Conventional Biometric Systems Research Articles

Iris Recognition Using Artificial Neural Network

Iris recognition has emerged as one of the most widely used and effective techniques for personal verification. It leverages the unique features of the human eye, specifically the distinct patterns found in the iris or, more precisely, the pupil. Biometric systems based on iris scanning analyze these unique iris patterns to confirm and authenticate an individual's identity. They are widely used as human eye has unique features particularly the iris. Human iris have random variations and complex texture which are stable with time even visible between identical twins. It’s replication and forgery are almost impossible. For training and testing our model we used CASIA-Iris-Interval database as camera used to collect this data uses a circular NIR LED array [1].Near Infrared LED has a suitable luminous flux for imaging human iris for recognition. Our results demonstrate that the ANN model outperforms traditional machine learning algorithms, such as Support Vector Machines (SVM) and k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN), in terms of both accuracy and robustness [5]. The model showed high accuracy in identifying iris patterns, even under varying conditions like changes in lighting, pupil dilation, and partial occlusions. This highlights the potential of deep learning techniques to overcome the challenges faced by conventional biometric systems, which often struggle with high-dimensional data and manual feature extraction [18].

Biometric systems based on ECG using ensemble empirical mode decomposition and Variational Mode decomposition

Electrocardiogram (ECG) based biometric is challenging to be developed with the aim of high-security access. This biometric system is more difficult to falsify, compared to the conventional biometric systems. From previous proposed studies, there is still a gap to improve the accuracy of the system. Therefore in this study, a new protocol is proposed to improve the performance of the ECG biometric system compared to previously reported studies. This study decomposes the ECG signals using a method based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) based, which are Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) and Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD). These two methods are the development of the EMD method to overcome one main problem of EMD. That is, the EMD method generates oscillations with the same time scales, which stored in different decomposition levels. A private ECG dataset, recorded using one lead ECG signal from 11 subjects, is used in this study. ECG signals from each person are then segmented into ten windows to become training data and test data. VMD and EEMD methods are used to decompose ECG signals into five sub-signals. Feature extraction based on statistical calculations is applied at each level of decomposition to obtain the characteristics of the ECG signal. Mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, and entropy are evaluated as predictors. Support vector machines and 10-fold cross-validation are used to validate the performance of the proposed method. Our simulations demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms several previous studies and achieves an accuracy of up to 98.2%.

Technologies to Overcome Spoofing Attack in Facial Recognition

The identification technologies used nowadays consists of biometrics as an essential component. The basic use of a conventional biometric system is to identify the authenticity of an individual through its physical as well as behavioral attributes, which is considered as one of the most suitable method to secure confidentiality of data. Though the security of these systems is stringent to breach, still it does consists of vulnerabilities due to various reasons. One of the major threats the current biometric system possess are the spoofing attacks. Spoofing attacks are difficult to conquer due to the fact that a person tries to masquerade as others in order to gain unauthorized access to the security systems. This is one of the biggest problem concerning the integrity of the biometric system. The study of spoofing attacks has gained interest of various researchers in the field of computer science, still there are aspects which needs greater attention in order to achieve a plausible solution. The study is based on the current biometric systems in order to compare and contrast the existing technology used in facial recognition. A detailed review of the existing anti – spoofing methods will be taken into account to discuss the future research directions. Thus, the work will focus on threats to the current security systems, with an aim to analyse the possible countermeasures, and its applications in real life scenarios.

A Novel framework of EEG-based user identification by analyzing music-listening behavior

This paper introduces a novel framework for user identification by analyzing neuro-signals. Studies regarding Electroencephalography (EEG) revealed that such bio-signals are sensitive, hard to forge, confidential, and unique which the conventional biometric systems like face, speaker, signature and voice lack. Traditionally, researchers investigated the neuro-signal patterns by asking users to perform various imaginary, visual or calculative tasks. In this work, we have analyzed this neuro-signal pattern using audio as stimuli. The EEG signals are recorded simultaneously while user is listening to music. Four different genres of music are considered as users have their own preference and accordingly they respond with different emotions and interests. The users are also asked to provide music preference which acts as a personal identification mechanism. The framework offers the benefit of uniqueness in neuro-signal pattern even with the same music preference by different users. We used two different classifiers i.e. Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based temporal classifier and Support Vector Machine (SVM) for user identification system. A dataset of 2400 EEG signals while listening to music was collected from 60 users. User identification performance of 97.50 % and 93.83 % have been recorded with HMM and SVM classifiers, respectively. Finally, the performance of the system is also evaluated on various emotional states after showing different emotional videos to users.

Using brain waves as transparent biometrics for on-demand driver authentication

Conventional biometric systems mainly assume one-time-only authentication. However, this technique is not used with user management applications. If a user is replaced by an imposter after the authentication has occurred, the systems cannot detect such a replacement. One solution to this problem is on-demand authentication, in which users are authenticated on a regular or non-regular schedule, as determined by the system. However, the on demand-authentication technique requires that we present biometric data without regard to do so. In this paper, we focus on the use of brain waves as transparent biometric signals. In particular, we assume driver authentication and measure the brain waves of drivers when they are performing mental tasks such as tracing routes or using a simplified driving simulator as an actual task. We propose to extract the power spectrum in the α–β band as an individual feature and propose two verification methods based on the similarity of the features. In addition, we propose to divide the α–β band into either four or six partitions and to fuse the similarity scores from all the partitions. We evaluate the verification performance using 23 subjects and obtain an equal error rate of 20–25%.

Bayesian analysis of fingerprint, face and signature evidences with automatic biometric systems

The Bayesian approach provides a unified and logical framework for the analysis of evidence and to provide results in the form of likelihood ratios (LR) from the forensic laboratory to court. In this contribution we want to clarify how the biometric scientist or laboratory can adapt their conventional biometric systems or technologies to work according to this Bayesian approach. Forensic systems providing their results in the form of LR will be assessed through Tippett plots, which give a clear representation of the LR-based performance both for targets (the suspect is the author/source of the test pattern) and non-targets. However, the computation procedures of the LR values, especially with biometric evidences, are still an open issue. Reliable estimation techniques showing good generalization properties for the estimation of the between- and within-source variabilities of the test pattern are required, as variance restriction techniques in the within-source density estimation to stand for the variability of the source with the course of time. Fingerprint, face and on-line signature recognition systems will be adapted to work according to this Bayesian approach showing both the likelihood ratios range in each application and the adequacy of these biometric techniques to the daily forensic work.