Control Scale For Children Research Articles

Relationship between Locus of Control Orientation and School Adjustment of Orphaned and Vulnerable Pupils in Kisumu Central Sub County, Kenya.

This study investigated the relationship between locus of control orientation and school adjustment of orphaned and vulnerable pupils (OVP) in primary schools in Kisumu Central Sub County, Kenya. It adopted a correlational research design. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to sample 284 participants which included 248 OVP and 36 class teachers. Data was collected using an adapted form of Nowicki-Strickland locus of control scale for children (N-SLOC) and a modified form of teacher rating scale of school adjustment (TRSSA). The instruments were piloted in two schools to determine their validity and reliability. Content validity was ascertained by incorporating results of the pilot study and views of experts in the Department of Educational Psychology of Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. On the other hand, split-half technique corrected by Spearman-Brown formula was used to determine reliability of the data collection instruments. N-SLOC yielded a reliability coefficient of .793 while TRSSA, .995. Data was analysed using inferential statistics at .05 level of statistical significance and 95% confidence level. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 25 aided in the analysis. Results revealed a weak significant positive correlation between locus of control orientation and school adjustment, r = .183, df = 246, p < .05 . Recommendations were made that could help stakeholders respond to OVP in ways that increase their comfortability and ultimate adjustment in the school environment. Key words: Adjustment, locus of control orientation, orphan, school adjustment and vulnerable pupil. DOI : 10.7176/JEP/11-21-16 Publication date :July 31st 2020

Juvenile Delinquent’s Decision Making Capacity in Risk Situations: A Multifactorial Approach

Most research approaches the genesis of risk prone behaviour in juvenile delinquents from a single point of view, psychological or sociological. In our research, we have attempted to eliminate this unilateralism. To this end, we have tested an integrative model composed of the psychological and sociological factors of juvenile delinquency. The empirical research was performed on a sample of 420 randomly selected juvenile delinquents and a control group of 420 individuals selected by stratified random sampling. The research methodology consisted of analysing documents (family situation, age, etc.) and applying psychological tests (Nowicki & Strickland's Internal-External Control Scale for Children, McGuire & Priestley's Testing Your Reaction, Zuckerman-Kuhlman's Personality Questionnaire and A.W. Tucker's Inmate Dilemma Test). Data confirmed that young delinquents are more impulsive and have a higher sensation seeking tendency, but their decision-making capacity in risk situations is not significantly different compared to the control group. Looking at the data of the psychological tests and the descriptors of the social situation of juvenile delinquents, it looks like personality factors are associated with social factors (family shortcomings, low level of schooling, substance abuse, entourage, friends) as important determinants of delinquency.

Perceived Parenting Style of Fathers and Adolescents’ Locus of Control in a Collectivist Culture of Malaysia: The Moderating Role of Fathers’ Education

ABSTRACT The authors investigated the moderating role of father's education on the associations between perceived paternal parenting styles and locus of control among 382 Malaysian adolescents with an average age of 14.27. Data were collected by means of adolescents’ self-report using standardized instruments (i.e., parental authority questionnaire and Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Control Scale for Children). Results revealed that there were significant negative relationships between fathers’ authoritative parenting style (r = −.243, p < .001) and authoritarian parenting style (r = −.130, p < .01) with adolescents’ internal locus of control. Furthermore, the findings indicated that father's high level of education moderated the relationship between perceived paternal authoritarian parenting and locus of control (b = −0.147, p < .001). The findings underscore the need to include the role of parents’ education when assessing the links between parenting styles and adolescents’ locus of control.

Construct Validity of the CCQ Ego Resilience Scale and the CCQ Ego Control Scale for Children

Construct Validity of the CCQ Ego Resilience Scale and the CCQ Ego Control Scale for Children

Is teaching problem solving to young people a way of preventing teenage suicide?

A programme in Sheffield to prevent teenage suicide, particularly among boys. An action research cycle was used to teach problem solving in a comprehensive school, to help children cope with emotions, bullying and relationships. Before and after the programme, the children completed questionnaires which were analysed by the Locus of Control Scale for Children.

Scores on Indicators of Leadership Skills, Locus of Control, and Self-Actualization for Student Leaders in Grades 6 to 10

Measures of leadership skills, self-actualization, and locus of control for 105 student leaders in Grades 6 through 10 (36 boys and 69 girls) were examined using the Leadership Skills Inventory, Reflections of Self by Youth, and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children. Several significant grade differences but no significant gender differences were found on the measures. Correlations (.23 to .91) between scores were significantly different from zero.

Self-actualization and Locus of Control with Academically Talented Adolescents

Self-actualization and locus of control were investigated using the Reflections of Self by Youth (ROSY) and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children (NSLOC). This study's sample consisted of 33 male and 26 female academically talented students in grades 7 through 10. No significant gender or grade differences were found on either instrument. The locus of control scores for the present sample added support to the idea that higher-achieving students tend to have a more internal locus of control. The ROSY and NSLOC scores were found to be significantly correlated.

Self-Actualization and Locus of Control of Gifted Children in Fourth through Eighth Grades

Self-actualization and locus of control were investigated with 76 intellectually gifted children in Grades 4 through 8 using the Reflections of Self by Youth (ROSY) and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children. Gender differences were nonsignificant on either scale. The 7 eighth-grade subjects scored significantly lower than children in all other grades on the Nowicki-Strickland scale, suggesting a more internal locus of control for the few older students. The correlation between scores on the two scales was –.41.

The Interrelationship of Measures of Manifest Anxiety, Self-Esteem, Locus of Control, and Depression in Children with Behavior Problems

The interrelationships among measures of manifest anxiety, self-esteem, locus of control, and depression were studied among children with behavioral and emotional problems. Six random samples were drawn from a population of children referred because of behavioral problems that interfered with their classroom learning. Each subject was individually administered two of the following four tests: the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS); the Culture-Free Self-Esteem Inventory for Children, Form B (SEI); the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children (CNS-IE); and the Reynolds Childhood Depression Scale (RCDS). Results indicated that, within this sample, measures of children's depression, external locus of control, and anxiety all were intercorrelated positively to a moderately high level. Measures of self-esteem were correlated significantly and negatively with depression and anxiety, but had little correlation with external locus of control.

Gender-Role Orientation of Adolescent Females

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of gender-role orientation on self-esteem and locus of control of female adolescents. A total of 87 junior high school females and 48 senior high school females completed the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, the Texas Social Behavior Inventory, and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children. Gender-role orientation was related to self-esteem but not to locus of control. Adolescents classified as androgynous or masculine had higher self-esteem than adolescents classified as feminine and undifferentiated. Differentialpatterns of gender-role orientation effects were found for junior high school females when compared to senior high school females. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.

Effects of a structured behavior modification treatment program on locus of control in behaviorally disturbed children.

The effect of a 10-day behavior modification treatment program on locus of control was investigated. The subjects were children (N = 130; 6 to 12 years old) with severe behavioral disorders who were predominantly from low socioeconomic backgrounds, from broken homes, and socially deprived. Pre- and post-testing was done with the Nowicki-Strickland Preschool and Primary Internal-External Control Scale (Nowicki & Duke, 1974) and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children (Nowicki & Strickland, 1973). Children between the ages of 10 and 12 responded to therapy with a significant increase in internality, but younger children did not.

Self-Control, Locus of Control and Social Status in Children

The purpose of the study was to describe the relationship between locus of control and self-control and the effects of these “control” variables on achievement of social status by children. Teachers rated 50 third-grade and 54 fifth-grade children on the Kendall-Wilcox Self-control Rating Scale and the children completed the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children. Social acceptance and rejection scores were derived from socio-metric nominations. Internality and self-control were positively correlated for children in Grades 3 and 5. Self-control was negatively correlated to social rejection at both grades. Internality and self-control combined to predict social acceptance at Grade 5.

Values, Personal Causation and Skills of Delinquents and Nondelinquents

A study exploring the occupational nature of juvenile delinquency from the perspective of the Model of Human Occupation is presented. Because of the complex etiology and lack of a coherent occupational therapy conceptualization of delinquency, this study and literature review serve as beginning points for further investigation. Literature is presented on variables in the volition and performance subsystems, specifically values, internal/external locus of control and perceptual motor skills. Scott's Personal Values Scales (1965), and the second half of the Role Checklist (Oakley, 1981), the Locus of Control Scale for Children (Nowicki-Strickland, 1973), and the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery & Buktenica, 1967) were used to measure the variables simultaneously in a group of adolescent delinquents and age matched non-delinquents to see whether the groups differed. No statistical differences were found between groups on the variables studied. However, results suggest that delinquents va...

The effects of sociodramatic goal-oriented role play and non-goal-oriented role play on locus of control

Studied the effectiveness of sociodramatic goal-oriented role play non non-goal-oriented role play on locus of control. Fifty-three black fifty-grade students who had been assigned randomly to two sections of a fifth-grade class received either the goal-oriented or the non-goal-oriented role play. Ss locus of control was measured by pre- and post-administration of the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children. The results show that internal locus of control significantly increased for the Ss who participated in the sociodramatic goal-oriented role play. Discussion illuminates strengths and weaknesses of goal-oriented vs. non-goal-oruebted role play and their effects on locus of control.

Physical Attractiveness and Locus of Control in Elementary School Children

The relationship of physical attractiveness and locus of control in 126 elementary school children, Grades 3 through 6, was investigated. The study was an attempt to observe, with children, the phenomenon reported in 1978 by Anderson for college subjects, namely, a curvilinear relationship between physical attractiveness and locus of control. 10 independent adult observers rated yearbook pictures of children on physical attractiveness. The mean rating for each child was compared with the locus of control score on the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children. No significant association was found between physical attractiveness and locus of control or between locus of control and sex. However, mean locus of control scores became progressively more internal from Grades 3 to 6 for this sample.

Locus of control of learning disabled and nondisabled children.

While there are few smdies of the locus of control of learning disabled children, most have shown a clear tendency for such children to be more externally oriented than nondisabled children (1) and for nondisabled children to increase in internality with age, while disabled children remain externally oriented. Because there are so few studies, replication is important; this srudy is essentially such a replication. Children in Grades 3 through 632 learning disabled and 32 nondisabled2-were evaluated using the abbreviated form of the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children (2). This scale has 20 yes-or-no questions on perceived control in general situations, e.g., relating to peers, relating to parents, solving problems, etc. Higher scores indicate greater externality. The learning disabled children had previously been diagnosed as such by a psychological examiner, using state guidelines, and were participating in a resource room program. The two groups were matched for age (9 to 13 yr.) and sex (27 boys/5 girls in each group). The children live in a predominantly white, lower middle class area. The questions were read to the children either by the experimenter or the resource room teacher. The children were asked to indicate their responses on answer sheets which contained both the questions and places for the answers. An analysis of variance indicated no significant difference in externality between the learning disabled and nondisabled children (former, M = 8.0, SD = 3.7; latter. M = 6.8, SD = 3.0; Pl.61 = 1.93). Older nondisabled children tended to score more internally but not significantly so (Grade 6 learning disabled, M = 8.1, SD = 3.9,

Locus of control and self-concept in a status offender population.

This study examined the relationship between locus of control and self-concept for 24 status offenders who were administered the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children and the Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale. The results supported the hypothesis of a negative correlation between a high self-concept and an external locus of control ( r = –.62). Implications for clinicians were discussed.

A Cross-Validated Factor Analysis of the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children

The Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children (N- SLOCSC) is a test of perception of internal vs. external control of reinforcement that was developed for use with children and youth. As part of a larger study, the scale was factor analyzed and then cross-validated with two similar samples of high school students. Al though the authors assume their scale to be unidimensional, no one strong dimension emerged from these analyses. Only 8 of the 21 items used in this study were correlated similarly on the two factors for both samples. The two resultant dimensions appeared to mea sure Social Control (six items) and Self Control (two items).

Locus of Control and Interpersonal Attraction

Abstract The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of locus of control in interpersonal attraction. Eighth graders (N = 200 boys and girls) were administered the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children and a sociometric test that asked the students to name their best friends. It was hypothesized that the internal Ss would choose internals and that the externals would prefer fellow externals. Multiple regression analysis was used to predict the friends' locus of control, with Ss' sex, race, and locus of control as independent variables. Also, interactions between locus of control and sex (LOC × sex) and between locus of control and race (LOC × race) were added to the multiple regression equation. Finally, a curvilinear locus of control term (LOC2) was added to the equation. All of the dependent variables were significant at the .05 level. The results indicated that the Ss tended to choose friends who were similar in locus of control, but most of this tendency was due to sexual and ra...

Co‐operative and competitive preferences and locus of control in Anglo‐American and Latvian‐American school‐age children

The Social Behavior Inventory (SBI), a forced‐choice test to measure co‐operative‐competitive preferences, was administered to school‐age American (N=876) and Latvian (N=134) children and their parents. The American sample was drawn from thirty public schools in an urban area; the Latvian sample was obtained from six private schools in the midwest. The objectives were to study: (1) co‐operative‐competitive preferences of the two samples; (2) the relationship between children's cooperative‐competitive responses and locus of control tendencies (Nowicki‐Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children), socioeconomic status, sex and age; (3) the relationship between children's responses and parent ratings on the SBI; (4) the differences of American and Latvian children on their co‐operative‐competitive preferences and locus of control tendencies. The results reveal that: (1) American and Latvian parents and children selected responses on the SBI in the co‐operative direction; (2) American and Latvian girls chose significantly more co‐operative responses than boys; (3) children (i.e., American and Latvian) who preferred co‐operative behaviours perceived themselves as internally controlled; (4) Latvian mothers perceived their children significantly more competitive than American mothers; (5) American mothers perceived their daughters significantly more co‐operative than Latvian mothers; and (6) American children perceived themselves significantly more co‐operative than Latvian children. Similarities exist between the two cultures but there is an indication that the Latvian sample is somewhat more competitive in nature, attributable perhaps to the socialization process of the Latvian subculture.