Controversial Discussion Research Articles

Kesantunan Berbahasa dalam Media Sosial : Kajian Pragmatik terhadap Komentar Online

This research aims to analyze politeness strategies in online comments on social media, with a focus on the application of Brown and Levinson's politeness theory. Social media as a virtual public space presents challenges in maintaining communication ethics, especially regarding user anonymity and spontaneity. Research data is obtained from online comments on platforms such as Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube, which are relevant to certain public topics. A qualitative approach with pragmatic discourse analysis is used to identify forms of positive politeness, negative politeness and politeness violations. The research results show that positive politeness strategies are more dominant than negative politeness, especially on emotional topics. Speech act patterns that are often found include illocutionary acts in the form of support or praise, as well as perlocutionary acts that create an emotional response. Cultural factors, discussion topic, level of anonymity, and age of the user influence the application of politeness. The findings also revealed that politeness violations occurred more frequently in controversial discussions. This research provides practical implications in increasing social media users' awareness of communicating politely. In addition, digital platforms are expected to strengthen moderation features to create a healthier communication space. Further research is recommended to explore the relationship between language politeness and digital conflict in various cultural contexts.

Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract : Morphology, molecular pathology, cellular origin

Neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) are poorly differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms that can occur ubiquitously in the mucosa-bearing organs of the gastrointestinal tract. Based on their morphology, they are classified into large cell (LCNEC) and small cell NEC (SCNEC). The most common form of mixed differentiation is the combination with an adenocarcinoma, referred to as mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC). NEC/MANEC exhibit asignificantly poorer prognosis than the adenocarcinomas of their respective primary sites, which is inextricably linked to their typical histomorphology. Adenocarcinomas with aberrant expression of neuroendocrine markers do not show aworse clinical course. Molecularly, NEC/MANEC have aprofile comparable to the adenocarcinomas of their site of origin and aprofile divergent from neuroendocrine tumors. Analyses of gastric NEC/MANEC have shown frequent MYC amplifications, which are reflected in MYC signatures in various transcriptome analyses.The cellular origin of NEC remains asubject of controversial discussion. New insights are provided by aMYC-driven, genetically modified mouse model that led to the development of large gastric tumors. These tumors were histologically identified as LCNEC and were accompanied by both neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine precursor lesions. Using immunofluorescence, aderivation from resident neuroendocrine cells in the gastric corpus was demonstrated, suggesting that at least aportion of LCNEC may originate directly from neuroendocrine cells.

Navigating controversial discussions: the role of talk moves in dialogic teaching

Despite its importance for students’ learning, engaging students in dialogic discussions, especially about controversial, justice-oriented topics, can be difficult for U.S. teachers to enact due to current political constraints. In this study, we explore how three middle school teachers engaged their students in curriculum-embedded discussions on a controversial topic and highlight their deployment of talk moves to invoke or extend discussions, assert authority, and interrogate. Using the Low-Inference Discourse Observation tool, we also identify how teachers used specific talk moves for each of these purposes during discussions. Our work underscores how teacher talk moves, coded along a spectrum of dialogicity in form, can function differently in the context of dialogic discussions about controversial topics.

Ethics of Pediatric Surgical Innovation: Considerations, Controversies, and Pitfalls.

AbstractThe field of surgery has relied on innovation and creativity to improve patient care and propel the field forward. Historically, regulatory oversight of innovative approaches to surgery has been largely inconsistent, rendering surgeons relatively unrestricted creative latitude in the operating room; whether this has proven to be more beneficial or harmful is subject to debate. While innovation plays a crucial role in the advancement of surgical techniques, the potential drawbacks of unregulated innovation must be seriously considered, especially when treating vulnerable populations such as infants and children. This article provides an overview of the ethical aspects surrounding innovation in pediatric surgery, including discussion of relevant considerations, controversies, and pitfalls. The following includes a review of the current and past literature surrounding the topic. The purpose of this review is to heighten awareness of the ethical challenges that surgeons face when considering novel operative techniques on pediatric patients.

Analyzing Riders’ Behavioral Adaptation to Driving Patterns of Advanced Autonomous Vehicles: A Virtual Reality Simulation Study

The necessity of human supervision and intervention during autonomous driving has long been a topic of controversial discussion. From a developer’s perspective, it is expected that users will readily adapt to well-calibrated autonomous driving systems (ADS) due to their superior performance in dynamic driving tasks (DDT) compared to conventional human-driven vehicles. However, when passengers experience an autonomous vehicle (AV), there may be an adjustment period during which they modify their behavior to accommodate the driving patterns of the ADS. Additionally, some passengers might not adapt to autonomous driving at all, highlighting potential limitations in the current ADS development strategy. This work studies the dynamics of human-automation interaction and introduces an “objective method”, which employs a Virtual Reality (VR)-enabled simulation approach for in-depth behavioral analysis concerning riders’ behavioral adaptation to autonomous driving. Specifically, we examined how participants interacted with and intervened in Level 4 ADS operating under conservative, moderate, and aggressive driving patterns in a fully autonomous environment. A realistic urban road network was recreated in VR, integrated with traffic microsimulation to generate various driving scenarios. Twenty-seven participants completed driving tasks across different AV modes, with their intervention behaviors analyzed in relation to traffic conditions and AV aggressiveness. Key findings include: (1) Participants showed higher intention to intervene but lower actual intervention rates under aggressive AV modes compared to moderate and conservative modes, suggesting quicker adaptation to more challenging driving scenarios. (2) Interventions generally proved unnecessary and sometimes detrimental to overall traffic performance in a full-AV environment. (3) Aggressive AV modes significantly improved traffic efficiency, with a 40% increase in average travel speed and a 53% reduction in waiting time. However, human interventions posed the greatest challenge to achieving optimal traffic conditions. This research provides insights into the complex dynamics of human-AV interaction and adaptation, offering valuable implications for AV interface design, implementation strategies, and public acceptance of autonomous driving technologies.

Hunters and hunted: the sinking of SS Arandora Star within the wider context of the Battle of the Atlantic 1939–1940

AbstractOn 2 July 1940, the ocean liner SS Arandora Star was torpedoed and sunk by German submarine U-47, with the loss of around 805 lives; over half of these were British-Italian civilian internees. This article approaches the event from the arena of Second World War military history, contextualising the sinking within the early Battle of the Atlantic. In so doing, it shifts the customary focus away from government internment policy and discussions of cultural legacy towards examining British and German naval strategies and realities. Tactical and logistical considerations of the conflict are investigated, the explication of which allows more detailed discussion of the sinking controversies and enables delivery of ‘answers’ to the persistent ‘questions’ of why Arandora Star was sailing unescorted and without Red Cross insignia. The broad perspective offered engages with transgression and culpability, and overall the article seeks to advance Arandora Star scholarship with its distinctive maritime focus.

Update: Neuromuscular Blockade during General Anesthesia

The correct use of muscle relaxants and neuromuscular monitoring during anesthesia has been subject of controversial discussions for decades. Particularly important in clinical practice are identification and management of residual neuromuscular blockages and avoidance of associated complications. Despite the differences in the molecular mechanisms of action between depolarizing and non-depolarizing muscle relaxants the blockade of the postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor remains a common ending pathway. Due to its unfavorable side effect profile, succinylcholine should only be used in justified exceptional cases. The use of muscle relaxants generally reduces the complication rate in airway management. However, even the single use of muscle relaxants increases the likelihood of postoperative pulmonary complications. These complications associated with the use of muscle relaxants, such as residual neuromuscular blockade, must be anticipated. The application of guideline-based approaches, including continuous neuromuscular monitoring and the application of muscle relaxant reversal agents, may significantly reduce the rate of adverse events associated with the use of muscle relaxants.

“Eso Parece Español”. El Patrimonio Conflictivo Compartido de las Dictaduras

The following article is a local case study that examines the shared heritage of German and Spanish fascism in Berlin and its critical artistic reappraisal using the example of historical sites and monuments of art and architecture of the 20th century. The text is based on the experiences and controversial discussions of the heritage conservation andrestoration in the German capital after the opening of the Berlin Wall (1989/90) and the fall of the Iron Curtain in Europe (1989/1991). Characteristic differences in the reception of history and heritage between the western sectors of Berlin and East Berlin after 1945 also became apparent. The text owes essential impulses to the recent Action Group ‘Integrated and Comprehensive Approaches for Dissonant Heritage in Europe’ of the ‘Partnership Culture and Cultural Heritage’ within the framework of the ‘Urban Agenda of the EU’ and is intended as a contribution to the current discussion at the II International PAMEFRAN Conference “Heritege and conflict Debate on the management and treatment of a multifaceted object”. The article opposes a politically motivated iconoclasm of symbols and monuments of autocratic systems of the past and advocates for their critical reappraisal and commentaryin situ.

The art of AI: Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence in Photography

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) into photography has given rise to a controversial discussion over image perception, originality, and authenticity. Though AI presents artists with new tools and opportunities, worries over the degradation of artistic integrity and emotional depth continue. This paper investigates the complex ramifications of artificial intelligence (AI)-generated art, looking at how it affects the artistic process, public opinion, and the changing field of visual expression. Drawing on insights from recent controversies in the film industry and diverse perspectives from artists, the present essay delves into the complexities of AI-generated art.

The role of different acetabular morphologies on patient-reported outcomes following periacetabular osteotomy in borderline hip dysplasia

IntroductionThe treatment option for borderline hip dysplasia (BHD) includes hip arthroscopy and periacetabular osteotomy (PAO). To the present day the controversial discussion remains, which intervention to prefer. Literature reports supporting an educated choice are scare, based on small patient cohorts and do not address the variability of acetabular morphology. Consequently, we intended to report PAO outcomes, from patients diagnosed with BHD, dependent on acetabular morphology, in a large patient cohort and aimed to define risk factors for poor clinical results and patient satisfaction.Materials and methodsA prospective monocentre study was conducted. Patients enrolled underwent PAO for symptomatic BHD (LCEA, 18°–25°). A total of 107 hips were included with 94 complete data sets were available for evaluation with a minimum follow-up of 1 year and a mean follow-up of 2.3 years. The mean age was 31 ± 8.2 years, and 81.3% were female. As the primary outcome measure, we utilized the modified Harris hip score (mHHS) with minimal clinically important change (MCID) of eight to define clinical failure. Results were compared after a comprehensive radiographic assessment distinguishing between lateral deficient vs. anterior/posterolateral deficient acetabular and stable vs. unstable hip joints.ResultsOverall, clinical success was achieved in 91.5% of patients and the mHHS improved significantly (52 vs. 84.7, p < 0.001). Eight hips failed to achieve the MCID and four had radiographic signs of overcorrection. Comparing variable joint morphologies, the rate of clinical success was higher in patients with an anterior/posterolateral deficient acetabular covarage compared to lateral deficient acetabular (95.2% vs. 90.4%). tThe highest rate of clinical failure was recorded in unstable hip joints (85.7% vs. 92.5% in stable hips).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that PAO is an effective means to treat symptomatic BHD with variable acetabular morphologies, achieving a clinical success in 91.5% of all patients. To maintain a high level of safety and patient satisfaction technical accuracy appears crucial.

The Evolution of the British Executive: Cabinet, Prime Minister and Core Executive Model

With the resignation of three prime ministers in the United Kingdom since 2019, the executive organ in the UK has become a topic of controversial discussion in the literature. The longstanding debate regarding who wields significant influence within the Executive branch and how executive power is exercised has reignited. It has been underscored that historically, the executive functioned either through the cabinet system, characterized by a collective decision-making structure, or the prime ministerial system, where the prime minister held primary decision-making authority. This article argues that neither the cabinet nor the prime ministerial system adequately explains the contemporary British executive. By analyzing the institutions of the cabinet and the prime minister's office from both historical and contemporary perspectives, this article seeks to explain this point. Ultimately, it examines the core executive model, positing that multiple actors and various factors such as resources, structure, strategy, and tactics collectively determine the functioning of the British executive today.

Transhumanism and One Health

Abstract In this article, we draw on an interdisciplinary seminar at the University of Basel in the spring semester 2023. The seminar firstly discussed technical transhumanism between improving human lives through technological innovation and breathtaking advances in artificial intelligence (AI). Secondly, integrative approaches to health such as One Health have a transhumanist dimension, meaning that the interaction of human and animal health contributes to human health and development. As technological and biological dimensions of transhumanism raise philosophical, anthropological and ethical questions, we ask what is specifically human and what kind of future human-technology interactions is societally acceptable. With the rapid recent development of AI, questions arise about algorithms taking over human intellectual functions. Transhumanism can be described as a current of a posthumanist turn that generally asks where the limits of the human body and also of human existence lie. From an anthropological point of view a controversial discussion is held ‘beyond the human’ about blurring of the boundaries between humans, animals and nature. The One Health approach demands that animals should not suffer in place of humans and that the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment must be promoted simultaneously. This places the One Health approach in a tension and dilemma between conflicting ethical and purely human demands for the protection and welfare of animals, as well as the legitimate demands for animal food and sheer survival in many areas of the world. A biological transhumanism certainly has less of a claim to surpass specifically human performance and thus stands less or not at all in the more gnostic technological current of technical transhumanism, which replaces human labour and suddenly achieves the ability to turn against humans. One Health impact statement Integrative approaches to health such as One Health have a transhumanist dimension, meaning that the interaction of human and animal health contributes to human health and development. The One Health approach demands that animals should not suffer in place of humans and that the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment must be promoted simultaneously. This places the One Health approach in a tension and dilemma between conflicting ethical and purely human demands for the protection and welfare of animals, as well as the legitimate demands for animal food and sheer survival in many areas of the world. Because of the high variability of the culturally-religiously shaped human-animal-environment relationship, such a transdisciplinary, participatory consensus would need to be contextually adapted, that is, to geographically, culturally-religiously distinct situations.Keywords: Transhumanism, Technical, Biological, One Health, Anthropology, Ontology, Ethics

A framework of index system for gauging the sustainability of iranian provinces by fusing analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and rough set theory (RST)

Urban sustainability is essential to address the challenges posed by population explosion, excessive consumption, and environmental disasters. Controversial discussions between governments and academics in countries like Iran challenge sustainable development. This paper provides an integrated Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Rough Set Theory (RST) for determining attribute weights, and presents a new application of variance maximization in a mathematical model to determine more realistic integrated weights. An empirical study was conducted in 31 provinces of Iran using data from 2012 to 2019 to evaluate overall sustainability; sustainability in three pillars of social equity (SE), economic dynamism (ED), and environmental protection (EP); as well as to understand the importance of criteria in a localized system consisting of 27 sub-criteria. In terms of overall sustainability, Semnan and Tehran had the highest score with around 50 % and Sistan scoring the lowest at around 18 %. In terms of SE and ED, the regions were generally balanced. However, the eastern border provinces performed poorly in terms of EP. Zanjan had the greatest percentage of sustainable growth (29.25 %), while Sistan obtained the lowest (−19.75 %). The most important factors in strengthening SE, ED, and EP were healthcare, workforce, and environmental quality, respectively. This approach may assess sustainability from many national, provincial, and local dimensions, and its flexibility as well as the compatibility of the estimated findings with sensitivity analysis was proved. Then, strategies to improve urban sustainability, including increasing cooperation between provinces and regions and balanced growth in the pillars of sustainability, are presented.

Quantifying Variations in Controversial Discussions within Kuwaiti Social Networks

During the COVID-19 pandemic, pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine groups emerged, influencing others to vaccinate or abstain and leading to polarized debates. Due to incomplete user data and the complexity of social network interactions, understanding the dynamics of these discussions is challenging. This study aims to discover and quantify the factors driving the controversy related to vaccine stances across Kuwaiti social networks. To tackle these challenges, a graph convolutional network (GCN) and feature propagation (FP) were utilized to accurately detect users’ stances despite incomplete features, achieving an accuracy of 96%. Additionally, the random walk controversy (RWC) score was employed to quantify polarization points within the social networks. Experiments were conducted using a dataset of vaccine-related retweets and discussions from X (formerly Twitter) during the Kuwait COVID-19 vaccine rollout period. The analysis revealed high polarization periods correlating with specific vaccination rates and governmental announcements. This research provides a novel approach to accurately detecting user stances in low-resource languages like the Kuwaiti dialect without the need for costly annotations, offering valuable insights to help policymakers understand public opinion and address misinformation effectively.

Regional economic development in the lens of the dilemma between growth poles approach and the balanced growth theory. An observatory during the Francoist regime

Regional economic development gained increasing relevance in European policy agendas after the Second World War, especially under the implementation of indicative planning. Likewise, a lively debate arose between the growth poles approach and the balanced growth theory. The main aim of this paper is to analyse this dilemma mainly through contributions from the Revista de Economía de Galicia (Galician Economic Review), as a representative observatory of this controversial discussion in the Francoist regime. National and international contributions underlined the positive potential effects of fostering an upgrading process of traditional sectors as a way of enhancing balanced and endogenous growth.

YouTube and the implementation and discontinuation of the oral contraceptive pill: A mixed-method content analysis.

Women living in high-quality healthcare systems are more likely to use oral contraceptives at some point in their lives. Research findings have sparked controversial discussions about contraception in the scientific community and the media, potentially leading to higher rates of method discontinuation. Understanding the underlying motives for method discontinuation is crucial for reproductive health equity and future programming interventions. To address this question, this study aims to explore women's experiences of oral contraceptive use and discontinuation on YouTube. A concurrent explanatory mixed-methods design was used to conduct content analysis of German YouTube videos. The information from 175 videos of 158 individuals was extracted through quantitative descriptive content analysis. Twenty-one individuals were included in the qualitative content analysis. The body was a recurring theme in the pill biographies. Women described, for example, bodily sensations as reasons for taking and stopping the pill. They also described positive and negative side effects while taking the pill and after stopping. The most common side effects of taking the pill mentioned by YouTubers were mood swings (76/158), weight gain (45/158), headaches (33/158), and depressed mood (45/158). The symptoms after discontinuation reported most were facial skin impurities (108/158), decreased mood swings (47/158), hair loss (42/158), and weight loss (36/158). Overall, women overwhelmingly rated their discontinuation experience as positive (87/91). The study identified key symptoms of oral contraceptive initiation and discontinuation by portraying the experiences of female YouTubers, adding valuable insights to the understanding of method initiation and discontinuation. Further research is needed to explore women's personal experiences with method discontinuation beyond the YouTube platform.

“My thinking has changed but beliefs have not”: Motivated reasoning in learning to teach abortion

ABSTRACT In the wake of the overturning of Roe v. Wade, social studies education has remained startlingly silent on the topic of abortion. In this design-based research study, we present a qualitative analysis of how preservice secondary social studies teachers made sense of evidence and how they learned about abortion in a mixed-reality teaching simulation built around pedagogies of practice on facilitating controversial issue discussions. Drawing on political psychology and motivated reasoning, we analyzed participants’ engagement with amicus briefs in Dobbs v. Jackson and their thinking about evidence and the issue itself. We found participants generally made sense of the documents in ways consistent with principles of motivated reasoning and the primacy of emotions in evidence evaluation. We analyze shifts in participants’ thinking and conceptual understanding about abortion as a result of their participation, including distinctions and connections drawn between thinking, believing, and learning. Our analysis suggests that even those with intransigent opinions can learn about abortion, that evidence and evidence evaluation are more complicated and nuanced than the literature often suggests, and that emotion plays an integral role in evaluation and argumentation. We conclude by arguing that abortion cannot remain in the proverbial shadows in social studies.

Diagnosis and Management of an Enlarging Placental Immature Teratoma: A Case Report.

The clinical imaging and pathology of a rare case of immature teratoma of the placenta is presented with a discussion of controversies related to classification and clinical suggestions for therapy and follow-up.

Effects of intellectual humility in the context of affective polarization: Approaching and avoiding others in controversial political discussions.

Affective polarization, the extent to which political actors treat each other as disliked outgroups, is challenging political exchange and deliberation, for example, via mistrust of the "political enemy" and unwillingness to discuss political topics with them. The present experiments address this problem and study what makes people approach, and not avoid, potential discussion partners in the context of polarized political topics in Germany. We hypothesized that intellectual humility, the recognition of one's intellectual limitations, would predict both less affective polarization and higher approach and lower avoidance tendencies toward contrary-minded others. Across four preregistered online-survey experiments (N = 1,668), we manipulated how intellectually humble a target person was perceived and measured participants' self-reported (topic-specific) intellectual humility. Results revealed that participants' intellectual humility was consistently negatively correlated with affective polarization. Additionally, intellectual humility of both the target person and the participants was beneficial, and sometimes even necessary, to make participants approach, and not avoid, the target person. Intellectual humility was more important than moral conviction, opinion, and opinion strength. Furthermore, the effects on approach and avoidance were mediated by more positive expectations regarding the debate, and the effects on future willingness for contact by higher target liking. Our findings suggest that intellectual humility is an important characteristic to enable political exchange as it leads to seeing political outgroups more positively and to a higher willingness to engage in intergroup contact. Implications for intergroup contact of political groups as well as ideas for future research are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Supplemental Material for Effects of Intellectual Humility in the Context of Affective Polarization: Approaching and Avoiding Others in Controversial Political Discussions

Supplemental Material for Effects of Intellectual Humility in the Context of Affective Polarization: Approaching and Avoiding Others in Controversial Political Discussions