Elite Controllers Research Articles

Humoral immunity in HIV-1 post-treatment controllers.

Decoding the HIV-1 immune response, including its humoral arm, in post-treatment controllers (PTCs) is paramount to unveil immune correlates of viral control, which could help developing novel strategies towards HIV-1 remission. Here, we review novel findings on the humoral response to HIV-1 in PTCs. New data reveal the heterogeneity of humoral immune profiles in PTCs, principally influenced by viral exposure and dynamics. Stably aviremic PTCs, akin early ART-treated individuals, show minimal antibody B-cell response. Conversely, virally exposed PTCs develop functionally coordinated and effective humoral responses to HIV-1. They can produce antibodies cross-neutralizing heterologous HIV-1 viruses, including broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) exerting selective immune pressure. PTCs also elicit neutralizing antibodies against contemporaneous autologous viruses presumed to play a major role in sustaining viral suppression. The immune mechanisms underlying virologic control in PTCs likely involve various immune effectors. Notably, functional HIV-1 humoral responses can generate bNAbs and autologous neutralizing antibodies; however, their exact contribution to maintaining long-term control of plasma viremia and the precise mechanisms driving their induction require further investigation.

HIV-1 Elite Controllers are Characterised by Elevated Levels of CD69-Expressing Natural Killer Cells.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) elite controllers (ECs) are a rare subset of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) who control viral replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and may provide a model for a functional cure. We investigated the role of natural killer (NK) cells in HIV-1 ECs from South Africa. Phenotypic (CD69, CD38, CD57, PD-1), functional (CD107a, IFN-γ), and nutrient transporter profiles (glucose transporter 1, CD98) of NK cells from ECs (n=20), viraemic progressors (VPs; n=19), people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) on ART (n=20), and people without HIV-1 (PWOH; n=21) were analysed using flow cytometry. The Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney U test were used to determine differences among the study groups. The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to determine significant associations. Compared to the other study groups, the percentage of CD69-expressing NK cells was higher in ECs, whereas the percentage of CD38-expressing NK cells was higher in VPs. Percentages of CD69+CD38- NK cells were elevated in ECs compared to VPs (p = 0.003), but were not different to PLWH on ART and PWOH. Differentiation, exhaustion, and metabolic profiles were not different in ECs compared with PLWH on ART and PWOH, however, NK cell function was lower than in PWOH. These findings demonstrate that NK cells from ECs have an activated, mature profile with low levels of immune exhaustion and a reduced metabolic phenotype suggesting functional competence. This insight could inform the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies for treating HIV-1.

Unravelling the Financial Crisis of Sri Lanka: Exploring Policy Blunders

This study explored the political-economic turmoil in Sri Lanka, with a focus on policy implementation. It delved into the dynamics of autocratic governance and elite control within the country's extractive systems, which had evolved over decades. Employing a case study methodology using data from authenticated published sources, this research unveils how ill-conceived policies, orchestrated by China-backed politicians and naïve administrators, primarily triggered the economic crisis. Mismanagement, policy missteps, and corruption fueled widespread social unrest and protests, culminating in the economic downturn. These policy blunders include tax reductions, bans on fertilizer and agrochemical imports, excessive currency printing, and exchange rate manipulation.

Acute-phase innate immune responses in SIVmac239-infected Mamu-B*08+ Indian rhesus macaques may contribute to the establishment of elite control.

Spontaneous control of chronic-phase HIV/SIV viremia is often associated with the expression of specific MHC class I allotypes. HIV/SIV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) restricted by these MHC class I allotypes appear to be critical for viremic control. Establishment of the elite controller (EC) phenotype is predictable in SIVmac239-infected Indian rhesus macaques (RMs), with approximately 50% of Mamu-B*08+ RMs and 20% of Mamu-B*17+ RMs becoming ECs. Despite extensive characterization of EC-associated CTLs in HIV/SIV-infected individuals, the precise mechanistic basis of elite control remains unknown. Because EC and non-EC viral load trajectories begin diverging by day 14 post-infection, we hypothesized that hyperacute innate immune responses may contribute to viremic control. To gain insight into the immunological factors involved in the determination of EC status, we vaccinated 16 Mamu-B*08+ RMs with Vif and Nef to elicit EC-associated CTLs, then subjected these 16 vaccinees and an additional 16 unvaccinated Mamu-B*08+ controls to repeated intrarectal SIVmac239 challenges. We then performed whole-blood transcriptomic analysis of all 32 SIVmac239-infected Mamu-B*08+ RMs and eight SIVmac239-infected Mamu-B*08 - RMs during the first 14 days of infection. Vaccination did not provide protection against acquisition, but peak and setpoint viremia were significantly lower in vaccinees relative to controls. We did not identify any meaningful correlations between vaccine-induced CTL parameters and SIVmac239 acquisition rate or chronic-phase viral loads. Ultimately, 13 of 16 vaccinees (81%) and 7 of 16 controls (44%) became ECs (viremia ≤ 10,000 vRNA copies/mL plasma for ≥ 4 weeks). We identified subsets of immunomodulatory genes differentially expressed (DE) between RM groupings based on vaccination status, EC status, and MHC class I genotype. These DE genes function in multiple innate immune processes, including the complement system, cytokine/chemokine signaling, pattern recognition receptors, and interferon-mediated responses. A striking difference in the kinetics of differential gene expression among our RM groups suggests that Mamu-B*08-associated elite control is characterized by a robust, rapid innate immune response that quickly resolves. These findings indicate that, despite the association between MHC class I genotype and elite control, innate immune factors in hyperacute SIV infection preceding CTL response development may facilitate the establishment of the EC phenotype.

The HIV-1 vpr R77Q Mutant Induces Apoptosis, G2 Cell Cycle Arrest, and Lower Production of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Human CD4+ T Cells.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) occurs when HIV depletes CD4+ helper T cells. Some patients develop AIDS slowly or not at all, and are termed long-term non-progressors (LTNP), and while mutations in the HIV-1 Viral Protein R (vpr) gene such as R77Q are associated with LTNP, mechanisms for this correlation are unclear. This study examines the induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the HUT78 T cell line following infection with replication-competent wild-type strain NL4-3, the R77Q mutant, or a vpr Null mutant. Our results show a significant enhancement of apoptosis and G2 cell cycle arrest in HUT78 cells infected with R77Q, but not with WT NL4-3 or the vpr Null strain. Conversely, HUT78 cells infected with the WT virus show higher levels of necrosis. We also detected lower TNF and IL-6 release after infection with R77Q vs. WT. The apoptotic phenotype was also seen in the CEM cell line and in primary CD4+ T cells. Protein expression of the R77Q vpr variant was low compared to WT vpr, but expression levels alone cannot explain these phenotypes because the Null virus did not show apoptosis or G2 arrest. These results suggest that R77Q triggers a non-inflammatory apoptotic pathway that attenuates inflammation, possibly contributing to LTNP.

Energy demanding RNA and protein metabolism drive dysfunctionality of HIV-specific T cell changes during chronic HIV infection.

Antiretroviral treatment of HIV infected individuals cannot eliminate the HIV reservoir and immune control of HIV is rarely seen upon treatment interruption. In long-term non-progressors (LTNP), an effective CD8 T cell response is thought to contribute to be immune control of HIV. Here we studied the transcriptional profile of virus specific CD8 T cells during the asymptomatic phase of disease, to gain molecular insights in CD8 T cell functionality in HIV progressors and different groups of LTNP: HLA-B*57 LTNP, non-HLA-B*57 LTNP and individuals carrying the MAVS minor genotype (rs7262903/rs7269320). Principal component analysis revealed distinct overall transcriptional profiles between the groups. The transcription profile of HIV-specific CD8 T cells of LTNP groups was associated with increased cytokine/IL-12 signaling and protein/RNA metabolism pathways, indicating an increased CD8 T cell functionality. Although the transcription profile of CMV-specific CD8 T cells differed from that of HIV-specific CD8 T cells, with mainly an upregulation of gene expression in progressors, similar affected pathways were identified. Moreover, CMV-specific CD8 T cells from progressors showed increased expression of genes related to effector functions and suggests recent antigen exposure. Our data shows that changes in cytokine signaling and the energy demanding RNA and protein metabolism are related to CD8 T cell dysfunction, which may indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction is an important driver of T cell dysfunctionality during chronic HIV infection. Indeed, improvement of mitochondrial function by IL-12 and mitoTempo treatment, enhanced in vitro IFNγ release by PBMC from PWH upon HIV gag and CMV pp65 peptide stimulation. Our study provides new insights into the molecular pathways associated with CD8 T cell mediated immune control of chronic HIV infection which is important for the design of novel treatment strategies to restore or improve the HIV-specific immune response.

NKG2C and NKG2A coexpression defines a highly functional antiviral NK population in spontaneous HIV control.

Elite controllers (ECs), a unique group of people with HIV (PWH), exhibit remarkable control of viral replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. In this study, we comprehensively characterized the NK cell repertoire in ECs after long-term viral control. Phenotypic profiling of NK cells revealed profound differences compared with other PWH, but marked similarities to uninfected individuals, with a distinctive prevalence of NKG2C+CD57+ memory-like NK cells. Functional analyses indicated that ECs had limited production of functional molecules upon NK stimulation and consequently reduced natural cytotoxicity against non-HIV target cells. Importantly, ECs showed an exceptional ability to kill primary HIV-infected cells by the antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity adaptive mechanism, which was achieved by a specific memory-like NK population expressing CD16, NKG2A, NKG2C, CD57, and CXCR3. In-depth single-cell RNA-seq unveiled a unique transcriptional signature in these NK cells linked to increased cell metabolism, migration, chemotaxis, effector functions, cytokine secretion, and antiviral response. Our findings underscore a pivotal role of NK cells in the immune control of HIV and identify specific NK cells as emerging targets for immunotherapies.

Identification of antibody targets associated with lower HIV viral load and viremic control.

High HIV viral loads (VL) are associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and on-going transmission. HIV controllers maintain low VLs in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We previously used a massively multiplexed antibody profiling assay (VirScan) to compare antibody profiles in HIV controllers and persons living with HIV (PWH) who were virally suppressed on ART. In this report, we used VirScan to evaluate whether antibody reactivity to specific HIV targets and broad reactivity across the HIV genome was associated with VL and controller status 1-2 years after infection. Samples were obtained from participants who acquired HIV infection in a community-randomized trial in Africa that evaluated an integrated strategy for HIV prevention (HPTN 071 PopART). Controller status was determined using VL and antiretroviral (ARV) drug data obtained at the seroconversion visit and 1 year later. Viremic controllers had VLs <2,000 copies/mL at both visits; non-controllers had VLs >2,000 copies/mL at both visits. Both groups had no ARV drugs detected at either visit. VirScan testing was performed at the second HIV-positive visit (1-2 years after HIV infection). The study cohort included 13 viremic controllers and 64 non-controllers. We identified ten clusters of homologous peptides that had high levels of antibody reactivity (three in gag, three in env, two in integrase, one in protease, and one in vpu). Reactivity to 43 peptides (eight unique epitopes) in six of these clusters was associated with lower VL; reactivity to six of the eight epitopes was associated with HIV controller status. Higher aggregate antibody reactivity across the eight epitopes (more epitopes targeted, higher mean reactivity across all epitopes) and across the HIV genome was also associated with lower VL and controller status. We identified HIV antibody targets associated with lower VL and HIV controller status 1-2 years after infection. Robust aggregate responses to these targets and broad antibody reactivity across the HIV genome were also associated with lower VL and controller status. These findings provide novel insights into the relationship between humoral immunity and viral containment that could help inform the design of antibody-based approaches for reducing HIV VL.

Hidden conflicts? Revealing power mechanisms in collaborative governance for redeveloping heritage districts: The case of Dashilar, Beijing, China

ABSTRACT The redevelopment of Chinese heritage districts increasingly adopts collaborative approaches, raising concerns about power dynamics in these processes and their potential impact on resolving conflicts of interest through collaboration. This study establishes a multi-dimensional framework, examining arenas and sources of power to uncover power mechanisms and their impact on collaborative governance in the redevelopment of Dashilar, Beijing, China. Through ethnographic research, we found that institutionalized collaborative decision-making empowers participants to have the final say on relocation and renovation decisions. However, biased mobilization and discursive practices, with different sources of power utilized, affect collaborative processes and outcomes. Over time, collaborative decision-making results in elite control of Dashilar’s historic fabric and its subsequent gentrification. The government consolidates its power by controlling economic resources and influencing land use decisions. Crucial conflicts remain obscured, weakening the interests of residents and market actors. To understand power in collaborative governance, analysis must encompass both sources and arenas of power, transcending observable interactions within formal institutions to include informal practices.

The risk of non-AIDS defining events is lower in ART-naive HIV controllers than in normal progressors on suppressive ART.

We aimed to compare the non-AIDS events (nADE) risk between normal progressors using ART (NP-ART) and people with HIV (PWH) that naturally control HIV infection (HIV controllers), as well as the outcomes after ART in HIV controllers on nADE. The primary endpoint was major nADE defined as the composite of cardiovascular disease, non-AIDS malignancy or all-cause mortality, whichever came first.. The role of ART in HIV controllers was assessed as a time-varying covariate. We included 1007 ART-naive HIV controllers (of which 60 elite controllers), 1510 Early-ART (<6 months after negative HIV test) and 15437 NP-ART (reference group), contributing 3813, 11,060 and 160,050 years of follow-up, respectively. HIV controllers had lower risk of the primary endpoint (HR 0.55, 95%CI 0.38-0.81, P = 0.0023), all-cause mortality (Adjusted Hazard ratio [aHR]: 0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.25-0.79, P = 0.0054), cardiovascular disease (aHR 0.47, 95%CI 0.22-0.99, P = 0.046) , but not non-AIDS malignancy (aHR 0.74, 95%CI 0.41-1.35, P = 0.33) than NP-ART. Among HIV controllers, each log10 lower baseline viral load further decreased the risk of nADE (aHR 0.54, 95% CI 0.29-0.99, P = 0.045). ART in HIV controllers did not reduce the risk of any nADE (aHR 1.22, 95% CI 0.66-2.29, P = 0.53). We found a lower risk of nADE in HIV controllers than NP-ART, especially in those with low plasma viral loads. Initiation of ART did not alter the nADE risk in HIV controllers. Our findings help clinicians to decide on prescribing ART in HIV controllers.

HIV-1 control in vivo is related to the number but not the fraction of infected cells with viral unspliced RNA.

In the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART), a subset of individuals, termed HIV controllers, have levels of plasma viremia that are orders of magnitude lower than non-controllers (NC) who are at higher risk for HIV disease progression. In addition to having fewer infected cells resulting in fewer cells with HIV RNA, it is possible that lower levels of plasma viremia in controllers are due to a lower fraction of the infected cells having HIV-1 unspliced RNA (HIV usRNA) compared with NC. To directly test this possibility, we used sensitive and quantitative single-cell sequencing methods to compare the fraction of infected cells that contain one or more copies of HIV usRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from controllers and NC. The fraction of infected cells containing HIV usRNA did not differ between the two groups. Rather, the levels of viremia were strongly associated with the total number of infected cells that had HIV usRNA, as reported by others, with controllers having 34-fold fewer infected cells per million PBMC. These results reveal that viremic control is not associated with a lower fraction of proviruses expressing HIV usRNA, unlike what is reported for elite controllers, but is only related to having fewer infected cells overall, maybe reflecting greater immune clearance of infected cells. Our findings show that proviral silencing is not a key mechanism for viremic control and will help to refine strategies toward achieving HIV remission without ART.

Altered memory CCR6+ Th17-polarised T-cell function and biology in people with HIV under successful antiretroviral therapy and HIV elite controllers

Despite successful antiretroviral therapy (ART), frequencies and immunological functions of memory CCR6+ Th17-polarised CD4+ T-cells are not fully restored in people with HIV (PWH). Moreover, long-lived Th17cells contribute to HIV persistence under ART. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these observations remain understudied. mRNA-sequencing was performed using Illumina technology on freshly FACS-sorted memory CCR6+CD4+ T-cells from successfully ART-treated (ST), elite controllers (EC), and uninfected donors (HD). Gene expression validation was performed by RT-PCR, flow cytometry, and invitro functional assays. Decreased Th17cell frequencies in STs and ECs versus HDs coincided with reduced Th17-lineage cytokine production invitro. Accordingly, the RORγt/RORC2 repressor NR1D1 was upregulated, while the RORγt/RORC2 inducer Semaphorin 4D was decreased in memory CCR6+ T-cells of STs and ECs versus HDs. The presence of HIV-DNA in memory CCR6+ T-cells of ST and EC corresponded with the downregulation of HIV restriction factors (SERINC3, KLF3, and RNF125) and HIV inhibitors (tetraspanins), along with increased expression of the HIV-dependency factor MRE11, indicative of higher susceptibility/permissiveness to HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, markers of DNA damage/modification were elevated in memory CCR6+ T-cells of STs and ECs versus HDs, in line with their increased activation (CD38/HLA-DR), senescence/exhaustion phenotype (CTLA-4/PD-1/CD57) and their decreased expression of proliferation marker Ki-67. These results reveal new molecular mechanisms of Th17 cell deficit in ST and EC PWH despite a successful control of HIV-1 replication. This knowledge points to potential therapeutic interventions to limit HIV-1 infection and restore frequencies, effector functions, and senescence/exhaustion in Th17cells. This study was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR, operating grant MOP 142294, and the Canadian HIV Cure Enterprise [CanCURE 2.0] Team Grant HB2 164064), and in part, by the Réseau SIDA et maladies infectieuses du Fonds de recherche du Québec-Santé (FRQ-S).

Leadership And Democratization In Kazakhstan And Kyrgyzstan: Comparative Analysis Of Political Systems Of Post-Soviet Countries

This study aims to investigate the prospects of democratization in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan by comparing their political systems. The primary objective is to identify the factors influencing the varying degrees of democratic development between these two Central Asian countries, despite their similar socio-cultural and historical backgrounds. The methodology employed involves a systems analysis approach, examining both "input" and "output" functions of the political systems. Key variables include the levels of democracy as the independent variable, and political parties, leaders, resource distribution, and opposition suppression as dependent variables. Results indicate that Kazakhstan, under Nazarbayev, maintained a more controlled political environment through patronage networks and resource allocation, effectively limiting opposition and preserving stability. In contrast, Kyrgyzstan exhibited a more dynamic political landscape with multiple power shifts, driven by competitive party politics and less centralized control over resources. However, both countries face significant challenges, including regional fragmentation, corruption, and the influence of Islamist movements, which complicate their democratic trajectories. The findings suggest that while Kyrgyzstan shows potential for democratic development due to its parliamentary system and active civil society, Kazakhstan's path is hindered by entrenched authoritarian practices and elite control.

Advancing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Outcomes through Immunotherapy: A Comprehensive Review of Optimizing Non-CAR Donor T-Lymphocyte Infusion Strategies.

Optimized use of prophylactic or therapeutic donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) is aimed at improving clinical outcomes in patients with malignant and non-malignant hematological diseases who have undergone allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Memory T-lymphocytes (CD45RA-/CD45RO+) play a crucial role in immune reconstitution post-HSCT. The infusion of memory T cells is proven to be safe and effective in improving outcomes due to the enhanced reconstitution of immunity and increased protection against viremia, without exacerbating graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) risks. Studies indicate their persistence and efficacy in combating viral pathogens, suggesting a viable therapeutic avenue for patients. Conversely, using virus-specific T cells for viremia control presents challenges, such as regulatory hurdles, cost, and production time compared to CD45RA-memory T lymphocytes. Additionally, the modulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) for therapeutic use has become an important area of investigation in GVHD, playing a pivotal role in immune tolerance modulation, potentially mitigating GVHD and reducing pharmacological immunosuppression requirements. Finally, donor T cell-mediated graft-versus-leukemia immune responses hold promise in curbing relapse rates post-HSCT, providing a multifaceted approach to therapeutic intervention in high-risk disease scenarios. This comprehensive review underscores the multifaceted roles of T lymphocytes in HSCT outcomes and identifies avenues for further research and clinical application.

Suppression of viral rebound by a Rev-dependent lentiviral particle in SIV-infected rhesus macaques.

Persistence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs prevents viral eradication, and consequently HIV-infected patients require lifetime treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) [1-5]. Currently, there are no effective therapeutics to prevent HIV rebound upon ART cessation. Here we describe an HIV/SIV Rev-dependent lentiviral particle that can be administered to inhibit viral rebound [6-9]. Using simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques as a model, we demonstrate that the administration of pre-assembled SIV Rev-dependent lentiviral particles into SIVmac239-infected Indian rhesus macaques can lead to reduction of viral rebound upon ART termination. One of the injected animals, KC50, controlled plasma and CNS viremia to an undetectable level most of the time for over two years after ART termination. Surprisingly, detailed molecular and immunological characterization revealed that viremia control was concomitant with the induction of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) following the administration of the Rev-dependent vectors. This study emphasizes the importance of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) for viremia control [10-15], and also provides proof of concept that the Rev-dependent vector can be used to target viral reservoirs, including the CNS reservoirs, in vivo. However, future large-scale in vivo studies are needed to understand the potential mechanisms of viremia control induced by the Rev-dependent vector.

Safety and Efficacy of High-Dose Memory CD45RO+ Donor Lymphocyte Infusion in Pediatric Recipients after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Memory T selected cells (CD45RA-/RO+) as donor lymphocyte infusion are less capable of producing alloreactivity and graft versus host disease (GvHD) compared with naïve T cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of high-dose memory (CD45RA-/RO+) donor lymphocyte infusion (mDLI) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Indications for mDLI were “as needed” and “as prophylactic regimen.” Sixty-one children diagnosed with malignant (82%) and non-malignant diseases (18%) received 241 mDLIs. Patients received a median of three infusions (range 1‒13) of mDLI with a median infused dose of 1.35 × 107/kg CD45RO+ containing 8.96 × 106/kg CD3+CD45RO+ and 3.81 × 103/kg CD3+CD45RA+. De novo GvHD developed in 7 patients following 4% of the mDLI infusions. Among patients with GvHD before mDLI, this condition worsened following 6 infusions (11%) in the 3 patients with grade II–IV acute GvHD. A decrease in cytomegalovirus viral load followed 65% of mDLI infusions. Two-year overall survival (OS) for the total cohort was 64% (95% CI 57%‒72%). For patients receiving prophylactic mDLI, the two-year non-relapse mortality was 10% (95% CI 9%‒11%). In summary, high-dose mDLI is feasible and safe, with a relatively low risk of severe GvHD even in patients with active GvHD. Importantly, mDLI was associated with positive effects, including enhanced control of CMV viremia.

Robustness and bistability in a cytokine-enhanced viral infection model

In this paper, we investigate a cytokine-enhanced model of virus infection. This model of viral infection was also characterized by impaired immune function or immunosuppression. By analyzing this model, we can determine the effect of inflammatory cytokines on it. When control of inflammatory cytokines is lost, the elite control threshold n∗∗ increases, making it more difficult to control the virus. Under certain conditions, the model exhibits saddle–node bifurcation and forward/backward bifurcation. We consider the robustness of the system as the difficulty of the virus to rebound. When inflammatory cytokines are out of control, the virus is more likely to rebound.

The evaluation of the expression pattern of the LncRNAs (AP006621.9, RP3-323A16.1, and HOXC-AS3), and their target genes (MTOR, TNF-α and TRAF6) in PBMC of long-term non-progressors and HIV-1 infected naive individuals

A selected group of individuals with HIV, known as Elite Controllers (ECs), are able to regulate the replication of the virus in their bodies without needing antiviral drugs. LncRNAs, a type of RNA, are essential components of the chain responsible for controlling transcription in the case of HIV. Researchers suggest that components such as mTOR, TNF-α, and TRAF6 are also actively involved in keeping the HIV infection under control. In this study, a bioinformatic approach was used to determine which long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) could bind to mTOR, TNF-α, and TRAF6. The expression levels of these three lncRNAs and their designated targets were then observed in 14 ECs, 45 HIV-positive patients, and 45 healthy control subjects. The results indicated that the expression of TNF-α and TRAF6 were notably greater in the ECs group than in the HIV-positive group (P < 0.0001). Moreover, lnc-HOXC-AS3 was strongly overexpressed in the ECs group when compared to the HIV-positive group (P < 0.0001). By contrast, no important variations were seen in the levels of RP3-323A16.1, and AP006621.9 between the two study groups. Investigations of the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve determined that lnc-HOXC-AS3, TNF-α and TRAF6 had an AUC of 0.92, 0.91, and 0.86 respectively, suggesting that they could be used as feasible biomarkers for separating ECs from HIV-1 positive samples. A significant negative correlation was found between HOXC-AS3 with mTOR and between AP006621.9 with TNF-α and TRAF6 in the HIV-positive group. The expression patterns of the chosen factors, paired with the evidence gained from the ROC curve, suggests that these factors could play an important part in controlling HIV infection, and may be used to detect ECs from HIV positive samples.

RPLP1 restricts HIV-1 transcription by disrupting C/EBPβ binding to the LTR

Long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) of HIV-1 infection may provide important insights into mechanisms involved in viral control and pathogenesis. Here, our results suggest that the ribosomal protein lateral stalk subunit P1 (RPLP1) is expressed at higher levels in LTNPs compared to regular progressors (RPs). Functionally, RPLP1 inhibits transcription of clade B HIV-1 strains by occupying the C/EBPβ binding sites in the viral long terminal repeat (LTR). This interaction requires the α-helixes 2 and 4 domains of RPLP1 and is evaded by HIV-1 group M subtype C and group N, O and P strains that do not require C/EBPβ for transcription. We further demonstrate that HIV-1-induced translocation of RPLP1 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus is essential for antiviral activity. Finally, knock-down of RPLP1 promotes reactivation of latent HIV-1 proviruses. Thus, RPLP1 may play a role in the maintenance of HIV-1 latency and resistance to RPLP1 restriction may contribute to the effective spread of clade C HIV-1 strains.

Elite controllers microbiome: unraveling the mystery of association and causation.

To unravel the current knowledge and possible link between the gut microbiome and HIV-1 virological control in elite controllers (EC), who can suppress viral replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. In addition, to discuss the limitations of current research and propose future research directions. EC possess a different gut bacterial microbiota profile in composition and functionality from that of treatment-naive HIV-1 viremic progressors (VP). Specifically, EC have a richer bacterial microbiota as compared to VP, which closely resembles the microbiota in HIV-1 negative healthy controls (HC). Differentially abundant bacteria are found between EC and VP or HC, though results vary among the few existing studies. These data imply that the gut microbiome could contribute to the natural suppression of HIV-1 infection. An association between the gut microbiome and HIV-1 virological control is evidenced by recent studies. Yet, there are substantial knowledge gaps, and the underlying mechanism of how the microbiome influences the EC phenotype is far from clarified. Future research should consider diverse microbial communities, the complex microbe-host interactions, as well as yet-unidentified causal links between microbiome alterations and HIV-1 disease progression.