Controversial Theory Research Articles

Explicit and Implicit Ways of Expressing Author's Modality in Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Russian Languages: A Comparative Aspect.

Linguistic modality is one of the most complex categories, that is why its nature, meanings and ways of expression often become the object of various, at times, controversial theories. The present article described the concept of modality in the context of linguistic research. The purpose of this study was to identify the means of expressing author's modality in Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Russian, determine their relations in intra- and inter-system contexts, and specify the significance of modality for typological studies of these languages. The comparative typological method was mainly used, along with observation, description, transformational analysis, and synthesis of theoretical and practical materials. The results revealed similar and distinctive elements in constructing modal relations in Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Russian. The study suggested various forms of expressing author's modality in a literary text, including explicit means such as modal words, particles, moods and interjections, and implicit means like images, themes, ideas, concepts, symbols, and punctuation. In conclusion, the identification of multi-level means of expressing author's modality in these languages contributed to deepening knowledge on the linguistic category of modality, comparative language study, and translation theory.

سورة الضحى وتاريخية القرآن في الأدبيات الاستشراقية

Orientalists’ researches on the history of the Qur’an were based on claims that it was written in separate periods, the multiplicity of its authors, and the influence of Jewish and Christian beliefs and legislation on its development. Because the short and naive Meccan suras were completely excluded from the circle of their studies on the history and development of Prophet characteristics, as a crude primary product, sūraẗ al-ḍuḥa became a fertile ground for Orientalists’ interpretations that do not pay attention to traditional commentaries or occasions for revelation (āsbāb al-nuzūl). Although sūraẗ al-ḍuḥa refers to the unidentified person using the pronoun of the addressee, the orientalist translators of the Qur’an - such as Rodwell, Richard Bell, and Arthur Arberry – were compelled to link this pronoun to the Prophet peace be upon Him, based on classical exegesis. inadvertently uniting their peers interested in the development of the Messenger and the message, who ruled out that the pronoun belongs to the Messenger. From this hidden confrontation, contradictions arose about the adoption of the causes of revelation by some orientalists concerned with history, such as David Samuel Margolioth, Montgomery Watt, and other authors of controversial philosophical theories on the historicity of the Qur’an, such as John Edward Wansbrough, the author of the theory of historical crystallisation of the Qur’an. This paper is concerned with explaining the dependence of the reasons for the revelation by some orientalists, after which they considered it a natural entrance to the interpretation of the verses, the difference between the interpreters themselves about the reason for the approved revelation, and the interpretation of Surat Al-Duha between the interpreters of the Qur’an and the orientalists, and the approaches they adopted in interpretation. The approach adopted in this paper is the descriptive and analytical approach by going back to the Orientalist sources and books of interpretation to reach a clear presentation of the Orientalist vision criticize it scientifically and uncover the fallacies and contradictions that surrounded their viewpoints.

Intestinale Florid Glandular Cystitis in Centre Medicochirurgical De Kinindo Bujumbura

Background: Glandular cystitis is a metaplastic lesion of the bladder urothelium primarily affecting men. There are two types: typical glandular cystitis and intestinal glandular cystitis. Therefore, the definitive diagnosis relies on histopathology. The controversial theory surrounds the malignant degeneration of these lesions. Here, we present a case of florid glandulo-cystic cystitis of intestinal origin. Clinic observation: A 20-year-old man presented to the clinic with intermittent total hematuria associated with obstructive and irritative symptoms that had been ongoing for more than a year. In Histology examen, there was an absence of malignant tumor proliferation and signs indicative of typical inflammation: Florid glandulo-cystic cystitis of intestinal type. Conclusion: Intestinal glandular cystitis is a rare condition affecting primarily men and involving the bladder mucosa. Its symptoms are nonspecific and often go undiagnosed. Transurethral bladder resection remains the treatment of choice, but other therapeutic modalities, proven effective, should not be dismissed. The issue of malignant degeneration remains a controversial topic for debate, but the course of the disease is primarily marked by recurrences, necessitating cystoscopic monitoring.

Lalami’s Anomic World: (Dis)Engagement with Normlessness and Attempts at Recovery

This article exposes the multi- faceted dimensions of anomie, Emile Durkheim’s highly controversial theory, and the way it applies to Laila Lalami’s novel Hope and Other Dangerous Pursuits (2005). This paper draws on Durkheim’s theory and aims at exploring the anomic world Lalami creates in her representation of Morocco during the postcolonial period and the impact of a state of normlessness on her characters’ experiences. Social norms have been blurred and common values and meanings have lost their significance and power to unite individuals due to economic difficulties, globalization, and colonization. The resulting instability and breakdown of ideals has left Lalami’s characters psychologically paralyzed and unsettled by emergent feelings of alienation, confusion, and an inability to deal with a period of cultural and social upheavals and a debilitated community. Eventually, they are forced to face a fractured society that lacks a sense of direction, a purpose in life, and the social cohesion that previously reinforced a collective conscience. The discussion mainly focuses on the disintegration of family and loss of a moral system that regulates society, and various attempts at recovery from such anomic conditions infiltrating Moroccan culture in Lalami’s novel.

Readings on Evolution and the Nature of Science: One Christian’s Perspective

Readings on Evolution and the Nature of Science: One Christian’s Perspective

HISTORIAN D.I. ILOVAISKY IN SCHOOL PRACTICE

Russia has long been famous for the names of famous scientists, teachers who left a noticeable imprint in Russian history. A worthy place among them is occupied by D.I. Ilovaisky.
 
 The purpose of the study is to study the scientist’s creative heritage in the field of school historical education.
 
 Materials and methods. When working with historical works of D.I. Ilovaisky, as well as with his history textbooks for schoolchildren of different ages, both general scientific methods were used – analysis, synthesis, generalization, and special methods – historical-genetic, historical-comparative, which made it possible to objectively assess the contribution of a scientist and teacher to historical science.
 
 Study results. The main stages of D.I. Ilovaisky’s life path are analyzed as well as his formation as a professional historian, who proposed original, sometimes controversial theories that caused patchy responses in the historical community. The main historical works of the scientist were studied, in which the author substantiated in detail the so-called “Roksolan” theory of the ancient Russian state’s origin. The contribution of the scientist to the development of local lore is studied. The educational and methodological materials of D.I. Ilovaisky on history for schoolchildren are examined. The discussion among historians-practitioners about the textbooks of D.I. Ilovaisky is thoroughly considered. Special attention is paid to the disclosure of the scientist’s position on the role of historical education in school practice.
 
 Conclusions. Comprehensive and complex analysis of the activities carried out by D.I. Ilovaisky in the field of school historical education makes it possible to understand and realize the importance of history as a science and as an academic discipline in forming the civic consciousness of the younger generation.

A Wavelet Investigation of Periodic Long Swings in the Economy: The Original Data of Kondratieff and Some Important Series of GDP per Capita

The existence of fluctuations is part of the narrative, especially when there is a slowdown (or worse, a contraction) in economic activity. The presence of long waves with a period of about 50 years as proposed by Kondratieff is one of the most controversial and fascinating theories about economic cycles. This paper analyses both the original Kondratieff data (from which the hypothesis started) and a dataset that includes GDP per capita for several significant countries. By applying the wavelet analysis (WA), the main objective of the paper is to understand whether it is plausible to support the existence of periodic fluctuations consistent with long cycles theory. The outcomes for Kondratieff’s original dataset do not show the presence of a coherent periodicity for most cases. The same conclusion can be drawn for all the GDP per capita series.

On the Ethics of Imagination and Ethical-Aesthetic Value Interaction in Fiction

Advocates of interactionism in the ethical criticism of art argue that ethical value impacts aesthetic value. The debate is concerned with “the intrinsic question”: the question of whether ethical flaws/merits in artworks’ manifested attitudes affect their aesthetic value (Gaut 2007: 9). This paper argues that the assumption that artworks have intrinsic ethical value is problematic at least in regards to a significant subset of works: fictional artworks. I argue that, insofar as their ethical value emerges only from attitudes attributable to actual agents, fictional artworks only have extrinsic ethical value. I show that what is at stake for interactionism is whether ethical judgements concerning artists’ attitudes in a context, rather than manifested attitudes, are ever aesthetically relevant. I conclude that, without buying into extreme actual intentionalism, a still controversial theory of interpretation that ties artworks’ meaning to actual artists, interactionism fails to show that ethical flaws/merits are aesthetic flaws/merits.

Teleorman’da Delilik: Kaos ve Düzen

Chaos theory has emerged as a controversial scientific theory in the world of physics contrasting with the settled Newtonian theory supporting that the world and the universe have determinist and linear characteristics working in a regular and predictable way in the basis of causalities. Chaos theory offers the new world non-linearity, unpredictability, Fractal geometry against Euclid geometry and dependence on initial conditions. This theory born in physics has caused an enormous impact on social sciences, as well. Literature as the close follower of up-to-date theories and movements cannot keep away itself from this new theory. Numerous studies have been carried out in the West to interpret literary texts from different aspects –thematically or structurally- based on Chaos theory. This article aims to analyze Caryl Churchill’s Mad Forest issuing the Romanian Revolution from a modernist and surrealist way via key terms of Chaos theory with respect to theme and structure. Thus, Chaos theory and its key terms will be defined and its applications on literature will be discussed from different perspectives. Finally, Mad Forest will be analyzed regarding some key elements such as order within disorder, nonlinearity and dependence on initial conditions presented by perspectives of Chaos theory.

Ethical Theories and Controversial Intuitions

ABSTRACT We have controversial intuitions about the rightness of retributive punishment, keeping promises for its own sake, and pushing the heavy man off of the bridge in the footbridge trolley case. How do these intuitions relate to ethical theories? Should ethical theories aim to fit with and explain them? Or are only uncontroversial intuitions relevant to explanatory ethical theorising? I argue against several views that we might hold about the relationship between controversial intuitions and ethical theories. I then propose and defend the view that ethical theories should only aim to fit with and explain the intuitions that almost all people (who minimally understand the relevant issues) share. I argue that this view has interesting and important implications for ethical theorising and theorising about justice and equality.

Return–volume nexus in financial markets: A survey of research

This paper provides a systematic review of the return–volume literature, broadly defined to include theoretical and empirical research relating to the intramarket and cross-market interlinkages between security return and trading volume characteristics in four financial markets, namely, the stock, bond, foreign exchange, and futures markets. Viewed through this lens, this paper attempts to review previous empirical research within a unified theoretical framework that relates the interlinkages between return and volume characteristics in various financial markets. Overall, this paper marks several interesting areas of debate and controversy based on several controversial theories and empirical findings in the literature, suggesting directions for future research.

Medulloblastoma: From TP53 Mutations to Molecular Classification and Liquid Biopsy.

A recent paradigm shift in the diagnostics of medulloblastoma allowed the distinction of four major groups defined by genetic data rather than histology. This new molecular classification correlates better with prognosis and will allow for the better clinical management of therapies targeting druggable mutations, but also offer a new combination of monitoring tumor development in real-time and treatment response by sequential liquid biopsy. This review highlights recent developments after a century of milestones in neurosurgery and radio- and chemotherapy, but also controversial theories on the cell of origin, animal models, and the use of liquid biopsy.

Biphasic dose response in the anti-inflammation experiment of PBM.

Non-invasive laser irradiation can induce photobiomodulation (PBM) effects in cells and tissues, which can help reduce inflammation and pain in several clinical scenarios. The purpose of this study is to review the current literature to verify whether PBM can produce dose effects in anti-inflammatory experiments by summarizing the clinical and experimental effects of different laser parameters of several diseases. The so-called Arndt-Schulz curve is often used to describe two-phase dose reactions, assuming small doses of therapeutic stimulation, medium doses of inhibition, and large doses of killing. In the past decade, more and more attention has been paid to the clinical application of PBM, especially in the field of anti-inflammation, because it represents a non-invasive strategy with few contraindications. Although there are different types of lasers available, their use is adjusted by different parameters. In general, the parameters involved are wavelength, energy density, power output, and radiation time. However, due to the biphasic effect, the scientific and medical communities remain puzzled by the ways in which the application of PBM must be modified depending on its clinical application. This article will discuss these parameter adjustments and will then also briefly introduce two controversial theories of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of PBM. A better understanding of the extent of dualistic dose response in low-intensity laser therapy is necessary to optimize clinical treatment. It also allows us to explore the most dependable mechanism for PBM use and, ultimately, standardize treatment for patients with various diseases.

Cold dense quark matter for the Alcubierre drive model

The Alcubierre warp drive is a controversial theory by Miguel Alcubierre. Some arguments claim that it may not be physically possible. However, based on previous studies, this work suggests an extremely dense quark matter with a low-temperature limit of up to zero that can satisfy the requirements of the Alcubierre warp drive model considering the color interaction potential energy. The energy-momentum tensor and velocity of the warp drive model supported by the quark matter are also described.

Carl Schmitt’s philosophy of law

The paper presents a theoretical consideration of the basics of philosophy of law of Carl Schmitt, a famous German lawyer and thinker who is the author of a quite controversial law theory, which to this day will not cease to intrigue the professional researchers. The work approaches Schmitt?s thought in an impartial way, and conducts a constructive dialogue with his theory of law and the state, i.e. his philosophy of law, acknowledging Schmitt?s analytical results in defining the relationship between politics and law, but also criticizing his theory where it shows certain exaggerations. The paper presents a simultaneous research of Schmitt?s theory and Schmitt?s biography, trying to show the existential and political reasons why he tried to conform his theory of state and law to the totalitarian political circumstances in which he lived. The paper finally evaluates the value of Schmitt?s theory, which in a clear, descriptive and logical way distinguished two levels of legal thought, distinguishing the very level of constitution of the political-legal order where law is not, in real historical conditions, separate from politics - and the level of the system of positive legal norms itself. In addition to discussing the basic figures of Schmitt?s philosophy of law, the paper also pays attention to Schmitt?s treatment of particular legal-theoretical issues, such as the issue of the state of emergency and sovereignty.

The Hegelian Heritage of Bradley’s Degrees of Truth and Reality in advance

In this essay, I argue that F.H. Bradley’s controversial theory of “degrees of truth and reality” is the logical development of Hegel’s own theory of truth when it is placed within the metaphysical system of the Science of Logic. Despite Bradley’s own claim that with regards to the theory of degrees of truth and reality he is indebted even more than anywhere else to Hegel, this connection has been little examined in the secondary literature. Through a careful examination of both Bradley’s works and the structure of Hegel’s logic, it will become clear that Bradley’s development of the theory is the only logical conclusion that the consistent Hegelian can make. This essay has clear ramifications for our understanding of Bradley’s philosophy and, through uncovering the logical connections that led Bradley to develop the theory, I reveal an important implication of Hegel’s thought that has been entirely overlooked.

INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND ZAKAT CONTRIBUTION IN MALAYSIA

One of the fundamental obligations of every Muslim is to pay Zakat. The asnaf group may receive assistance from Zakat payments and income distribution to survive financial difficulties. This article aims to describe how Malaysian Zakat income and distribution function. The significance of Zakat donations to the community for its economic development is discussed in the first paragraph of this article. The history of the Zakat contribution controversy and Sharia-based theory are then covered. The study's conclusion indicates an imbalance in the distribution of Zakat by the state in Malaysia based on the country's poverty rate. In order to ensure that Zakat's contribution to the community is effective, the article underlines the necessity for a thorough action plan to ensure that no Muslim group is overlooked or marginalised. To fulfil their different obligations and more effectively and efficiently meet the responsibility to donate Zakat, every Muslim community member must honestly collaborate and adhere to the detailed action plan.

SOX2-positive retinal stem cells are identified in adult human pars plicata by single-cell transcriptomic analyses.

Stem cell therapy is a promising strategy to rescue visual impairment caused by retinal degeneration. Previous studies have proposed controversial theories about whether in situ retinal stem cells (RSCs) are present in adult human eye tissue. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as one of the most powerful tools to reveal the heterogeneity of tissue cells. By using scRNA-seq, we explored the cell heterogeneity of different subregions of adult human eyes, including pars plicata, pars plana, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), iris, and neural retina (NR). We identified one subpopulation expressing SRY-box transcription factor 2 (SOX2) as RSCs, which were present in the pars plicata of the adult human eye. Further analysis showed the identified subpopulation of RSCs expressed specific markers aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and tetraspanin 12 (TSPAN12). We, therefore, isolated this subpopulation using these two markers by flow sorting and found that the isolated RSCs could proliferate and differentiate into some retinal cell types, including photoreceptors, neurons, RPE cells, microglia, astrocytes, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells; whereas, AQP1- TSPAN12- cells did not have this differentiation potential. In conclusion, our results showed that SOX2-positive RSCs are present in the pars plicata and may be valuable for treating human retinal diseases due to their proliferation and differentiation potential.

Gene amplification mutations originate prior to selective stress in Acinetobacter baylyi.

The controversial theory of adaptive amplification states gene amplification mutations are induced by selective environments where they are enriched due to the stress caused by growth restriction on unadapted cells. We tested this theory with three independent assays using an Acinetobacter baylyi model system that exclusively selects for cat gene amplification mutants. Our results demonstrate all cat gene amplification mutant colonies arise through a multistep process. While the late steps occur during selection exposure, these mutants derive from low-level amplification mutant cells that form before growth-inhibiting selection is imposed. During selection, these partial mutants undergo multiple secondary steps generating higher amplification over several days to multiple weeks to eventually form visible high-copy amplification colonies. Based on these findings, amplification in this Acinetobacter system can be explained by a natural selection process that does not require a stress response. These findings have fundamental implications to understanding the role of growth-limiting selective environments on cancer development. We suggest duplication mutations encompassing growth factor genes may serve as new genomic biomarkers to facilitate early cancer detection and treatment, before high-copy amplification is attained.

G. de Molinari: the Building of a Rigorous Economic Method

Abstract Gustave de Molinari (1819–1912) is one of the most important representatives of the French liberal school in the 19th century. Although a Belgian by birth, he is, without contest, a member of the French tradition in the same way as Jean-Baptiste Say or Frédéric Bastiat. Yet, his work is little-known, or only limited to the knowledge of his most controversial theories, which are set out in his most famous publications, “De la Production de la Sécurité.