Control Pedals Research Articles

Robotic-Assisted Surgery Training (RAST): Assessment of Surgeon Console Ergonomic Skills

The aim of this study was to evaluate the responsiveness of postgraduate year (PGY) general surgery residents (GSRs) to surgeon console ergonomics within the robotic-assisted surgery training (RAST) program. This was a prospective educational study. GSRs were prepared with a pretraining educational video. Faculty provided one-on-one resident hands-on training and testing. Nine proficiency criteria (emergency stop & recover; left side pod adjustments; touchpad controls; footswitch panel; energy control pedals; camera control & focus; arm swap; master & finger clutch; dual console settings control) were assessed with a 5-point Likert-scale. Responsiveness was defined as change in performance over time. The robotic platform was Da Vinci Xi (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA). The Dundee ready educational environment measure (DREEM) inventory was used by GSRs to assess the educational environment. Tertiary care academic teaching institution. A total of 22 GSRs: 4 PGY 1, 4 PGY 2, 4 PGY 3, 5 PGY 4, 5 PGY 5. From June 2022 to March 2023 the hands-on console time decreased at testing when compared to baseline: median 39.0 (range 37-41) vs 20.1 (range 19-22) minutes, respectively. There was no difference in mean hands-on testing scores stratified by PGY: 4.85±0.4 PGY1; 4.98 ± 0.3 PGY2; 4.86 ± 0.4 PGY3, 4.88 ± 0.2 PGY4, and 4.91 ± 0.1 PGY5 (ANOVA test; p = 0.095). The overall DREEM score was 167.1 ± 16.9 with CAC = 0.908 (excellent internal consistency). Training in ergonomics on the surgeon console impacted the responsiveness of the GSRs with 51% console time reduction. There were no differences in hands-on testing scores among PGYs. Perception of the educational environment by the GSRs was high.

Perancangan Mesin Pemutar Gerabah Dengan Kekuatan Tumpuan Maksimal 10 kg

Pottery is an art craft made from clay which besides having a high use value also has a pretty good aesthetic value. Pottery craft business has existed in Indonesia since ancient times until now. This business has a deficiency in the production machine part, where the production machine still uses human power as the main driving force during the rotation during the pottery making process. Therefore, a modification of a better pottery turning machine is needed to support the pottery craft business. The design of this pottery turning machine uses a working drawing design of a pottery turning machine product with a rotating speed that can be adjusted according to work requirements via a speed control pedal. The pottery turning machine has a strong construction with machine specifications of length 760 x width 400 x height 700 mm, with the addition of 2 pulleys with a first pulley diameter of 2.5 inches, and a second pulley diameter of 12 inches with a connecting belt using type A-57. And by using umbrella gears with a ratio of z1 = 25 and z2 = 50 with a maximum pedestal capacity of 10 kg.

Analysis of Vehicle Moving Parameters in Various Road Conditions

The safety of road users is one of the priority issues raised by those involved in vehicle design, latest passive and active safety systems, traffic organization or driver education. Nowadays, an important road safety problem is the behaviour of drivers in emergency situations. In order to measurably estimate the driving quality, parameters such as velocity, acceleration, the way and frequency of using the control pedals are quite often used. This article describes how to assess driver's behaviour based on measurements taken on the road. The frequency of different acceleration ranges during the vehicle drive was determined based on the results obtained. For the arbitrarily adopted acceleration range of - 0.5 - 0.5 m/s2, the driver's working time was over 77 percent on average, with the difference varying significantly between different route sections. Similarly, the study compares the driving times for other ranges of acceleration.

MAGNETIC MALLET – FEEL THE FUTURE

In dentistry, chisel and mallet or dental bur has been used for various procedures since decades. Magnetic mallet (MM) is a dynamic, exclusive and patented device which makes use of electromagnetic impact, which allows a high – intensity and brief impact force to obtain plastic deformation of the bone. This avoids the applied forces influencing the whole of the craniofacial complex and has lot of advantages when compared to conventional chisel and mallet or bur used for bone cutting. Use of magnetic mallet prevents benign paroxysmal vertigo syndrome and reduces patient discomfort as well. It allows operator to use the handpiece of magnetic mallet with only one hand and the impulses are applied with a control pedal. It also allows better visibility of the operating field and control of the osteotome entry direction. Magnetic mallet can be also used for removal of crowns, bridges and implant components. This article emphasizes the advantages of magnetic mallet over conventionally used chisel and mallet in dentistry for various procedures. KEY WORDS : electrical mallet, sinus elevation, dental implant, electromagnetic dental mallet.

The prius of the sky [Blueprints for a Miracle

I AM SITTING IN THE COCKPIT of one of the most extraordinary airplanes in the world. It's a two-seat trainer called the 330LE, made by Extra Aircraft but fitted with an electric motor by Siemens, a huge company not known for aviation. I pull my feet clear of the control pedals just before the pilot turns the thing on. The propeller immediately spins into transparency. And yet it's so quiet that we could easily converse without headsets. That's the first sign that this plane is powered by electricity.

О ОСТОЯНИИ И МЕРАХ ПРОТИВОПОЖАРНОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ ЛЕСОВ В БРЯНСКОМ ЛЕСНИЧЕСТВЕ

Bryansk forestry is located in the north-east of the Bryansk region, in the territories of the Bryansk and Karachev administrative districts, with a total area of 62,339 hectares, including 59,219 hectares of forest, and 16593 ha of forest cultures. Forests of the forest range are classified as protective, they are used in recreational, water-protective, environmental-forming purposes, grow on sands, moraines, sandy loam, loam. Forest management in the Bryansk forestry is aimed at rational forest management and management, enhancement of the forest resource potential, protection and protection of forests, expansion and rational use of forests through the systematic implementation of a set of forest management measures, growing forests to meet the needs of the Bryansk region in wood. The climatic conditions in the area of Bryansk forestry are mainly favorable for forest-forming coniferous and deciduous species. However, in recent years, dry periods of different duration and intensity have regularly occurred, which create conditions for the occurrence of fires. Research indicators that for the period from 2003 to 2015 in the territory of the forestry there were 2039 fires, a total area of 4,499.9 hectares. Only in 2014, the damage from forest fires amounted to 17434.2 thousand rubles, while directly to extinguish fires spent 1,434.2 thousand rubles. In 2015, the main causes of fires are: the human factor - 66 fires; grass fires - 27 fires; through the fault of the railway -10; other reasons - 3 fires and others. Elimination of forest fires in the forestry is carried out by land means, while the artificial and natural fire barriers created in advance, in particular, created with the help of a tractor, aggregated by the device for laying and reconstructing mineralized strips, and fire-fighting mineralized strips, are of great help in eliminating fires. In order to improve the microclimate in the tractor cab, the authors propose to use a control pedal with a hermetic terminal. Timely detection of fire and liquidation of a fire, reduces economic, natural, technological and social damage

Seated leg/foot ballistic and visually-controlled movements

An experiment with 52 participants investigated the relationship between movement time of the leg/foot for seated persons when moving in the transverse and sagittal planes. Four amplitudes of movement and 11 values of Fitts' Index of Difficulty (ID) were used to determine conditions under which ballistic movements could be made along with the need for visual control at higher ID values. Vision of the foot was available in all movements. As with arm movements (Gan and Hoffmann, 1988) there was a critical ID value below which it was possible to use ballistic movements and where movement times were approximately linear with the square-root of movement amplitudes. Above these ID values, Fitts' law applied, with gradients dependent on the amplitude of movement, suggesting that the muscle torque applied to the leg varied with movement amplitude. The critical ID varied with the amplitude of movement as previously found for arm movements. Relevance to industryThere is increasing use of the foot/leg for input to various controlling devices. Consequently it is necessary to have detailed information on the capacity of the leg/foot system to provide accurate input to a machine via a control pedal or other device. The present research provides such information over a wide range of control sizes and spacings.

DRIVER’S REACTION TIME IN A SIMULATED, COMPLEX ROAD INCIDENT

This paper presents an overview of research on the behaviour of drivers in simulated accident situations. The research was carried out by the authors of this work as a part of a research N N509 549 040 funded by the National Science Centre including new accident situations. The paper presents a description of the methodology and implementation of research on a track. During the tests, the simulation concerns about an accident risk situation involving pedestrians and passenger cars intruding the road area. In contrast to earlier research carried out by the authors, the scenario included the possibility of a pedestrian ‘entering’ from behind a curtain, both from the left and from the right sides of the road. This was possible thanks to a specially developed test stand. The paper analyses the values of driver’s reaction times characteristic to driver’s impact on: acceleration control pedals, service brake and steering wheel. In addition to the determination of average reaction time values and the regression line for the test group of 30 drivers, the assessment of the frequency of drivers taking individual defensive reactions was carried out. Keywords: traffic safety; collision; road accidents; regression equation; simulation.

Modeling and simulation of pneumatic brake system used in heavy commercial vehicle

An air brake system is used in heavy commercial vehicles for the purpose to stop or slow down the vehicle. The effective braking depends mainly on the response time of the entire system. The brake system layout configuration has to be designed in such a way that the response time should meet the vehicle safety standard regulations. This paper describes the detailed modeling of the individual brake system products, right from the actuating valves, control valves, actuators and foundation brakes. Response time prediction for a typical 4X2 Heavy commercial vehicle has been done. Also a study on comparing the transient torque generated by the existing drum brake and an equivalent disc brake model was carried out. The layout was modeled in one of the commercially available multi-domain physical modeling software employing bond graph technique and lumped system. The effective braking depends mainly on the response time of the entire system and driver's feel. The response time is determined as the time elapsing between the beginning of the actuation of the control pedal and the moment the pressure in the actuator reaches 75 percent of its asymptotic value(1). The brake system layout configuration has to be designed in such a way that the response time should meet the vehicle safety standard regulations. The heavy commercial vehicle brake system layout is designed keeping various vehicle parameters like Gross Vehicle Weight, wheel base, Centre of Gravity of the vehicle, number of axles etc. The system layout design is extremely complex since it involves number of valves which have to function in a logical sequence during different stages of braking (Normal, emergency, and One circuit failed condition).Conventionally, the system layout design is arrived after many iterations based on field trials and experience. This method involves more lead time and cost till the layout is finalized. Hence the modeling and analysis of the system layout using AMESim helps us to predict the behavior of the layout in terms of response and the effect of the individual subsystems, valves on the system behavior and thereby optimization study can be carried out. This tool employs bond graph technique and lumped system for developing physical based modeling. Sridhar (2) Describes the modeling of foot brake valve and predicting the dynamic response of the individual valve.Wu (3) studied the robust of pneumatic brake system in commercial vehicle using AMESim. (4), (5),(6) describes the modeling of system by simplifying the valves and the actuators. This paper describes the detailed modeling of individual valves , and actuators by including all the design parameters, thereby makes the model flexible to study the role of each and every design parameter on system level response. Apart from this the paper deals the modeling of foundation brakes and compare the transient torque response of a typical drum and equivalent disc brake for a heavy commercial vehicle. This model can be directly coupled to the vehicle models and the dynamics of the vehicle like stopping distance, stability can be studied. This model can also be used for design and optimization of brake system layouts for various heavy commercial trucks having varying wheel base and Gross Vehicle Weight. II.

Failure Analysis to Directional Control Pedal Assemblies of a Crashed Helicopter

In investigation to a helicopter crash accident, a pedal for pilot’s yaw control input was found to be separated from pedal pivot arm by fracture through two fillet welds. Fractographic and metallurgical studies were carried out on these two welds. Fatigue striations on the fracture surfaces of the welds were found and the failure was determined to be result of fatigue of the two welds. Furthermore, weld defects including insufficient weld leg, incomplete fusion, overlap on the base metal and porosity were found and evaluated against applicable standards. It was concluded that the welds were not in compliance with the standards and are root cause of the fatigue fracture. Recommendations of revising manufacturer’s production specification and/or redesigning the assembly were made.

Leg strength of Indian operators in the operation of tractor pedals

Tractors require more pedal force than road vehicles. The ergonomics literature concerning human strength in the operation of control pedals although extensive is not adequate for a tractor designer. The study was aimed to quantify human strength in the operation of tractor control pedals by Indian operators. The leg strength data of 20 male tractor operators were measured using a strength measurement set-up. The leg (right and left legs) strength data were collected at five horizontal (35%, 40%, 45%, 50% and 55% stature) and six vertical (10%, 13%, 16%, 19%, 22% and 25% stature) locations of foot pedal from the seat reference point (SRP) keeping the lateral distance from mid line constant. The analysis of data indicated that the force exerted by right leg was higher as compared to that exerted by left leg. It was also observed that the fifth percentile male tractor operator could reach 810 mm in front and 370 mm below the SRP. The maximum leg strength values of 655 and 613 N for right and left legs, respectively was observed when the pedal was located at 55% stature in front and 10% stature below the SRP i.e. when the leg was in almost elongated position. It was also observed that the actuating force limits as given in IS: 10703 [1992. Agricultural tractors—maximum actuating forces required to operate controls. IS 10703-1992]/ISO TR 3778 [1987. Agricultural tractors—maximum actuating forces required to operate controls. ISO/TR 3778] are very high as compared to leg strength data of Indian operators. It may be concluded that the optimum location of clutch and brake pedals on Indian tractors should be at 40% stature in front and 19% stature below the SRP based on strength limits and postural comfort of operators. It may be recommended that the limits for maximum actuating force for brake and clutch pedals should be 330 and 280 N, respectively. Relevance to industry The study emphasizes the need to optimally locate and design tractor control pedals based on strength limits of operators by the tractor manufacturing industry. This will not only enhance the comfort and safety of the tractor operators but also increase work output from the tractor on per day basis. The findings of the study will also be helpful for tractor operators in other Asian countries.

A linear suction control for the vitreous cutter (ocutome).

• A linear suction control pedal was developed as an integral part of the vitreous cutter (Ocutome 8000). This pedal eliminates abrupt onset of suction, uses minimal necessary suction force on a continuous basis, and eliminates control by the technician.

A Design Layout Method for Relating Seating to the Occupant and Vehicle

Abstract This paper describes a systematic layout method which is intended to define the seating package and body reference points in vehicle design, as well as determining the adjustment envelope required to fit a given range of population sizes. Initially, the operational requirements of the vehicle are considered, including the number of occupants and their function. In addition, consideration is given to seat access and the application of restraint systems. Vehicle speed and type of manoeuvrability envisaged will have an effect on its body construction and suspension, and these factors are considered and balanced against a suitable posture for the occupants. The paper then considers the determination of a specification which should enable the designer to work out the function of seating, seat adjustments and restraint system anchorage points in a methodical manner. The design layout method described takes into account the vehicle control pedals, facia, steering wheel and its range of adjustment where applicable, windscreen, roof lining, rear bulkhead, rear passengers, gear lever, and all other possible intrusions into the driver's workspace.