Conventional Arrangement Research Articles

Effect of dual flow arrangements on the performance of mini-channel heat sink: numerical study

Water-cooled heat sinks now gained the popularity due to increased heat generation inside the microprocessor. The generated high heat flux should be removed timely and uniformly for durability of microprocessor. In this work, the thermal performance of mini-channel heat sinks for fin spacing of 0.2 mm, 0.5 mm, 1 mm and 1.5 mm is numerically investigated with various dual flow arrangements. A uniform temperature distribution is observed for all dual flow arrangements discussed in this study which was not possible using single flow inlet/outlet. A direct influence of dual flow arrangements on base temperature and pressure drop of heat sink is evaluated. The results are then compared with the conventional single flow arrangement having same dimensioned heat sink available in the literature for water as well as for Al2O3–H2O nano-fluids. The maximum drop in base temperature was noted for rectangular inlet–circular outlet duct (no gap) flow arrangement as 14.3%, 15.4%, 16.06% and 15.6% for 0.2 mm, 0.5 mm, 1 mm and 1.5 mm fin spacing, respectively, as compared to the conventional single flow arrangement using water as a cooling fluid. Rectangular inlet–circular outlet duct (no gap) was found to be the best dual flow arrangement for all fin spacing investigated. The rectangular collector was then replaced by isosceles triangular collector for the best dual flow arrangement. The maximum reduction in net mass was noted as 12.0%, using isosceles triangular collector as compared to rectangular collector with same thermal performance. Dual rectangular inlet–circular outlet (no gap) flow arrangement highlights palpable improvement in hydrothermal performance compared to the conventional single circular inlet/outlet flow arrangement along with temperature uniformity.

Thermohydraulic maldistribution reduction in mini heat exchangers

A detailed numerical investigation has been carried out to analyze the flow maldistribution in 50 parallel 1 mm × 1 mm rectangular minichannels and 1 mm depth minigap section with rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular or concave manifolds in Z-type flow configuration. The working medium was ethanol and the mass flow rate was 5 × 10−4 kg/s. Both sections were heated from the bottom side. Heat flux of 10 000 W/m2 and 5000 W/m2 was applied to the minichannel and minigap section respectively. The method of the flow maldistribution mitigation in the diabatic flow has been checked. Thanks to introducing a threshold, the maldistribution coefficient can be reduced about twice in the minigap section or three times in the minichannel section with the 0.5 mm threshold as compared to the conventional arrangement. The velocity profile and temperature profile over the heat exchanger’s surface have been analyzed. Reduction of the maldistribution results in lower maximum temperature over the surface. The distribution is more uniform in the minichannel section than in the minigap section. This is due to a two-dimensional flow over a minigap. Hence, a two-dimensional approach to define maldistribution coefficients in minigap sections, which has not been distinguished in literature yet was used.

USE OF BLOCK CHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN PROVIDING SECURITY DURING DATA SHARING

This article overviews a chain based methodologies for a few security administrations. The Existing framework is contrasted and the proposed framework and it was discovered that the proposed framework has preferred execution over the existing one. Square chain offers a creative way to deal with putting away data, executing exchanges, performing capacities, and building up trust in an open situation. Many consider the square chain as an innovative leap forward for cryptography and digital security. Square chain administrations incorporate verification, secrecy, security and access control list (ACL), information and asset provenance, and uprightness affirmation. Every one of these administrations is basic for the current appropriated applications, particularly because of the huge measure of information being handled over the systems and the utilization of distributed computing. Square chain method is furnished with validation, inspecting, and responsibility, and consequently, it can fill in as a promising instrument for giving secure information correspondence on the system. Validation guarantees that the client is who he/she professes to be. Privacy ensures that information can't be perused by unapproved clients. Protection gives the clients the capacity to control who can get to their information. Provenance permits an effective following of the information and assets alongside their proprietorship and usage over the system. Trustworthiness helps in checking that the information has not been changed or adjusted. These administrations are right now overseen by concentrated controllers, for instance, a declaration authority. Along these lines, the administrations are inclined to assaults on the incorporated controller. Then again, the square chain is made sure about and disseminated records that can help settle a large number of the issues with centralization. From a security viewpoint, the square chain is made and kept up utilizing a distributed overlay arrangement and made sure about through shrewd and decentralized use of cryptography with swarm processing. Block chain offers an imaginative way to deal with putting away data, executing exchanges, performing capacities, and setting up a trust in an open environment. Many consider the square chain as an innovative leap forward for cryptography and digital security, with use cases running from internationally conveyed digital money frameworks. A decentralized distributed storage arranges has been presented with numerous favorable circumstances over the server farm based capacity. Comparable to conventional arrangement, decentralized distributed storage organize use customer side encryption to keep up information security.

From 1D to 2D arrangements of graphite flakes in an aluminium matrix composite: Impact on thermal properties

The 2D arrangement of highly-anisotropic graphite flake (Gf) in the Al matrix composite was achieved by combining the step-by-step powder filling method and flake powder metallurgy using the specifically-designed punch. Compared with the conventional 1D arrangement, its advantages are to improve thermal conductivity as well as to reduce coefficient of thermal expansion being compatible with that of the substrate material. This technical advance can open up a door towards thermal management applications of the low-cost Gf/Al composites.

Proposal and analysis of an integrated solar combined cycle with partial recuperation

The paper analyses an integrated solar combined cycle that, as a novelty, includes a gas turbine with partial recuperation. A conventional solar arrangement including parabolic troughs with a thermal oil is assumed. This field feeds a solar steam generator working in parallel with the high-pressure evaporator of the heat recovery steam generator. The plant is designed to balance out the solar supply to the steam cycle with the thermal power transferred to the air in the recuperator before it is introduced in the combustion chamber. Thus, only a fraction of the turbine exhaust gas flows through the recuperator. The additional steam production due to the solar contribution is mitigated by lower power available at the evaporator of the heat recovery steam generator, making possible to achieve constant steam turbine operation regardless the solar contribution. Results show that the proposal reaches better performance and lower generating cost than conventional integrated solar combined cycles. Besides, a new proposal to evaluate plant performances and economical assessments is introduced, which has been shown useful to understand correctly the results obtained.

Numerical simulations of a double-wall cooling with internal jet impingement and external hexagonal arrangement of film cooling holes

Three-dimensional conjugate computations are conducted to investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a double-wall cooling system with a novel hexagonal arrangement of film cooling holes. Under the same coolant flow rate, the heat transfer and cooling performance of angled holes in the hexagonal arrangement are investigated and compared with those in the counterparts with conventional linear arrangements of external film cooling holes. The boundary condition of numerical simulations maintains the fixed jet Reynolds numbers of 10,000, 20,000 and 30,000 and the corresponding blowing ratios of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5. Different wall thermal conductivities are respectively used in the numerical computations in order to examine the effects of Biot number of the film cooling wall on the overall cooling performance. Polyhedral meshes and Shear-Stress Transport (SST) k−ω turbulence model have been adopted in the numerical computations to obtain the detailed heat transfer and flow field. The results indicate that the hexagonal arrangement of film cooling holes shows significant advantages for the double-wall cooling scheme to decrease the external surface temperature appreciably. As the Biot number increases the overall cooling effectiveness of the double-wall system shows a downward trend, which decreases by about up to 25% in the Biot number range of 0.3–1.2. With the engine-like turbine Biot number of Bi≈0.56 the hexagonal arrangement improves the total heat transfer quantity inside the film cooling holes by up to 3.8 times, and enhances the overall effectiveness by up to 24.5%, as compared with the linear arrangement of straight circular film cooling holes. The combinations of the increased convective heat transfer inside the film cooling holes and the improved external film coverage induced by the hexagonal arrangement are the main contributions to the improvement of overall cooling performance.

Inclined Perimeter Drains Performance as Liquefaction Countermeasure Techniques Below Existing Buildings

Reducing the risk of structural damage due to earthquake-induced liquefaction in new and existing buildings is a challenging problem in geotechnical engineering. Drainage countermeasure techniques against liquefaction have been studied over the last decades with an emphasis on the use of vertical drains. This technique aims to allow a rapid dissipation of excess pore pressures generated in the soil during the earthquake thereby limiting the peak excess pore pressures and consequently improve the structural response. Rapid drainage in the post-earthquake period in the presence of these drains helps quick recovery of the soil strength. Recent studies propose different variations in the vertical drains arrangement to improve the excess pore pressure redistribution in the soil around structures. However, conventional arrangements for existing buildings do not achieve an adequate proximity from the drains to the soil below the foundation. To address this, the performance of inclined and vertical perimeter drain arrangements are studied in this paper. Dynamic centrifuge tests were carried out for the different arrangements in order to evaluate the excess pore pressure generation due to ground shaking and the following dissipation together with the foundation settlement and dynamic response.

A fully coreless Multi-Stator Multi-Rotor (MSMR) AFPM generator with combination of conventional and Halbach magnet arrays

An axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) generator is known to be a good candidate for both low and high-speed application. In this paper, a new design of fully coreless multi-stator multi-rotor (MSMR) AFPM generator has been presented with conventional and Halbach magnet arrangement combined with an ironless (epoxy) rotor. For MSMR topology of AFPM machine, back iron is still present in the middle rotor and to maintain the same distribution of magnetic flux, magnets are using on both side of the middle rotor. This paper suggests replacing the middle iron rotors with a single epoxy rotor which reduces the weight of the machine, hence increase power density. On the other hand, for the elimination of iron and magnets in the middle rotor, conventional magnet arrays are used to maintain a continuous flux path. In addition, Halbach array is adopted on the external epoxy rotor to reduce flux leakage on the external sides of the machine. The performance of the proposed generator is investigated in terms of voltage, current, power, power density, and torque ripple. The analytical design approach is first presented and subsequently validated using ANSYS Maxwell® electromagnetic finite element analysis (FEA) software. It is found that a fully coreless MSMR AFPM generator with conventional and Halbach magnet arrays gives higher power density and lower torque ripple with a reduced axial length which is favorable in wind power and pico-hydro applications.

Experimental analysis of atmospheric heat sinks as heat dissipators

Overheating, a general problem both in urban spaces and inside buildings, calls for the deployment of passive cooling techniques to reduce energy consumption, protect the environment and institute satisfactory comfort levels. A key factor in such techniques is the capitalisation on the cooling potential of natural heat sinks. The sky, one such sink, has essentially limitless cooling power. In addition, its temperature on fair nights is lower than that of other environmental sinks (ground and air). The sky’s promise in that respect prompted this exploration of the potential of nocturnal radiation cooling. A review of the state of the art revealed that in all the radiative dissipators developed and tested to date the dissipation fluid (water) transferred heat indirectly to the heat sink (the sky) by circulating water inside solar collector pipes. The highest values reported for maximum dissipation power were on the order of 100 W/m2. The present study aimed to asses night time dissipation power in a dual system in which water circulated either inside pipes or flowed down the outer surface of the collector. The two modes, one involving in-pipe circulation and the other outer surface downflow, were compared experimentally, for whereas the former has been analysed and assessed by earlier researchers, the latter has not. The empirical findings verified that downflow setups enhanced cooling, delivering up to five-fold the dissipation power obtained with the conventional arrangement.

Collectivising the Gig Economy in Australia

18 | International Union Rights | 27/3 FOCUS | IMPACTS OF COVID-19 ON WORK AND THE CHALLENGE FOR UNION RIGHTS Collectivising the Gig Economy in Australia In July 2020, the Report of the Inquiry into the Victorian On-Demand Workforce was released1. This was the first full-scale government inquiry into platform work in Australia, possibly even globally. Inquiry Chair, Natalie James, tackled head-on the problem at the core of the gig economy: work status, and therefore access to protective employment regulation, is generally controlled by the platforms. The Inquiry found that platforms exercise significant levels of discretion and control over how gig work is organised, with no independent oversight. This presents challenges to Australia’s system of labour regulation, and uncertainty about which laws apply to gig workers. Arguably one of the most striking features of the Report is its public calling-out of what we know platforms like Uber, Uber Eats, Deliveroo and Foodora have been doing around the world for years: While there are a small number of notable exceptions, the arrangements established by the platforms with the workers are usually consciously framed to avoid an employment relationship arising between the worker and the platform. The Report also exploded the myth, propagated by the platforms, that gig workers are (universally) flexibility-seeking entrepreneurs who do not wish to be stifled by conventional employment arrangements: While certain platforms may characterise their workers as ‘entrepreneurs’, some platform workers do not fit the typical epitome of self-determined, selfemployed small businesses or ‘non-employee’ workers. Further, some platforms are highly controlling in how they organise elements of the work including, in some cases, setting prices for end users. A significant consequence of these arrangements, the Inquiry found, is that many gig workers are paid less than the Australian minimum wage (once the various costs and payment structures applicable to non-employee platform workers are calculated). Further, many platforms design contracts and control systems which are imposed on workers on a ‘take it or leave it’ basis, including work allocation through algorithms. This level of control, the Inquiry concluded, does not sit comfortably with the platforms’ entrepreneurship narrative. Noting that a person’s work status is ‘pivotal’, the Report went on to observe that the determination of that status ‘is rarely the subject of formal or regulatory scrutiny at the outset’ of a platform work relationship. The question of the worker’s true legal status is only tested if they challenge the presumption that they are not an employee and fall outside applicable employment law rules. However the putative contractor status of gig workers has been successfully contested in only one Australian case to date2. The Inquiry found, further, that: Platforms are unapologetic that they have chosen to operate outside the employment regulatory framework. … Platforms claim to be inhibited from extending more beneficial arrangements to workers by the risk that the relationship might then be characterised as employment, making their model untenable. The arrangements they have put in place are designed to mitigate this ‘reclassification risk’. The Inquiry made a series of recommendations for reform of Victorian and federal law to provide more choice, fairness and certainty for gig workers – in other words, to counter the platforms’ deliberate structuring of contractual and work arrangements in their favour. One critical recommendation was to ‘codify work status’ through a new statutory definition in the Fair Work Act, rather than relying on the present imprecise common law tests. This would involve placing the concept of entrepreneurship at the core of the employee/independent contractor distinction3. It would ensure that only genuinely self-employed, autonomous business people operate under commercial arrangements – and workers who operate as part of another’s business or enterprise are covered by protective labour regulation. Union representation and collective bargaining for gig workers The Victorian Inquiry noted that there are significant legal barriers to platform workers seeking to improve their pay and conditions by organising collectively. Their assigned contractor status excludes them from access to collective bargaining under the Fair Work Act, which is only available to employees. At the same time, as self-employed small business operators (unless they prove to the contrary in the courts), they are precluded from...

Collectivising the Gig Economy in Australia

18 | International Union Rights | 27/3 FOCUS | IMPACTS OF COVID-19 ON WORK AND THE CHALLENGE FOR UNION RIGHTS Collectivising the Gig Economy in Australia In July 2020, the Report of the Inquiry into the Victorian On-Demand Workforce was released1. This was the first full-scale government inquiry into platform work in Australia, possibly even globally. Inquiry Chair, Natalie James, tackled head-on the problem at the core of the gig economy: work status, and therefore access to protective employment regulation, is generally controlled by the platforms. The Inquiry found that platforms exercise significant levels of discretion and control over how gig work is organised, with no independent oversight. This presents challenges to Australia’s system of labour regulation, and uncertainty about which laws apply to gig workers. Arguably one of the most striking features of the Report is its public calling-out of what we know platforms like Uber, Uber Eats, Deliveroo and Foodora have been doing around the world for years: While there are a small number of notable exceptions, the arrangements established by the platforms with the workers are usually consciously framed to avoid an employment relationship arising between the worker and the platform. The Report also exploded the myth, propagated by the platforms, that gig workers are (universally) flexibility-seeking entrepreneurs who do not wish to be stifled by conventional employment arrangements: While certain platforms may characterise their workers as ‘entrepreneurs’, some platform workers do not fit the typical epitome of self-determined, selfemployed small businesses or ‘non-employee’ workers. Further, some platforms are highly controlling in how they organise elements of the work including, in some cases, setting prices for end users. A significant consequence of these arrangements, the Inquiry found, is that many gig workers are paid less than the Australian minimum wage (once the various costs and payment structures applicable to non-employee platform workers are calculated). Further, many platforms design contracts and control systems which are imposed on workers on a ‘take it or leave it’ basis, including work allocation through algorithms. This level of control, the Inquiry concluded, does not sit comfortably with the platforms’ entrepreneurship narrative. Noting that a person’s work status is ‘pivotal’, the Report went on to observe that the determination of that status ‘is rarely the subject of formal or regulatory scrutiny at the outset’ of a platform work relationship. The question of the worker’s true legal status is only tested if they challenge the presumption that they are not an employee and fall outside applicable employment law rules. However the putative contractor status of gig workers has been successfully contested in only one Australian case to date2. The Inquiry found, further, that: Platforms are unapologetic that they have chosen to operate outside the employment regulatory framework. … Platforms claim to be inhibited from extending more beneficial arrangements to workers by the risk that the relationship might then be characterised as employment, making their model untenable. The arrangements they have put in place are designed to mitigate this ‘reclassification risk’. The Inquiry made a series of recommendations for reform of Victorian and federal law to provide more choice, fairness and certainty for gig workers – in other words, to counter the platforms’ deliberate structuring of contractual and work arrangements in their favour. One critical recommendation was to ‘codify work status’ through a new statutory definition in the Fair Work Act, rather than relying on the present imprecise common law tests. This would involve placing the concept of entrepreneurship at the core of the employee/independent contractor distinction3. It would ensure that only genuinely self-employed, autonomous business people operate under commercial arrangements – and workers who operate as part of another’s business or enterprise are covered by protective labour regulation. Union representation and collective bargaining for gig workers The Victorian Inquiry noted that there are significant legal barriers to platform workers seeking to improve their pay and conditions by organising collectively. Their assigned contractor status excludes them from access to collective bargaining under the Fair Work Act, which is only available to employees. At the same time, as self-employed small business operators (unless they prove to the contrary in the courts), they are precluded from...

Governance, federalism and organizing institutions to manage complex problems

AbstractIn managing complex policy problems in the federal system, state and local governments are organized into different arrangements for translating policy goals into policy outcomes. Air quality management is used as a test case to understand these variations and their impact on policy outcomes. With data from Clean Air Act implementation plans and a survey of state and local air quality managers, five separate institutional designs are identified: (1) central agencies; (2) top‐down; (3) donor–recipient; (4) regional agencies; and (5) emergent governance. Findings indicate that some arrangements (donor–recipient and emergent governance) result in notably better air quality than others (central agencies, top‐down). Specifically, when designed to allow bargaining between state and local officials, intergovernmental management is still the most effective approach to complex policy problems; but, in absence of this, conventional federalism arrangements are less effective than public agencies self‐organizing around shared policy goals.

Stiffness Enhancement of a Superconducting Magnetic Bearing Using Shaped YBCO Bulks

High-speed superconducting motors and generators stand to benefit from superconductor magnetic levitation bearings if their stiffness characteristics can be improved. Here we investigate a novel thrust bearing geometry, comprising a conical frustum shaped permanent magnet and matching superconducting toroid and puck assembly, aimed at producing high stiffness coupled with high levitation force. To this end, we have constructed a bearing test rig enabling measurements of the levitation force and stiffness of the assembly of YBa <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Cu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7-δ</sub> melt-textured bulks and Nd <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">14</sub> B permanent magnet at temperatures down to 47 K. The experimental results are supported by finite element modeling that is validated against the experiment, and used to quantify the advantages of this configuration over a conventional cylindrical magnet and HTS puck arrangement. For axial displacements, the assembly produces higher and more consistent stiffness together with stronger restoring forces. For lateral displacements, the assembly produces up to double the lateral force and up to four times the stiffness. Our study also shows that the force contribution to the assembly from the small inner puck is negligible and it can therefore be eliminated from the bearing design.

Assessment and comparison of different arrangements of horizontal ground heat exchangers for high energy required applications

Horizontal ground heat exchangers (GHEs) have a lower initial installation cost in comparison to vertical ones; however, they require more land area. In order to reduce the required land area of horizontal GHEs, their heat exchange rate per unit land area needs to be enhanced. A remedy to this problem is installing horizontal GHEs in an arrangement with maximum heat exchange rate per unit land area. However, such arrangements have not been introduced for different types of horizontal GHEs thus far. To this end, in this study, the thermal performance of various GHE pipe arrangements for three different types (linear, spiral, and slinky) of horizontal GHEs is evaluated. Comparing the obtained results, the arrangement that provides the maximum heat exchange rate per unit land area for each type is introduced. A 3D numerical model based on the finite-element method is developed to simulate the GHEs performance. In order to have a fair comparison, all studied arrangements are designed to have the same installation cost. The obtained results indicated that the linear GHE with quadruple-layer arrangement provides the most uniform heat distribution in the ground and, therefore, has the highest heat exchange rate per unit land area among all cases studied. This arrangement has about a 34% higher heat exchange rate per unit land area than the conventional single-layer arrangement. The staggered double-layer arrangement is the best arrangement for the slinky and spiral GHE types, which has about 22 and 7% higher heat exchange rate per unit land area than conventional single-layer arrangement, respectively. Furthermore, the thermal performance of the best arrangement for each type is evaluated for three different values of soil thermal conductivities.

Analytical theory for ion transfer–electron transfer coupled reactions at redox layer–modified/thick film–modified electrodes

Electrodes modified by liquid films or plasticized polymeric membranes containing a redox species offer valuable alternatives for the study of ion transfers and bimolecular electron transfers at liquid–liquid interfaces with conventional electrode arrangements and stable interfaces. The ion-to-electron (or electron-to-electron) transducer affects the electrochemical signal, complicating the accurate analysis of experimental data. This can be reduced through the use of an electrode surface-attached redox species of well-defined electrochemical behaviour. As will be demonstrated, the voltammetry of these systems show significant deviations with respect to individual charge transfers, which must be considered for appropriate diagnosis and quantitative analysis. For this, a simple analytical theory is presented here, deducing mathematical expressions for the current–potential response, as well as for the potential difference at the two polarized interfaces, the surface excess of the redox species and the ion interfacial concentrations.

Shadow organizing and imitation: new foci for research

PurposeShadow organizing refers to the emergence of parallel arrangements that sit alongside and imitate mainstream or conventional ways of organizing. It can be a response to challenges that require new ways of working without abandoning what is valuable about conventional arrangements. However, the processes through which shadow organizing is accomplished are not well understood; there is a need to go beyond traditional notions of mimicry and metaphor. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThis paper demonstrates how a Tardean approach to imitation can address this gap. It deploys imitation as an explanatory concept, based on contemporary readings of Tarde, as well as understandings of organizing as an unfolding process. Child and Family Centres in Tasmania (Australia), are used as an example of shadow organizing, delivering integrated health and education services in an emerging parallel arrangement.FindingsThe analysis highlights an imitation dynamic which is far from straightforward mimicry. Rather, it comprises repetition and generation of difference. This dynamic is conceptualized in Tardean fashion as three patterns: the imitation of ideas before expression; the selective nature of imitation; and insertion of the old alongside the new.Originality/valueThe paper moves beyond metaphors of shadow organizing, and understandings of shadow organizing as mimicry. Conceptualizing imitation in an alternative way, it contributes fresh insights into how shadow organizing is accomplished. This enriches and expands the conceptual apparatus for researchers wishing to understand the betwixt and between of shadow organizing.

Design and Analysis of an Epicyclic Gearbox for an Electric Drivetrain

This paper focusses on the designing and optimizing of a planetary gearbox for an FSAE formula electric car. The conventional arrangement of single or double stage reduction transmissions are bulky and uneconomical for an FSAE car because of their less power to weight ratios and high volume to weight ratios. A planetary gearbox gives a balance between weight and power transmitted. The procedure for the design was an iterative process to determine the optimum dimensions and materials for the gearbox. The method utilized the standard equations for gear calculations and computational simulations for designing and CAD modelling for various parts of the gearbox. The transmission shafts and bearings are designed using the standard force equations. The lubrication system is also selected according to established methods.

Farmland tenure and transaction costs: Public and collectively owned land vs conventional coordination mechanisms in France

AbstractTo preserve farmland in industrialized countries, public initiatives or initiatives from nongovernmental organizations increasingly rely on Long‐term and Full Rights Acquisitions of land (LFRAs). The objective of this article is to help assess whether those actions provide profitable access to land use for lessee farms. We compare the economic implications for farms of this mode of access to land use with the two other main modes: conventional lease arrangements and purchasing transactions. The analysis focuses on the transaction costs relative to the cost of exchange, that is, including purchase/rental price, and to the financial benefits of the transaction. We use original data on costs provided by a survey of farmers within a French region. Our results suggest that the ex ante transaction costs incurred by farmers involved in LFRAs, as a percentage of the exchange cost of accessing land use, are lower than those in purchasing transactions and higher than those in conventional lease arrangements. The difference between the two types of lease arrangements is due to negotiation costs, which are doubled in LFRAs. In conclusion, making the involvement of tenant farmers in the construction of LFRAs more effective would allow these initiatives to better achieve their goals.

Passivation Behavior of Friction Stir Welded 304L SS in Thin Layer Electrolyte

Friction stir welding (FSW) is being considered as a potential repair welding technique for nuclear spent fuel dry storage canisters. The heat affected zones (HAZ) of the fusion welded regions of the canisters become prone to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) due to chlorides in the environment. Pitting corrosion is usually observed in the welded regions which is the precursor for SCC. The goal of the present work is to understand the effect of chloride on the atmospheric corrosion behavior of FSW 304L stainless steel. A simulated crack was introduced into hot rolled and annealed 304L plates by electric discharge machining, and FSW was performed at two different temperatures, 725 and 825 °C in order to repair the simulated crack. Figure 1(a)-(c) shows the optical images of the 825 °C FSWed 304L alloy. Electrochemical corrosion tests are being performed on FSWed 304L alloy in 3.5 wt% NaCl aqueous solution at 20 OC as a thin-layer electrolyte. A comparison will be made between the corrosion behaviors of the base metal, HAZ region and the weld nugget region for both FSWed specimen types. The electrochemical tests are carried out in an in-house designed electrochemical cell with less than 10 ml of electrolyte and variable electrolyte thicknesses in the range of 0.5 – 2 mm. Open circuit potential, cyclic polarization and potentiostatic tests at different passivation potentials are being conducted to understand the pit initiation and growth events as a function of FSW microstructures. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Mott-Schottky analysis are carried out to understand the semiconducting properties of the passive film and their correlation with the passive film breakdown. This presentation will discuss the effect of FSW microstructures on the passivity breakdown in thin electrolytes containing chloride ions, and the results will be compared with that of tests conducted in the conventional bulk electrolyte arrangement. Figure 1

Data Mining Based Outlier Cluster Detection Algorithm

Outlier detection has been engaged and considered field as of late. Exception recognition is a significant information mining movement with various applications, including MasterCard misrepresentation location, disclosure of crimes in electronic trade, video reconnaissance, climate forecast, and pharmaceutical re-search. The assignment of anomaly recognition is to distinguish the information objects from heaps of all objects. Outlier mining normally utilized in different fields. The vast majority of the strategies gives more regard for distinguish information objects from worldwide view which is in suitable for multidimensional information sets. According to technology, outlier recognition will be troublesome by utilizing conventional arrangements. In this, we are utilizing two calculations, for example, ODA and LOF. ODA used to locate the mean or exceptions from multi-dimensional informational indexes. LOF used to discover the likelihood of that anomalies utilizing thickness based calculations. Exception location is a significant undertaking in information mining. Nearby anomalies contrasting with their nearby neighborhood rather than worldwide information. Anomaly discovery is an essential assignment in information mining. Nearby exceptions contrasting with their neighborhood close articles rather than worldwide information dissemination. The procedure segmented into two phases, online and disconnected. Small scale groups are made in online stage and last bunches are produced in disconnected stage. Exception location is a significant assignment in information mining. Nearby exceptions contrasting with their neighborhood rather than worldwide information. Relative thickness of an item against its neighbors as the marker of the level of the article being anomaly which is allotted to nearby exception factor.