Controlled Release Capability Research Articles

Synthesis Techniques and Biomedical Applications of Cyclodextrin Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Cyclodextrin Metal-Organic Frameworks (CD MOFs) represent an innovative class of materials with remarkable properties and a broad range of applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis techniques, structural characterization, and diverse applications of CD-MOFs. By combining cyclodextrins (CDs) with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), CD-MOFs are developed with enhanced functionality. The synthesis methods, including various metal sources, coordination modes, and post-synthesis modifications, are discussed alongside advanced structural characterization techniques like X-ray crystallography and spectroscopic methods. The unique characteristics of CD-MOFs, such as high specific surface area, tunable porosity, and customizable chemical structure, make them exceptional candidates for applications in gas adsorption, drug delivery, catalysis, sensing, and environmental remediation. Notably, CD-MOFs show significant promise as nanocarriers in drug delivery systems, offering improved therapeutic outcomes due to their efficient encapsulation and controlled release capabilities. The review highlights recent advancements and underscores the potential impact of CD-MOFs in driving future innovations across various scientific fields.

A review of the fighting Acinetobacter baumannii on three fronts: antibiotics, phages, and nanoparticles.

In the current era of antibiotic resistance, researchers are exploring alternative ways to treat bacterial infections that are resistant to multiple drugs. Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a bacterium that is commonly encountered in clinical settings and is known to be resistant to several drugs. Due to the increase in drug-resistant infections caused by this bacteria, there is an urgent need to investigate alternative treatment options such as phage therapy and combination therapy. Despite the success of phages in some cases, there are some limitations in their clinical application that can be overcome by combining phages with other substrates such as nanoparticles to improve their function. The integration of nanotechnology with phage therapy against A. baumannii promises to overcome antibiotic resistance. By exploiting the targeted delivery and controlled release capabilities of nanoparticles, we can enhance the therapeutic potential of phages while minimizing their limitations. Continued research in this field will undoubtedly pave the way for more effective and precise treatments against A. baumannii infections and provide hope in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Enzymatically Triggered Drug Release from Microgels Controlled by Glucose Concentration.

This study aims to design microgels for controlled drug release via enzymatically generated pH changes in the presence of glucose. Modern medicine is focused on developing smart delivery systems with controlled release capabilities. In response to this demand, we present the synthesis, characterization, and enzymatically triggered drug release behavior of microgels based on poly(acrylic acid) modified with glucose oxidase (GOx) (p(AA-BIS)-GOx). TEM images revealed that the sizes of air-dried p(AA-BIS)-GOx microgels were approximately 130 nm. DLS measurements showed glucose-triggered microgel size changes upon glucose addition, which depended on buffer concentration. Enzymatically triggered drug release experiments using doxorubicin-loaded microgels with immobilized GOx demonstrated that drug release is strongly dependent on glucose and buffer concentration. The highest differences in release triggered by 5 and 25 mM glucose were observed in HEPES buffer at concentrations of 3 and 9 mM. Under these conditions, 80 and 52% of DOX were released with 25 mM glucose, while 47 and 28% of DOX were released with 5 mM glucose. The interstitial glucose concentration in a tumor ranges from ∼15 to 50 mM. Normal fasting blood glucose levels are about 5.5 mM, and postprandial (2 h after a meal) glucose levels should be less than 7.8 mM. The obtained results highlight the microgel's potential for drug delivery using the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, where drug release is controlled by enzymatically generated pH changes in response to elevated glucose concentrations.

Innovative Formulation Platform: Paving the Way for Superior Protein Therapeutics with Enhanced Efficacy and Broadened Applications.

Protein therapeutics offer high therapeutic potency and specificity; the broader adoptions and development of protein therapeutics, however, have been constricted by their intrinsic limitations such as inadequate stability, immunogenicity, suboptimal pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, and off-target effects. This review describes a platform technology that formulates individual protein molecules with a thin formulation layer of crosslinked polymers, which confers the protein therapeutics with high activity, enhanced stability, controlled release capability, reduced immunogenicity, improved pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, and ability to cross the blood brain barriers. Based on currently approved protein therapeutics, this formulating platform affords the development of a vast family of superior protein therapeutics with improved efficacy and broadened indications at significantly reduced cost.

Development of multifunctional zein-based films engineered with gallic acid and Ag NPs loaded γ-CD-MOFs for pork preservation

The increasing emphasis on food quality and consumer safety has prompted researchers to explore green manufacturing techniques for packaging materials. In this study, γ-cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks (γ-CD-MOFs) were prepared as promising nanocarriers for gallic acid (GA) and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). These nanocarriers (GA-Ag@CD-MOFs) were further incorporated into a zein matrix to fabricate multifunctional composite films, referred to as MOFs-Zein. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis indicated that the fabricated composite film exhibited excellent biocompatibility, with GA-Ag@CD-MOFs uniformly dispersed within the film matrix. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) result revealed that the incorporation of GA-Ag@CD-MOFs facilitated the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds with the matrix polymer. The addition of GA-Ag@CD-MOFs enhanced the tensile strength of the composite film by 19.70 %, improved the water barrier performance by 57.76 %, and provided almost 100 % UV protection. The exceptional controlled release capability of γ-CD-MOFs for GA empowered the composite films to maintain their robust initial antioxidant capacity even after 100 days of storage. Moreover, the composite films performed high-efficiency antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica. Acute toxicological studies showed no histopathology related toxicity was found in GA-Ag@CD-MOFs treated mice. When applied to fresh pork, the composite films significantly reduced the key quality indicators of raw meat, compared to the control film. Overall, this work presents a promising approach to fabricate the composite films as a sustainable and functional solution for green functional food packaging.

Emulsifying properties of egg proteins: Influencing factors, modification techniques, and applications.

As an essential food ingredient with good nutritional and functional properties and health benefits, eggs are widely utilized in food formulations. In particular, egg proteins have good emulsification properties and can be commonly used in various food products, such as mayonnaise and baked goods. Egg protein particles can act as stabilizers for Pickering emulsions because they can effectively adsorb at the oil-water interface, reduce interfacial tension, and form a stable physical barrier. Due to their emulsifying properties, biocompatibility, controlled release capabilities, and ability to protect bioactive substances, egg proteins have become ideal carriers for encapsulating and delivering functional substances. The focus of this review is to summarize current advances in using egg proteins as emulsifiers. The effects of influencing factors (temperature, pH, and ionic strength) and various modification methods (physical, chemical, and biological modification) on the emulsifying properties of egg proteins are discussed. In addition, the application of egg proteins as emulsifiers in food products is presented. Through in-depth research on the emulsifying properties of egg proteins, the optimization of their applications in food, biomedical, and other fields can be achieved.

Insights into the Preparation of and Evaluation of the Bactericidal Effects of Phage-Based Hydrogels.

The rise of antibiotic-resistant strains demands new alternatives in antibacterial treatment. Bacteriophages, with their precise host specificity and ability to target and eliminate bacteria safely, present a valuable option. Meanwhile, hydrogels, known for their excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility, serve as ideal carriers for bacteriophages. The combination of bacteriophages and hydrogels ensures heightened phage activity, concentration, controlled release, and strong antibacterial properties, making it a promising avenue for antibacterial treatment. This article provides a comprehensive review of different crosslinking methods for phage hydrogels, focusing on their application in treating infections caused by various drug-resistant bacteria and highlighting their effective antibacterial properties and controlled release capabilities.

Zein: Potential biopolymer in inflammatory bowel diseases.

Effectively managing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) poses difficulties due to its persistent nature and unpredictable episodes of exacerbation. There is encouraging evidence that personalized medication delivery systems can improve therapy efficacy while reducing the negative effects of standard medicines. Zein, a protein produced from corn, has garnered interest as a possible means of delivering drugs for the treatment of IBD. This review delves into Zein-based drug delivery systems, showcasing its biodegradability, controlled release capabilities, and biocompatibility. Studies have shown that Zein-based nanoparticles, microcarriers, and core-shell microparticles have the capacity to increase medication stability, enhance targeting in the intestines, and decrease toxicity in animal models of IBD. The review highlights the promise of Zein in personalized therapy for IBD and urges more study to enhance its clinical use.

Hydrogel for slow-release drug delivery in wound treatment

Abstract When skin comes into direct contact with the outside environment, it becomes extremely prone to injury and external factors can make wounds difficult to heal. Traditional medical dressings often cause secondary injury and are poorly resistant to infection. Hydrogels offer a promising alternative to overcome these difficulties. In this study, chitosan (CS)/gelatin (GEL)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels were developed by chemical cross-linking and loaded with the drug kitasamycin (KM) for testing. The hydrogels’ in vitro drug release and wound-healing properties were assessed. For 48 h, the drug release from the hydrogel in vitro persisted, which was significantly longer than the release time of the KM solution. Antimicrobial activity tests showed that the loaded KM hydrogel maintained its bacteriostatic ability at the same concentration as the KM solution, and during in vitro bacteriostatic inhibition, the duration of bacteriostatic inhibition of the KM hydrogel was significantly prolonged compared to that of the KM solution. This confirms the controlled release capability of the hydrogel. In addition, the hydrogel reduced the wound size in mice by 96 % and histopathological tests showed complete re-epithelialization of the wound. The prepared hydrogels successfully demonstrated their potential ability to control drug release and promote skin wound healing.

Preparation of trilayer film with slow-release, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities and its effects on scallop preservation

Scallops are renowned for their delicious taste and rich nutritional profile, including high contents of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. However, they are highly susceptible to spoilage caused by lipid oxidation and microorganism proliferation. Therefore, in this study, trilayer films based on gelatin/gelatin-dextran/gelatin with different concentrations (0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, and 1.2%, w/w) of active fillers (citronellal and α-tocopherol) were developed to preserve scallop adductor muscle during cold storage. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that each layer was well-bonded with no gaps, indicating the successful preparation of the trilayer films. The addition of citronellal and α-tocopherol resulted in a porous cross-section with a slightly rough surface and increased hydrophobicity of the trilayer films. With increase in concentrations of citronellal and α-tocopherol, the thickness, opacity, antioxidant capability, and antibacterial activity of the trilayer films increased, while water vapor permeability and mechanical properties decreased. Both citronellal and α-tocopherol showed controlled release properties in four food simulants, with the longest release times in 95% (v/v) ethanol solution. Furthermore, the incorporation of 1.2% (w/w) of active fillers into the trilayer film significantly enhanced the chemical and microbiological stabilities of the scallop adductor muscles, thereby prolonging their shelf life by six days during cold storage. The developed trilayer films showed excellent controlled release, antibacterial properties, and antioxidant capabilities, indicating their potential for effective preservation of aquatic food products.

Microneedles: An Efficient Technique to Increase Transdermal Drug Delivery System.

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDDS) have gained attention as a viable substitute for traditional drug administration methods because of their controlled release capabilities and non-invasive design. Microneedles are a new and effective technology that has attracted a lot of attention recently to enhance the capabilities of TDDS further. The study on microneedles and their potential to improve transdermal medication delivery is thoroughly reviewed in this review article. The study initiates by clarifying the difficulties linked to traditional medication delivery techniques and the benefits provided by transdermal channels. The article then explores the development of microneedle technology, outlining the several kinds of microneedles-solid, hollow, and dissolving-as well as their uses. Because of their special capacity to penetrate the skin's protective layer painlessly and their ability to distribute drugs precisely and precisely, microneedles are a highly useful instrument in pharmaceutical research. The materials, geometry, and manufacturing processes that affect the design and creation of microneedles are critically analyzed and presented. The manuscript delves into the latest developments in microneedle technology, encompassing the utilization of biodegradable polymers, smart materials, and sensing components for in-the-- moment monitoring. This analysis concludes by highlighting the noteworthy advancements in the field of microneedles and their potential to transform transdermal drug delivery systems. This thorough knowledge seeks to further the current discussion in pharmaceutical research, encouraging creativity and opening the door for the creation of safer, more effective drug delivery systems.

Chitosan-Derived Nanocarrier Polymers for Drug Delivery and pH-Controlled Release in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment.

Diabetes, particularly Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), is a chronic metabolic disorder with high and increasing global prevalence, characterized by insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion. Despite advancements in novel drug delivery systems, widespread and systematic treatment of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) remains challenging due to issues like drug toxicity, low water solubility, and uncontrolled release. Thus, developing nanoplatforms with controlled release capabilities has become a major research focus. Due to its excellent biocompatibility and drug delivery properties, chitosan has attracted considerable attention as a typical biopolymer. In this study, we designed and synthesized an intelligent fluorescence-pH sensitive nanopolymer material using chitosan. We loaded drug 1 and chromium phthalocyanine (CrPc) into folic acid-conjugated carboxymethyl chitosan (FA-CMCS) nanocarriers, forming FA-CMCS@1-CrPc. Comprehensive characterization of FA-CMCS@1-CrPc was conducted using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and gas adsorption analysis (BET). The results indicate that the nanomaterial was successfully synthesized and exhibits excellent specific surface area, biocompatibility, and fluorescence response. Further research revealed that FA-CMCS@1-CrPc not only achieved controlled drug release but also could regulate drug release by adjusting pH. Additionally, due to its strong fluorescence performance, the nanomaterial demonstrated higher detection sensitivity, especially for monitoring the release of 5% trace drugs. An in vitro model of insulin-resistant cells was established to evaluate the effects of the drug delivery system on glucose degradation and AGE-RAGE regulation, providing a foundation for the development of new T2DM drugs.

Emerging 2D Nanomaterials-Integrated Hydrogels: Advancements in Designing Theragenerative Materials for Bone Regeneration and Disease Therapy.

This review highlights recent advancements in the synthesis, processing, properties, and applications of 2D-material integrated hydrogels, with a focus on their performance in bone-related applications. Various synthesis methods and types of 2D nanomaterials, including graphene, graphene oxide, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, and MXene are discussed, along with strategies for their incorporation into hydrogel matrices. These composite hydrogels exhibit tunable mechanical properties, high surface area, strong near-infrared (NIR) photon absorption and controlled release capabilities, making them suitable for a range of regeneration and therapeutic applications. In cancer therapy, 2D-material-based hydrogels show promise for photothermal and photodynamic therapies, and drug delivery (chemotherapy). The photothermal properties of these materials enable selective tumor ablation upon NIR irradiation, while their high drug-loading capacity facilitates targeted and controlled release of chemotherapeutic agents. Additionally, 2D-materials -infused hydrogels exhibit potent antibacterial activity, making them effective against multidrug-resistant infections and disruption of biofilm generated on implant surface. Moreover, their synergistic therapy approach combines multiple treatment modalities such as photothermal, chemo, and immunotherapy to enhance therapeutic outcomes. In bio-imaging, these materials serve as versatile contrast agents and imaging probes, enabling their real-time monitoring during tumor imaging. Furthermore, in bone regeneration, most 2D-materials incorporated hydrogels promote osteogenesis and tissue regeneration, offering potential solutions for bone defects repair. Overall, the integration of 2D materials into hydrogels presents a promising platform for developing multifunctional theragenerative biomaterials.

Oleogels for the ocular delivery of epalrestat: formulation, in vitro, in ovo, ex vivo and in vivo evaluation.

The ocular administration of lipophilic and labile drugs such as epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor with potential for diabetic retinopathy treatment, demands the development of topical delivery systems capable of providing sufficient ocular bioavailability. The aim of this work was to develop non-aqueous oleogels based on soybean oil and gelators from natural and sustainable sources (ethyl cellulose, beeswax and cocoa butter) and to assess their reproducibility, safety and efficiency in epalrestat release and permeation both ex vivo and in vivo. Binary combinations of gelators at 10% w/w resulted in solid oleogels (oleorods), while single gelator oleogels at 5% w/w remained liquid at room temperature, with most of the oleogels displaying shear thinning behavior. The oleorods released up to 4µg epalrestat per mg of oleorod in a sustained or burst pattern depending on the gelator (approx. 10% dose in 24h). The HET-CAM assay indicated that oleogel formulations did not induce ocular irritation and were safe for topical ocular administration. Corneal and scleral ex vivo assays evidenced the permeation of epalrestat from the oleorods up to 4 and 2.5µg/cm2 after six hours, respectively. Finally, the capacity of the developed oleogels to sustain release and provide significant amounts of epalrestat to the ocular tissues was demonstrated in vivo against aqueous-based niosomes and micelles formulations loaded with the same drug concentration. Overall, the gathered information provides valuable insights into the development of oleogels for ocular drug delivery, emphasizing their safety and controlled release capabilities, which have implications for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy and other ocular conditions.

The use of neural computational analysis for drug delivery applications results in hybrid nanofluid flow between the uniform gap of two concentric tubes

The blood-based Ag and TiO2 Hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) flow between the two tubes are used for drug delivery applications. Ag and TiO2 hybrid nanofluids have immense potential as drug delivery agents due to their unique properties, controlled release capabilities, targeting abilities, and synergistic effects. Extensive research is being conducted to optimize their design and maximize their effectiveness in various therapeutic applications using experimental approaches. The recent work has been focused on theoretical analysis using the existing experimental data. These HNFs are functionalized with ligands or antibodies to specifically target and deliver drugs to diseased tissues or cells. This targeted approach enhances drug accumulation at the desired site, minimizing systemic toxicity and improving treatment outcomes. An external magnetic field is applied to control the release of drugs from the nanofluids. Magnetic nanoparticles such as iron oxide nanoparticles are incorporated into the nanofluids, which respond to the magnetic field and release the drug at a specific location and time. This offers a controlled and targeted drug delivery system. The graphical and numerical outcomes of the dimensionless momentum and thermal boundary layers are investigated and discussed. It is observed that hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) often exhibit superior heat transfer (HT) properties, primarily due to the high thermal conductivity of nanoparticles. Improving heat transfer helps reduce skin friction by maintaining a more uniform temperature distribution near the surface. Also, this acts in the optimization of the blood flow analysis. In terms of drug delivery applications, hybrid nanofluids are more prominent in refining applications through optimized heat transfer, as shown by the comparison.

Fabrication of Quercetin-Functionalized Morpholine and Pyridine Motifs-Laden Silk Fibroin Nanofibers for Effective Wound Healing in Preclinical Study.

Choosing suitable wound dressings is crucial for effective wound healing. Spun scaffolds with bioactive molecule functionalization are gaining attention as a promising approach to expedite tissue repair and regeneration. Here, we present the synthesis of novel multifunctional quercetin with morpholine and pyridine functional motifs (QFM) embedded in silk fibroin (SF)-spun fibers (SF-QFM) for preclinical skin repair therapies. The verification of the novel QFM structural arrangement was characterized using ATR-FTIR, NMR, and ESI-MS spectroscopy analysis. Extensive characterization of the spun SF-QFM fibrous mats revealed their excellent antibacterial and antioxidant properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and remarkable mechanical and controlled drug release capabilities. SF-QFM mats were studied for drug release in pH 7.4 PBS over 72 h. The QFM-controlled release is mainly driven by diffusion and follows Fickian's law. Significant QFM release (40%) occurred within the first 6 h, with a total release of 79% at the end of 72 h, which is considered beneficial in effectively reducing bacterial load and helping expedite the healing process. Interestingly, the SF-QFM-spun mat demonstrated significantly improved NIH 3T3 cell proliferation and migration compared to the pure SF mat, as evidenced by the complete migration of NIH 3T3 cells within 24 h in the scratch assay. Furthermore, the in vivo outcome of SF-QFM was demonstrated by the regeneration of fresh fibroblasts and the realignment of collagen fibers deposition at 9 days post-operation in a preclinical rat full-thickness skin defect model. Our findings collectively indicate that the SF-QFM electrospun nanofiber scaffolds hold significant capability as a cost-effective and efficient bioactive spun architecture for use in wound healing applications.

Preparation and thermal responsiveness of microencapsulated fluorinated liquids for automatic fire extinguishing

Most early-stage fires originating in small confined spaces may not be effectively mitigated by automatic fire-extinguishing systems. Leveraging the unique controlled release capability and barrier properties of microcapsules presents a promising avenue for developing multifunctional and intelligent fire-extinguishing agents tailored for early-stage fire suppression. This paper introduces two types of microcapsules that integrate automatic detection and fire extinguishing functions, utilizing fluorinated liquids specifically perfluoro(2-methyl-3-pentanone) and 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5 decafluoro-3-methoxy-4(trifluoromethyl)-pentane as core materials. The preparation process was optimized, and the thermal response of the microcapsules was evaluated by directly incorporating them into combustible materials. The results indicated a correlation between the preparation method, coating efficiency, and thermal stability of microcapsules with the core-wall materials. When the fluoride solution in the core material reaches the thermal response threshold temperature, the gas pressure generated during vaporization and phase change can break through the shell, enabling early active fire protection. Beyond a specific threshold of additive microcapsules in the material, the material exhibits self-extinguishing potential during combustion. In cases where the additive amount falls short of achieving self-extinguishing, the fire-resistant performance of materials can be enhanced through various measures. For instance, reducing the amount of fire-extinguishing agents, delaying the ignition time of fuel, and lowering the heat release rate during combustion are effective strategies. Moreover, the degree of improvement is related to the additional amount and the type of core-wall materials. The thermal-response mechanism of microcapsules constitutes a comprehensive mechanism with physical and chemical effects. The finding of this research offer a new technical approach for microencapsulating high-boiling-point gas extinguishing agents, facilitating intelligent and precise prevention of early fires resulting from combustible materials.

Therapeutic Peptides Are Preferentially Solubilized in Specific Microenvironments within PEG-PLGA Polymer Nanoparticles.

Polymeric nanoparticles are a highly promising drug delivery formulation. However, a lack of understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie their drug solubilization and controlled release capabilities has hindered the efficient clinical translation of such technologies. Polyethylene glycol-poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PEG-PLGA) nanoparticles have been widely studied as cancer drug delivery vehicles. In this letter, we use unbiased coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to model the self-assembly of a PEG-PLGA nanoparticle and its solubulization of the anticancer peptide, EEK, with good agreement with previously reported experimental structural data. We applied unsupervised machine learning techniques to quantify the conformations that polymers adopt at various locations within the nanoparticle. We find that the local microenvironments formed by the various polymer conformations promote preferential EEK solubilization within specific regions of the NP. This demonstrates that these microenvironments are key in controlling drug storage locations within nanoparticles, supporting the rational design of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications.

Metal organic frameworks in biomedicine: Innovations in drug delivery

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a class of versatile materials, finding extensive applications in drug delivery because of their unique properties and flexible design. This comprehensive review aims to give a broad perspective on the recent advancements in the area of drug delivery applications using MOFs. The fundamental characteristics of MOFs, highlighting their exceptional porosity, high surface area, and tuneable framework structures, enable MOFs to serve as ideal drug carriers, allowing efficient drug loading and controlled release. The review delves into the various ligands and metal ions employed for drug encapsulation. These include physical encapsulation, covalent bonding, and host-guest interactions, each offering distinct advantages for diverse types of drugs and therapeutic applications. The importance of tailoring MOF properties to optimize drug loading capacity, stability, and release kinetics has been emphasized. Additionally, the explorations involve delving into the mechanisms of drug release from MOFs, with factors such as pH, temperature, and external stimuli that can be harnessed to trigger controlled drug release. The utilization of MOFs in combination therapies, such as co-delivery of multiple drugs or integrating imaging agents, has also been examined. Numerous examples of MOFs used for drug delivery, encompassing both in-vitro and in-vivo studies, covering a wide range of therapeutic areas, including cancer treatment, antimicrobial therapy, and targeted drug delivery, are included. Additionally, the review addresses the challenges and future perspectives in the development of MOFs for drug delivery. Strategies to improve MOF stability, biocompatibility, and scalability are discussed, along with the understanding of MOF-drug interaction and potential toxicity concerns. With their tuneable properties, high loading capacities, and controlled release capabilities, MOFs hold exceptional capabilities that promise to enhance the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Continued research and development in this area can pave way for the translation of MOFs into clinical applications in the near future.

Zero-waste multistage utilization of dandelion root.

In the fragrance and perfume industry, the controlled release of fragrances are crucial factors that contribute to consumer appeal and product quality enhancement. In this study, various aromatic active substances were extracted from dandelion root (DR), which was subsequently calcined to produce high-performance porous biochar material. The dandelion root biochar (DRB) material was identified as promising adsorbents for the controlled release of fragrances. Furfuryl alcohol was chosen as the model fragrance for inclusion and controlled release studies. The DRB exhibited a substantial specific surface area of 991.89m2/g, facilitating efficient storage and controlled release capabilities. Additionally, the DRB's high stability and porous nature facilitated rapid collection and efficient recyclability. This research significantly contributes to the development of a sustainable, zero-waste multistage utilization strategy for dandelion roots, indicating a potential applications in the food flavoring industry and environmental conservations.