7 specialist caregivers who had experience working with women with intellectual disabilities. Data analysis was conducted using the conventional content analysis method proposed by Zhang and Wildemuth.ResultsTwo main themes, four categories and 12 subcategories emerged from the data analysis. The themes include “Reproductive health concerns” and” "Sexual health concerns”. This means that this group of women has many problems with menstrual hygiene and vaginal infections. On the other hand, caregivers were concerned about the manifestations of unconventional sexual behaviors and difficulties in controlling sexual behaviors as well as the risk of sexual abuse.ConclusionThe results of the present study show that it is not only necessary to provide women with ID with practical instructions on menstrual hygiene and sexual self-care, but also that regular examinations of the reproductive system by obstetricians or midwives, especially in care centers, seem essential.

Perception and Experiences of Rehabilitation Service Providers of Teamwork Barriers in Tehran Province, Iran

Background and Objectives: The team plays a role as one of the crucial indicators in increasing the performance of the organization. Understanding the perspective of teamwork providers in rehabilitation regarding the existing obstacles can help a lot to improve the situation. This study aims to percept and experience rehabilitation service providers about teamwork barriers in Tehran Province, Iran. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted by conventional content analysis. The participants included 15 service providers with different genders and locations of activities from within Tehran Province in a snowball pattern. The data were collected by in-depth and quasi-structured interviews and analyzed by conventional content analysis method and using constant comparison. Results: After analyzing the meaningful statements of the interviewees, 3 sub-themes “regulations”, “procedural” and “executive” emerged and from the integration of these sub-themes, the theme of “obstacles” emerged. Conclusion: Some of the results of this research, such as defects in rehabilitation management, imposing double treatment costs on clients, and weakness of teamwork training in the university, have common results. Also, some phrases, such as not paying attention to the role of the municipality in rehabilitation and the number of rehabilitation trustees have not been mentioned in the interviews. Based on the results, it was found that obstacles based on regulations, processes, and implementation play a role in the development of teamwork in rehabilitation.

Perceived Determinants of Health-Related Behaviors Among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Longitudinal Qualitative Study.

Studies had reported some influencing factors of health behavior among patients with coronary heart disease(CHD) after percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI). However, considering that human perceptions are complex, unrestricted and dynamically changing. A longitudinal qualitative study was conducted to explore the determinants of health-related behaviors of patients after PCI and dynamic changes of these determinants at the 1st, 3rd, and 6th months. Using purposive sampling, 18 patients undergoing PCI were interviewed. The conventional content analysis method was used to identify categories and subcategories. Semi-structured, face-to-face or telephone in-depth interviews were conducted at the cardiology unit of a tertiary referral hospital in Yunnan Province, China from March 2022 to January 2023. Seven categories with some subcategories were constructed from the data, categorized into three domains. Firstly, individual factors include (i) Personal coping with healthy lifestyle requirements (tried but failed; I can do it), (ii) individual perception and feeling toward disease (knowing about the disease; belief of cure; fearsofrelapse), and (iii) personal benefits (improved health; meaning of life). Secondly, social factors include (i) social facilitators (family resources; healthcare support), (ii) social barriers (inconvenient medical care service; conflicting information). Finally, cultural factors include (i) way of living (dietary habits; key roles of yan (cigarette) and jiu (alcohol) in Chinese society), (ii) way of thinking (fatalism and Confucian familism). The determinants of health-related behaviors of patients after PCI are multifaceted and dynamic. Different interventions should be formulated to promote patients' adherence to health behaviors. Moreover, priority should be given to the impact of traditional Chinese philosophy on the health behaviors of patients after PCI, and the health promotion program for these patients should be culturally sensitive. In addition, future research should further explore the determinants of health behaviors among diverse ethnic minorities after PCI, which has not been fully inquired in this study.

The challenges of voluntary care provision for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A qualitative study of the public volunteers' experiences.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a remarkable increase in public volunteering for the care of hospitalized patients. They faced challenges during their voluntary care provision. This study aimed at exploring public volunteers' experiences of the challenges of the voluntary care provision to hospitalized patients with COVID-19. A descriptive qualitative study with an inductive content analysis method was conducted, 2022-2023. Eighteen public volunteers providing care to hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were purposefully selected among 10 hospitals, specialized in COVID-19 care in Tehran and Shiraz, Iran. Data were collected over 7 months through in-depth semistructured interviews and concurrently analyzed using conventional content analysis methods. The challenges of voluntary care provision to hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were illustrated in five main categories, each with two subcategories. The categories included structural challenges, interpersonal conflicts, financial constraints, covert participationand the deteriorating condition of care provision. The subcategories comprised lack of volunteer recruitment bases, ineffective organization of voluntary activities, pervasive distrust, heightened risk of clinical errors, conflicts between volunteer commitments and primary occupation, lack of financial support, lack of family support, isolation by friends, mental traumaand physical exhaustion. Public volunteers encounter diverse challenges while providing care to hospitalized patients with COVID-19, which negatively impacts their motivation to serve. By addressing these challenges, we can create a more supportive environment for volunteers and enhance the quality of care provided to patients during public health emergencies. Identifying such challenges can assist healthcare managers and policymakers develop effective strategies to mitigate mounting difficulties and enhance volunteer services, thereby improving the overall quality of care provided to patients during public health crises. Participants were identified and recruited after the study objectives were explained in person to the managers. The participants were approached and interviewed by one author. Participation was voluntary and the participants did not receive any financial compensation for their time.

Designing and psychometric assessment of the moral intelligence scale for healthcare professionals

The moral intelligence of healthcare professionals in the cardiac operating room is one of the most important aspects of professional competence. However, moral intelligence is an abstract and multidimensional concept that needs to be clarified and described based on organizational culture and environment. Therefore, there is a need to design a specific scale for measuring the moral intelligence of healthcare professionals in the cardiac operating room. This study aims to design and assess the psychometric properties of a moral intelligence scale for healthcare professionals in the cardiac operating room. The present study was a mixed method study with a sequential exploratory approach. The research was conducted in 2023–2024 in Iran. The first phase data were collected from 20 healthcare professionals and were analyzed by conventional content analysis method. In the second phase, the validity and reliability of the instrument were evaluated by involving 300 healthcare professionals in the cardiac operating room. The moral intelligence of health care professionals in the cardiac operating room was defined as moral sensitivity combined with moral commitment and moral courage for the provision of quality care that respects the principles of medical ethics. After deducing the conceptual framework, the moral intelligence scale for healthcare professionals in the cardiac operating room was developed with three dimensions: “moral sensitivity,” “moral commitment,” and “moral courage.” 11 items were removed during testing to ensure content validity. Face validity was confirmed with impact scores > 1.5 for all items. A scale was developed through factor analysis with three factors that accounted for 73.04% of the observed variance. The instrument’s reliability using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient calculation was reported as 0.94 for the entire instrument. The testretest showed no statistically significant difference between the pre and post-test scores of moral intelligence (p = 0.51). The moral intelligence scale demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties. The moral intelligence scale for health care professionals in the cardiac operating room demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties. This instrument may serve to assess the moral intelligence of healthcare professionals and determine the need for educational interventions to reduce the ethical challenges and improve the moral intelligence of this healthcare.

Exploring the understanding and experience of women with rheumatic diseases regarding fertility intention- a qualitative content analysis

BackgroundPatients with rheumatic diseases (RDs) have a lower desire to have children, fewer children, and a longer interval between their pregnancies, which can be due to the patient’s personal choice, the physician’s advice, changes in sexual activity, changes in fertility, and pregnancy failure. This study aimed to explore the understanding and experience of women with RDs regarding pregnancy intention.MethodIn Mashhad, Northeast Iran, between December 2022 and March 2023, this qualitative inquiry was carried out. Purposive sampling was used to select thirty women with RDs. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data. Graneheim and Lundman’s conventional content analysis method was used to analyze the data. The data organization was done using MAXQDA 12 software. Credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability have been considered as elements of trustworthiness.ResultsThe participants’ data analysis revealed the following main theme: “duality of desire and fear in childbearing”. Five main categories were identified, including “Individual health concerns following pregnancy”, “motherhood and womanhood perceptions”, “concerns about child harm”, “contradictory beliefs and attitudes of significant family members and clinicians about pregnancy”, and “lack of social support for fertility”.ConclusionIn order to improve the outcomes of pregnancy for women with RDs, the medical professionals who manage them must actively and frequently inquire about their intentions to childbearing and offer them individualized guidance on how to be in the best possible health at the time of conception. Rheumatologists, gynecologists, and reproductive health specialists can better address the sexual and reproductive health needs of this population by enhancing their collaboration in the care of women with RDs.

Perspectives of suicide loss survivors: Qualitative analysis of data from a psychological autopsy study of U.S. Army soldiers.

Suicide loss survivors can provide information not otherwise available about the circumstances preceding a suicide. In this study, we analyzed interview data from suicide loss survivors collected as part of a psychological autopsy study of U.S. Army soldiers. Next-of-kin (NOK) (n = 61) and Army supervisors (SUP) (n = 107) of suicide decedents (n = 135) who had died in the last 2-3 months answered open-ended questions about suicide risk factors, ideas for improving suicide prevention, and the impact of the suicide. Responses were coded using conventional content analysis methods to identify common themes. Many NOK (30%) and SUP (50%) did not observe any signs of risk preceding the soldier's suicide. The most common idea regarding suicide prevention from SUP was that the suicide was inevitable, whereas NOK were more likely to emphasize the importance of increasing mental health treatment and reducing stigma. Both NOK and SUP reported negative effects of the suicide, but SUP reported some positive effects (e.g., increased unit connectedness). Results underscore the challenges of using informants to identify soldiers at high risk of suicide, given many respondents did not observe any warning signs. Findings also highlight attitudinal barriers present in the military that, if targeted, may increase soldiers' help-seeking and willingness to disclose their risk.

Development and psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire on the contributing factors of tendency towards voluntary single-childedness and childlessness: a mixed method study

Couples’ tendency towards voluntary single-childedness and childlessness (VSCC) has turned into a major challenge in all societies and led to different problems such as population aging. A key step to VSCC management is to determine its contributing factors through valid and reliable instruments. This exploratory sequential mixed method study (qualitative-quantitative) was conducted in 2020–2021. Phases of qualitative consists of all couples aged 15–49 in Babol, Iran, who were single or childless. Sampling is based on the purpose, and the number of samples is 20 couples. To collect data, face-to-face and semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants. Sampling continued until data saturation. The data were analyzed by the conventional content analysis method and quantitative phase. Initially, a qualitative study was conducted on twenty couples, and were analyzed through conventional content analysis. Findings were used to develop QFT-VSCC and then, the face, content, and construct validity as well as reliability were assessed. Construct validity was assessed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and reliability was assessed through internal consistency and stability assessments. The results of the qualitative part analysis consist of 140 codes, 30 primary categories, and nine main categories and two themes (individual limitations and social limitations). The primary QFT-VSCC had 78 items. Fifty-eight items were omitted during validity assessment and the remaining twenty-two items were loaded on five factors during factor analysis. These factors were threatened priorities, inappropriate familial context for childbearing, sense of occupational and social insecurity for the child, social modeling of childlessness, and tendency towards change or stability in marital life. The five factors explained 52.56% of the total variance. All model fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis were acceptable and the Cronbach’s alpha values of QFT-VSCC and all its factors were more than 0.70. The results of convergent validity analysis revealed that all factors had an AVE value greater than 0.5, and the HTMT index for all factors was less than 0.85. This indicated that discriminant validity had been achieved. QFT-VSCC is a simple valid and reliable instrument for VSCC assessment among both men and women.

Investigating the perceptions and experiences of Canadian dentists on dental regulatory bodies' communications and guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Dental regulatory bodies aim to ensure the health and safety of dentists, dental staff patients and the public. An important responsibility during a pandemic is to communicate risk and guidelines for patient care. Limited data exist on the perceptions and experiences of dentists navigating new guidelines for mitigating risk in dental care during the pandemic. The objective of this study was to use a qualitative approach to explore how dentists in Canada experienced and perceived their regulatory bodies' communication about COVID-19 risks and guidelines during the pandemic. Participants were Canadian dentists (N = 644) recruited through the email roster of nine provincial dental associations or regulatory bodies. This qualitative analysis was nested within a prospective longitudinal cohort study in which data were collected using online questionnaires at regular intervals from August 2020 to November 2021. To address the objective reported in this paper, a conventional qualitative content analysis method was applied to responses to three open-ended questions included in the final questionnaire. Participants encountered challenges and frustrations amid the COVID-19 pandemic, grappling with diverse regulations and communications from dental bodies. While some bodies offered helpful guidance, many participants felt the need for improved communication on guidelines. Dentists urged for expedited, clearer and more frequent updates, expressing difficulty in navigating overwhelming information. Negative views emerged on the vague and unclear communication of COVID-19 guidelines, contributing to confusion and frustration among participants. As COVID-19 persists and in planning for future pandemics, these experiential findings will help guide regulatory bodies in providing clear, timely and practical guidelines to protect the health and safety of dentists, dental staff, patients and the public.

Emergency medical technicians' experience of managing patients' pain during hospital transport: A qualitative study

This study aimed to explore and elucidate the experiences of emergency medical technicians concerning the pain management of patients during hospital transfers. By delving into their feelings, thoughts, and attitudes, the study sought to provide valuable insights to address the challenges faced in this critical aspect of patient care. In this qualitative study, targeted sampling was employed to recruit 10 emergency medical technicians as participants. Data were gathered through interviews and subsequently transcribed onto paper. The collected information was then subjected to analysis using the conventional content analysis method. The analysis of the collected data and the resulting findings revealed the presence of several barriers, including limited options for pain management, concerns about drug side effects, fear of potential repercussions, and the lack of readily available medical support for emergency medical technicians. The study's findings highlight the multitude of barriers and challenges in managing patients' pain, underscoring the paramount importance of pain relief as a critical issue. This significance becomes even more apparent in underserved and remote regions with limited treatment resources, where emergency medical technicians must prioritize this matter as a vital concern.

Factors Affecting the Quality of Sexual Life in Iranian Elderly Men With Andropause

Objectives Andropause is the common term for menopause in older men, which is characterized by a decrease in testosterone levels. Many elderly men with andropause have difficulty or are embarrassed to talk about sexual topics, which causes a lack of information or wrong beliefs and attitudes towards this issue, especially among families. The existing studies in Iran have not had a deep and special attention on this issue. Therefore, this study aims to qualitatively investigate the factors affecting the quality of sexual life in Iranian elderly men with andropause. Methods & Materials This is a qualitative study conducted in 2022 using the content analysis method. Using a purposeful sampling method, 14 elderly men with andropause were selected from among those who visited five health centers in different areas of Mashhad city in Iran. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview. Data analysis was done at the same time as sampling by using the conventional content analysis method. MAXQD software was used for data management. Results The mean age of the participants was 70 years. Eight men had primary education, three had middle school education, one had a high school diploma, and two were illiterate. The findings included 290 codes, 19 subcategories, 9 categories, and 3 themes. The themes were perceived sexual impotence, non-sexual feelings and experiences, and the desire to have an active sexual life. Conclusion The result of in-depth interviews with the elderly with andropause showed the components that can be addressed by officials and researchers for facilitating appropriate planning in this area. The knowledge of the existing situation and how the affecting factors can be the basis of new studioes in this field.

Teachers and managers experiences of virtual learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study

The closure of universities and schools interrupted learning outcomes and deprived students from growth and development opportunities as well as hindering their academic progress. Indeed, the COVID-19 Pandemic changed educational mechanism from traditional method to staying at home and virtual education globally. On the other hand, the educators and student particularly in developing countries faced shortage of necessary software and hardware infrastructures. Accordingly, introduction of virtual education along with some organizational and regional obstacles as well as poor planning caused low-quality online courses. Therefore, the present study extrapolated teachers' virtual education experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. This qualitative study conducted on Iranian teachers using the conventional content analysis method in 2022. To do this, the targeted sampling method with maximum variation continued until data saturation. Hence, a total of 17 teachers (10 women and 7 men) included in the study. Data collected through five focus group discussions on the Sky room platform and two individual in-depth interviews. Male teachers had an average age of 44.42 years, while female ones had an average age of 47.80 years. The qualitative analysis categorized 22 themes as virtual education's pros and cons. Mental, physical, and social injuries; economic problems; insufficient virtual teaching skills; lack of virtual infrastructure; lack of motivation were identified as the main disadvantages of virtual education. Virtual education benefits included familiarity with modern science and education, time management, the durability of video and course topics, and not forcing students to attend class. Removing structural barriers (like creating a good platform for practical education and stopping new restrictive policies) and individual barriers (like economic and family problems, lack of motivation, psychological pressures, and occupational stress) could possibly improve virtual education. Virtual education should be different from face-to-face teaching because it can only meet some students' needs.

Explaining Midwifery Students’ Experience of Their First Attendance in Clinical Skill Centers: A Content Analysis Study

Background: Learning clinical skills on “real patients” not only endangers patient safety but also raises many ethical concerns. Methods: This is a qualitative study designed and implemented using the content analysis method. The studied population included all midwifery students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences who had recently passed the course: “Introduction to the Principles and Techniques of Patient Care at Clinical Skill Centers (CSC)”. Data were analyzed by conventional content analysis method. Results: Overall, 156 codes were extracted from the research data, which were organized into 9 categories and 28 subcategories after removing or merging similar codes. The midwifery students’ experience of attending CSC was reflected in the form of three main themes (i.e., self-regulation, mentoring, and support management) and nine sub-themes (reinforcing intrinsic motivation in students, building self-confidence in students, mentor as a model, proper formulation and implementation of rules in CSC, training communication skills, the need to apply modern training methods, revising the structure, practice, and schedule of student groups). Conclusions: According to the findings of the present study, it could be concluded that primary education in CSC plays a very important role in reducing the stress of working with patients, professionalism, increasing self-confidence, and teaching clinical skills to students. Of course, achievement of this goal heavily relies on the crucial role of teachers of this course, who act as mentors responsible for planning, organizing, and modeling in addition to teaching.

Strengths and Limitations of Web-Based Cessation Support for Individuals Who Smoke, Dual Use, or Vape: Qualitative Interview Study.

Tobacco use has shifted in recent years, especially with the introduction of e-cigarettes. Despite the current variable and intersecting tobacco product use among tobacco users, most want to quit, which necessitates cessation programs to adapt to these variable trends (vs focusing on combustible cigarettes alone). The use of web-based modalities for cessation support has become quite popular in recent years and has been compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, understanding the current strengths and limitations of existing programs to meet the needs of current various tobacco users is critical for ensuring the saliency of such programs moving forward. The purpose of this study was to understand the strengths and limitations of web-based cessation support offered through QuitNow to better understand the needs of a variety of end users who smoke, dual use, or vape. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 36 nicotine product users in British Columbia. Using conventional content analysis methods, we inductively derived descriptive categories and themes related to the strengths and limitations of QuitNow for those who smoke, dual use, or vape. We analyzed the data with the support of NVivo (version 12; QSR International) and Excel (Microsoft Corporation). Participants described several strengths and limitations of QuitNow and provided suggestions for improvement, which fell under 2 broad categories: look and feel and content and features. Shared strengths included the breadth of information and the credible nature of the website. Individuals who smoke were particularly keen about the site having a nonjudgmental feeling. Moreover, compared with individuals who smoke, individuals who dual use and individuals who vape were particularly keen about access to professional quit support (eg, quit coach). Shared limitations included the presence of too much text and the need to create an account. Individuals who dual use and individuals who vape thought that the content was geared toward older adults and indicated that there was a lack of information about vaping and personalized content. Regarding suggestions for improvement, participants stated that the site needed more interaction, intuitive organization, improved interface esthetics, a complementary smartphone app, forum discussion tags, more information for different tobacco user profiles, and user testimonials. Individuals who vape were particularly interested in website user reviews. In addition, individuals who vape were more interested in an intrinsic approach to quitting (eg, mindfulness) compared with extrinsic approaches (eg, material incentives), the latter of which was endorsed by more individuals who dual use and individuals who smoke. The findings of this study provide directions for enhancing the saliency of web-based cessation programs for a variety of tobacco use behaviors that hallmark current tobacco use.