Conventional Arrangement Research Articles

Complete denture rehabilitation of edentulous patient with severe mandibular tori using piezography : A case report

The presence of severe mandibular tori may render difficulty in the insertion and removal of denture. Therefore, removal of mandibular tori can be planned ahead if denture construction is considered. Piezography was introduced by Dr. Klein in 1974 to represent the neutral zone obtained through pronunciation, unlike the conventional method of acquiring the neutral zone using swallowing and masticatory movements. Utilization of pronunciation, it predominantly employs the horizontal forces of the muscles. Acquiring the neutral zone by pronunciation utilizing the horizontal movement of muscles has the advantage in denture stability which is affected by lateral forces. This allows for a harmonious denture design without interfering normal muscle movement. In edentulous patients, the neutral zone is influenced by bony prominences, hence the removal of such prominences may necessary during denture fabrication. The denture teeth arrangement using the neutral zone differs from the conventional denture arrangement in that it alters the actual range of motion of the tongue. Therefore, by fabricating dentures through piezography, which utilizes the horizontal forces of muscles, more stable dentures were produced, and this is being reported.

A means of destroying sites of perennial root shoot weeds with pests and diseases in them

BACKGROUND: The subject of the study is the technological process of protective spraying of agricultural crops using a combined method against perennial weeds in sites in the field using two pneumohydraulic devices with slot atomizers as part of an improved small-sized boom sprayer. AIM: Development of a technical mean for exterminating sites of perennial root shoot weeds with pests and diseases in them. METHODS: The developed pneumohydraulic devices were used for an improved mounted boom sprayer of plants to treat sites of perennial weeds in the field. Chemical spraying with combined use of the traditional method and the developed pneumohydraulic devices with axial fans and 12 V electric motors, ensuring the distribution of droplet liquid on the treatment surface with two sprayers over 4 meters, is able to reduce the amount of the applied chemicals compared to the conventional technology and to reduce the pesticide load on crop plants by local destruction of sites of weeds, pests and diseases. Based on the developed methods, the results of spraying the surface with a drop liquid with a known dispersion using slot sprayers and controlled liquid pressures with a dial gauge during experiments were obtained. SCIENTIFIC NOVELTY: For the first time, a combined method and technical mean of achieving the research aim have been proposed for the destruction of sites of perennial weeds in the field and the diseases and pests of agricultural crops spread in them. RESULTS: When using a mounted sprayer with two containers for working fluids of combined herbicide solutions or for an insecticide solution in one of the containers and installation of the improved pneumohydraulic devices on the edges of the boom with a conventional arrangement of slot atomizers, it is possible to meet agrotechnical requirements for the use of herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. The simultaneous impact of large drops of herbicides on weeds and the penetration of small drops into plants will destroy sites of rhizome and root weeds with pests and diseases to ensure favorable conditions for the production of agricultural crops. CONCLUSION: A combined method and the technical mean of chemical treatment of perennial weeds with pests and diseases to create favorable conditions for the production of cultivated plants has been experimentally substantiated. Compliance with the conditions is ensured by equipping the mounted sprayer with two containers, pumps for supplying liquid through hoses to slot atomizers, and installing pneumohydraulic liquid nozzles at the edges of the boom. Working liquid sprayers ensure spraying width of more than 4 m, taking into account the size of a site, as well as spraying inaccessible areas using conventional technical means. The efficiency of the developed combined protective spraying of agricultural crops against perennial weeds and pests by the technical mean of its implementation lies in the savings of expensive herbicides and insecticides up to 70% in the later stages of their growing season (as they grow over the field area) compared to the forced continuous application of the herbicide over the entire field area.

A data assimilation pressure field measurement method for linear turbine cascades based on compressed sensing

One of the most dominant measuring techniques for linear turbine cascades is to obtain the high spatial resolution pressure field by a discrete point array. In this work, a compressed sensing (CS) based data assimilation methodology is proposed, by which a set of optimal sparse measuring points can be derived through an optimization procedure. Combined with numerical simulations and the data-driven modal decomposition, the high spatial resolution pressure distribution can be reconstructed accurately with sparse random sampling. To this end, detailed comparative research is conducted. First, the impacts of different sparse bases, including the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), the discrete cosine transform (DCT), and the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) matrices, and the compression ratio on the reconstruction performance are compared and analyzed systematically under different incidence angles and cascade exit isentropic Mach numbers. Results reveal that a CS approach on POD subspace (CS-POD) performs remarkably better than the CS-DFT and CS-DCT in capturing the spatially continuous pressure distribution, even with a small number of measuring points. Furthermore, effects of the order of truncated POD modes and the number of training dataset required to conduct POD on the error are also investigated that exhibits a downward trend with the rise in these two elements. To overcome the deficiency of randomly selected sparse observation sites with this methodology and the resulting high measuring cost under different conditions, a vectorized CS-POD (Vec-CS-POD) model is constructed to obtain one set of measuring distribution that could satisfy the multi-conditional measurements simultaneously, and its reliability and robustness are validated through cascade experiments. With the aid of the Vec-CS-POD based data fusion framework, spatially resolved end wall pressure fields can be acquired by only a few measuring ports, the number of which can be reduced by 77% compared to the conventional uniform arrangement. The generalization ability of the proposed framework is also validated and evaluated; thus, it exhibits broad potential in other flow field measurements.

Optimizing cold storage for uniform airflow and temperature distribution in apple preservation using CFD simulation

Apples are preserved in cold storage within standard size crates to avoid injury during handling and are stacked in a specific manner to promote adequate air circulation. This research builds an air flow and heat transfer model of a cold room (5.75 m × 3.83 m × 3.75 m) with apple filled crates (0.55 m × 0.37 m × 0.3 m) modeled as a porous media and uses CFD simulation to study how alternate stacking impacts airflow distribution and product temperature. The conventional arrangement of crates, termed CS1, was simulated, and the resulting temperature distribution data were used to validate the model with published experimental data, a root mean square error of 1.13 °C indicates good match. The model is extended to examine temperature distribution for two additional arrangements of crates (CS2 and CS3) with changed orientations and spacing, in accordance with a specific strategy. CS3, featuring larger spacing along the z-direction, showed higher average air velocity compared to CS2 and CS1 by 7.4% and 3.7% respectively. CS3 also improved cooling rate by 25.2% and increased the number of chilled crates by 20% within 40 h, along with a reduced temperature heterogeneity (3.59 °C). The model could predict hot spots in various stacking configurations, aiding in optimal arrangement.

Remotely Powered Two-Wire Cooperative Sensors for Bioimpedance Imaging Wearables.

Bioimpedance imaging aims to generate a 3D map of the resistivity and permittivity of biological tissue from multiple impedance channels measured with electrodes applied to the skin. When the electrodes are distributed around the body (for example, by delineating a cross section of the chest or a limb), bioimpedance imaging is called electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and results in functional 2D images. Conventional EIT systems rely on individually cabling each electrode to master electronics in a star configuration. This approach works well for rack-mounted equipment; however, the bulkiness of the cabling is unsuitable for a wearable system. Previously presented cooperative sensors solve this cabling problem using active (dry) electrodes connected via a two-wire parallel bus. The bus can be implemented with two unshielded wires or even two conductive textile layers, thus replacing the cumbersome wiring of the conventional star arrangement. Prior research demonstrated cooperative sensors for measuring bioimpedances, successfully realizing a measurement reference signal, sensor synchronization, and data transfer though still relying on individual batteries to power the sensors. Subsequent research using cooperative sensors for biopotential measurements proposed a method to remove batteries from the sensors and have the central unit supply power over the two-wire bus. Building from our previous research, this paper presents the application of this method to the measurement of bioimpedances. Two different approaches are discussed, one using discrete, commercially available components, and the other with an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The initial experimental results reveal that both approaches are feasible, but the ASIC approach offers advantages for medical safety, as well as lower power consumption and a smaller size.

Experimental and numerical investigations of cooling characteristics on endwall partitioned film cooling with shaped holes

The growing demand for high efficiency in gas turbines requires elevated turbine inlet temperatures, underscoring the critical necessity of implementing high-efficiency film cooling technology on the turbine endwall. However, the traditional cooling layout encounters challenges in the under-cooled areas on the turbine endwall. Therefore, a partitioned film cooling layout with shaped holes on the endwall was proposed based on the heat transfer and flow characteristics of the endwall and the cooling properties of the shaped holes. Based on the heat transfer coefficient distribution on the endwall surface, the endwall was divided into four regions, arranged with different shaped holes for cooling. Numerical and experimental methods were used to study the aerodynamic and cooling characteristics of the partitioned cooling layout. The results indicated that the partitioned cooling layout's cooling performance was significantly improved compared with that of the conventional film hole arrangement. Additionally, it was verified that adjusting the compound angle of the shaped holes further provided a uniform film coverage. More importantly, by adjusting the mass flow of the coolant, the optimized blowing ratios of different regions on the partitioned film cooling layout were explored. The optimized blowing ratio scheme significantly enhanced the film cooling effectiveness due to the varying sensitivity of different shaped holes to the blowing ratio. The results of this work hold significance for advancing film cooling effectiveness and turbine performance.

What can go wrong in a dividing wall column and how to detect it

Dividing wall columns are state of the art distillation arrangements performing three separation tasks within one unit. Compared to using two conventional columns in series this saves both capital costs and energy but on the other hand it brings a higher risk of malfunction. This simulation study analyses what can go wrong during the operation of dividing wall columns. The emphasis is on the operation of the prefractionator section, that is, on the choice on the liquid and vapor splits, which is crucial for the overall performance. The resulting two-way flows between the prefractionator and main column gives a broader feasible operating range than in a conventional column arrangement. This can lead to peculiar behavior, including circulation of components around the dividing wall. This paper identifies 15 non-optimal operating regions for the prefractionator with specific internal flow patterns, characteristic temperature and composition profiles for the separation of a fairly ideal mixture of benzene, toluene and p-xylene. From these results it is possible to identify and hopefully rectify wrong choices for the liquid and vapor splits in a dividing wall column.

In-line PIV Using a Schlieren System

"The article describes recent tests and developments of PIV recording and evaluation techniques that take advantage of strong forward scattering of tracer particles by in-line recording set ups. By collimating the light of a low-power light source between a pair of schlieren mirrors the observation area is increased to more than 350 mm. The same setup allows for schlieren recording of density gradients. The in-line imaging arrangements have a relatively high background intensity level on which brighter particle images can be detected. Ideally this background is constant in time such that it can be removed through subtraction. The use of forward scattering has a significant influence on the required pulse energy of the light source used. Typically, sufficient illumination is achieved with about 1% of the pulse energy that would normally be used for a conventional orthogonal PIV arrangement employing a laser light sheet. "

The Designed Phase Mask for Suppressing the Inter-Pixel Crosstalk Noise in Intensity-Modulated Multilevel Holographic Data Storage Systems

Intensity-modulated signals have the advantage of being directly detectable by the image sensor but have the drawback that the signal quality is easily deteriorated by crosstalk noise, in contrast to phase-modulated signals. In order to suppress the crosstalk noise, we propose a new signal arrangement for multilevel intensity-modulated signals. The concept of our method is to reduce the number of adjacent pixels that are a source of inter-pixel crosstalk noise and to minimize intensity modulation owing to interference with crosstalk noise. We have numerically and experimentally demonstrated that our method can reduce the error rate and improve the recording density compared to the conventional signal arrangement. Our proposed method offers a promising solution for achieving higher recording densities in intensity-modulated holographic data storage systems.

Residential Micro-CHP system with integrated phase change material thermal energy storage

This paper presents an analysis and experimental investigation of the effect of integrating Phase Change Material (PCM) within a heat exchanger within a Micro Combined Heat and Power (Micro-CHP) system intended for residential applications. A commonly used Micro-CHP layout is replicated in a test rig to characterise the performance of two alternative heat exchanger arrangements. The first is a conventional arrangement where the exhaust gas produced by the prime mover is directed to an air-to-water heat exchanger to heat water and store it in a tank. In the second arrangement, PCM material is encapsulated within specially designed compartments in a heat exchanger to store part of the exhaust thermal energy from the prime mover while heating the water in the storage tank. The time needed to heat the water and discharge heat is compared for both cases, as well as the amount of thermal energy stored during the same operating period. The study also explored the potential to improve the designed unit by using different PCM materials. The test results show that adding 4.7 L capacity paraffin compartments within the heat exchanger extended the discharge time of the hot water by over 400 %, which reflects a marked improvement in the heat storage capacity of the system. This would result in a significant increase in the viable operating period of a CHP system. The one-dimensional analysis revealed that replacing the paraffin with ClimSel C58 PCM can reduce the charging time of the water tank by around 54 % improve the heat storage capacity by factor of 2.35 comparing to Paraffin. The proposed heat exchanger with encapsulated PCM has a potential in other applications such as storage of excess renewable energy or integration with heat pumps to improve matching of supply and demand and thus flexibility of an energy system with integrated intermittent renewables.

Enhanced voice over 5G transmission with unequal error protection and generative adversarial networks

SummaryVoice services have progressed significantly since the launch of mobile phones and have evolved from analog technology to digital ones. Since the launch of 5G, voice over 5G (Vo5G) will slowly take over legacy mobile technologies to provide better voice services. Nevertheless, interruptions and noise will continue to affect speech communication over wireless networks, ensuing in a reduced Quality of Service (QoS). Three enhanced transmission schemes for Vo5G are proposed. The first proposal benefits from the difference in weight of the bits of internet Low Bitrate Code (iLBC) coded packets to offer them diverse degrees of protection i.e. Unequal Error Protection (UEP). UEP enhances the reception quality by allowing the more significant bits to be decoded with greater reliability during 5G transmission. The second and third schemes substitute the usual Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) constellation with a Statistical QAM (SQAM) one. The second scheme arranges the significant bits on the SQAM constellation and the remaining bits onto the conventional QAM arrangement. For the third scheme, all the bits are arranged on the SQAM constellation. Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) were incorporated into the third scheme as the third scheme provided better gains over the first and second schemes. GAN was used to synthesize and enhance parts of the speech file that were lost during transmission over the 5G channel resulting in a gain in Segmented Signal to Noise Ratio (SSNR). The addition of GAN boosted the gain obtained by the third scheme by 1.45 dB with 16‐QAM at a code rate of 1/3.

Hybrid electromagnetic Halbach array for wireless power transfer (WPT) system using variable and uniform pitch coils

AbstractThe electromagnetic Halbach array (EHA) for wireless power transfer (WPT), designed to improve the transferred power and power transfer distance, has been proven to be effective and can be applied in various consumer applications. This paper presents a hybrid form of the EHA, aimed at improving the quality of power generated and transmitted. The expression for the determination of the magnetic field of a variable pitch flat coil for wireless power transfer and other uses has been derived. The average magnetic field, magnetic flux, and power transfer efficiency are investigated. The power transfer efficiency and the average magnetic field generated by four different design considerations were compared. The hybrid electromagnetic Halbach array wireless power transfer system (HEHA‐WPTS) has also been studied and results are compared with the conventional arrangements. Simulations and experiments were carried out to verify the analytical results obtained. According to the results obtained, the HEHA‐WPTS, with a base coil with variable pitches and uniform side coils, produces a more uniform average magnetic field and a better average power transfer efficiency over a longer power transfer distance.

A Review paper on seismic response of various slab systems with and without lateral load resisting systems

With the ongoing modern trends of the construction industry, slab systems like flat slab and post tensioned slabs are widely used in the construction. Flat and post tensioned slab are widely favored by architects and clients for aesthetic reasons. They also do possess a huge advantage structurally over conventional slab arrangement such as Less depth of the slab is required , increasing the floor-to-floor height , longer spans are possible , no beam projections , reduced self-weight of the building and many more. But it comes with its own disadvantages as well such as Brittle punching (shear) failure. Which requires additional reinforcement along the connections of column and slab. Which increases the longitudinal steel required. Slab – column connections are the first point of yielding in higher seismic zones with buildings without lateral load resisting system (LLRS). In higher seismic zones the slabs can resist only the gravity loads and can’t resist the lateral dynamic loading and hence may require additional lateral load resisting system (LLRS) to resist lateral loads such as seismic and wind loads. Thus it becomes essential to study the seismic behavior of conventional slab , flat slab and post tensioned slab systems in high rise RCC structure with and without various LLRS ( lateral load resisting system).This study is aimed to study various literatures related to effects of lateral loads on flat and post tensioned slab system and different LLRS (lateral load resisting system) to make the structure more resistant and economical against such lateral loads considering parameters like story displacement , base shear , stiffness of the connections and time period.

Outline of the Pharmacological and Phytochemical Profile of the Jungle Jalebi (Pithecellobium dulce)

Pithecellobium dulce has numerous utilizations which has flexible jobs in the conventional arrangement of medication. A few investigations are being directed concerning the viability of the entire plant or its parts for the treatment of various sicknesses and ailments. Triterpenoids, sterols, flavonoids, tannins, and phytocompounds like quercetin, kaempferol, and dulcitol were recognized from the different pieces of the plant. In this article, the different remedial properties of P. dulce have been shown. P. dulce is an evergreen sharp tree; each piece of the plant has huge healthful values. The different parts of plant have been shown to display different pharmacological activities like anti-diabetic, locomotor, immunizing agent venom, free radical searching, protease inhibitor, mitigating, anti-bacterial, anti-mycobacterial, abortifacient, spermicidal, anti-convulsant, anti-ulcer, anti-diarrheal, anti-contagious, anti-tubercular, anti-tumor and as well as anti-oxidative properties and safety study like acute and sub-acute toxicity study. Therefore, the current review is cognizant on behalf of pharmacological studies, as well as phytochemicals.

Polar coordinate active-matrix digital microfluidics for high-resolution concentration gradient generation.

Automated concentration gradient generation is one of the most important applications of lab-on-a-chip devices. Digital microfluidics is a unique platform that can effectively achieve digitalized gradient concentration preparation. However, the dynamic range and concentration resolution of the prepared samples heavily rely on the size and the number of effective electrodes. In this work, we report an active-matrix digital microfluidic device with polar coordinate electrode arrangement. The device contains 33 different electrode sizes, generating digital droplets of different volumes. To compare with the conventional rectangular coordinate arrangement with a similar electrode number, this work shows an approximately 19 times resolution enhancement for the achievable concentration gradient. We characterized the stability and uniformity of droplets generated by electrodes of different sizes, and the coefficient of variation of stable droplets was less than 3%. The fluorescent nanomaterial's concentration quantification and glucose concentration characterization experiments were also conducted, and the correlation coefficients for the linearities were all above 0.99.

An Effective SST-FLC for Mitigation of Reactive Power Compensation of DFIG Based Wind Energy Conversion System

As wind-derived energy is increasingly incorporated into interconnected energy networks, this research attempts to control reactive power and regulates the voltages of wind energies. Since wind energy is volatile, it will generate unstable power and voltages. The reactive powers control of wind energy and faults on the grid is becoming more essential. One of a power system’s most crucial characteristics, it has a big impact on the stability of the whole thing. In terms of high-switching-frequency energy electronics generators, solid-state transformers (SST) may perform reactive power correction in WFs. The solid-state transformers suggested here connect wind farms powered by double-fed induction generators to the grids in place of energy transformers with real controllers in a conventional arrangement. The dual-active bridge converters and fuzzy logic controllers are both built into the solid-state transformers architecture. Power transmission between both sources of power can be accomplished using bidirectional DC–DC converters in either way. Modernized grid applications are the most promising ones for solid state transformers and increase the efficiency up to 96.61% with 0.91 Power factor of the entire power generation system with bit error rate of 0.2%. This will reduce the cost, improves the system’s efficiency, and also improves the system’s performance.

The Influence of Cultural and Personal Properties on Job Performances and Organizational Commitment in Teleworkers

Abstract The paper presents the results of research on the impact of national culture, big five personality traits, and emotional intelligence on job performances and organizational commitment in teleworkers in West Balkan countries. These impacts were also determined for employees in conventional working arrangements, which enabled a comparison of the results for these two groups of respondents. The research was conducted in the countries of the West Balkan and included 313 respondents. National culture and emotional intelligence have a greater impact on job performances and organizational commitment for employees in conventional working arrangements than in teleworkers. Big five personality traits in some cases affect stronger for employees in conventional working arrangements, while in some cases they affect more powerfully in teleworkers. Teleworkers are less influenced by the environment, and thus less influenced by national culture. Also, teleworkers have fewer opportunities to use emotional intelligence in achieving business goals.

Stability Analysis and Environmental Influence Evaluation on a Hybrid Mooring System for a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine

Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are one of the innovative solutions to achieve net-zero emissions. Given that Taiwan has abundant wind power resources in its western waters and wind farms are evaluated as potential sites, a strategic emphasis on the extensive expansion of wind power is imperative. This paper chooses four different designs of hybrid mooring systems, comparing them with the conventional pure chain mooring arrangement in shallow water regions in Taiwan through integrated numerical simulations, ANSYS AQWA, and Orcina OrcaFlex. The use of synthetic fiber ropes in hybrid moorings provides substantial economic and operational advantages, making them the preferred alternative to traditional chains in deepwater offshore renewable energy (ORE) mooring configurations. Hybrid mooring enables the FOWT to survive in extreme sea conditions and is presented as the ultimate limit state (ULS) and fatigue limit state (FLS). In addition, hybrid mooring not only reduces mooring line costs but also minimizes the footprint area on the seabed, enhancing economic competitiveness and optimizing marine space utilization. However, it increases the entanglement risk that may pose a potential threat to marine mammals. Building on prior research, this paper proposes a unique approach to calculate the mooring line swept volume, which is essential for entanglement assessment and marine spatial planning.

Investigation of the influence of the loading arrangement on the measured mode-I fracture resistance

This paper investigates the influence of the loading arrangement of double cantilever beam (DCB) test on the computed fracture resistance parameters of a structural adhesive. Aluminium joints were tested on three conventional loading arrangements from the BS ISO 25217:2009. We have found that the compliance of different loading arrangements can lead to significant differences in the fracture resistance computed using the cross-head displacement of the tensile-testing machine, even after considering the take-up of play and machine-compliance effects. In contrast, using the digital image correlation to measure the load-line displacement results in fracture resistance that is essentially independent of the loading arrangement. This finding was confirmed using three different data-reduction schemes, which yielded almost identical values of fracture resistance (less than 1% difference). Furthermore, direct identification of the traction-separation law at the crack tip was performed using Savitzky–Golay filter to compute the derivative of the J integral with regard to normal separation. Again, no significant influence of the loading arrangement was found since identified values of the separation at the peak traction and maximum separation are in excellent agreement. The identified maximum separation can be used as a threshold value of the relative deflection of the DCB arms to automatically determine the crack-tip position.

Effect of pulsation parameters on the spatial and temporal variation of flow and heat transfer characteristics in liquid metal cross flow the in-line tube bundle

Liquid metal has a broad application prospect in tube bundle heat exchangers because of its excellent thermal conductivity. However, conventional in-line tube bundle arrangements often exhibit limited secondary flow, so new methods are urgently needed to improve heat transfer. The topic of this paper is to combine two methods, liquid metal cross flow tube bundle and pulsating flow, to improve the heat transfer performance in-line tube bundles. Firstly, the applicability of the model was validated through experimental data from existing literature, encompassing overall flow dynamics, heat transfer performance, and circumferential pressure distribution around the tubes. Subsequently, numerical simulations are conducted involving liquid metal cross flow in-line tube bundles at varying pulsating frequencies, amplitudes, and Reynolds numbers. Circumferential pressure distributions and temperature profiles for individual tubes were analyzed and compared. The amplitude of reduction in thermal resistance compared to the no-oscillation condition increases gradually from a minimum of 8 % in the first row to a maximum of 40 % in the third row, while the reduction in the rear row of tubes is similar to that of the third row. Remarkably, a reversal in the trend of thermal resistance for the first three rows of tubes under pulsating flow were observed, contrasting conventional flow except for the case with an amplitude of 0.1. By analyzing the local transient flow field distribution near single tube and the corresponding circumferential heat transfer performance, the influence of the vortex evolution characteristics on the heat transfer performance at different phases of the pulsating velocity is revealed, which transient Nu is up to three times that of flow with no pulsating. Finally, a series of coherence analyses reveal that as frequency rises, turbulence exhibits a richer spectrum of small-scale vortex structures, intricately linked to enhanced energy cascade efficiency. Amplitude augmentation intensifies velocity fluctuations, particularly at high amplitudes, resulting in substantial energy peak amplification. The integrated heat transfer performance PEC factor varies in the range of 1.25 to 1.51 for all the conditions simulated in this paper, which indicates that the liquid metal coupled pulsating flow approach can significantly increase the comprehensive performance of the tube bundle heat exchangers. These findings hold significant promise for advancing heat exchanger design and enhancing thermal efficiency, with implications for various engineering applications.