Control Of Fusarium Oxysporum Research Articles

Disruption of Cell Membranes and Redox Homeostasis as an Antibacterial Mechanism of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma against Fusarium oxysporum.

Direct barrier discharge (DBD) plasma is a potential antibacterial strategy for controlling Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) in the food industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect and mechanism of action of DBD plasma on F. oxysporum. The result of the antibacterial effect curve shows that DBD plasma has a good inactivation effect on F. oxysporum. The DBD plasma treatment severely disrupted the cell membrane structure and resulted in the leakage of intracellular components. In addition, flow cytometry was used to observe intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and mitochondrial membrane potential, and it was found that, after plasma treatment, intracellular ROS accumulation and mitochondrial damage were accompanied by a decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity. The results of free fatty acid metabolism indicate that the saturated fatty acid content increased and unsaturated fatty acid content decreased. Overall, the DBD plasma treatment led to the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, which altered the cell membrane fatty acid content, thereby inducing cell membrane damage. Meanwhile, DBD plasma-induced ROS penetrated the cell membrane and accumulated intracellularly, leading to the collapse of the antioxidant system and ultimately causing cell death. This study reveals the bactericidal effect and mechanism of the DBD treatment on F. oxysporum, which provides a possible strategy for the control of F. oxysporum.

Prevalence of banana diseases and post-harvest losses in Kenya, and biocontrol potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi against Fusarium wiltngi Against Fusarium wilt

The demand for bananas (Musa spp.), which is ranked as the most important fruit crop in Kenya has been on the rise owing to both their dietary contribution and income generation. Meeting this demand has however been hampered by losses during production or post-harvest. This study assessed banana disease and post-harvest losses in leading producing counties in Kenya namely; Kisii, Nyamira and Embu. The study also assessed the efficacy of Rhizophagus irregularis in controlling Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on post-harvest losses. Disease scoring tables, charts and photos were used to confirm observed symptoms and hence, disease occurrence and severity. AMF biocontrol efficacy experiment was conducted using tissue culture bananas grown in the greenhouse. The study revealed that most smallholder farmers were unaware of the causes or the prevalence of post-harvest losses. The findings also revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) in the severity of banana diseases across various cultivars from the three counties. The AMF treated bananas showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in plant height, total leaf area and chlorosis in comparison to other treatments. The study also revealed a reduction of Fusarium’s pathogenic effects including chlorosis, reduced leaf surface area and eventual necrosis.

Biochar led induced resistance to control Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici

Biochar led induced resistance to control Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici

Exploring the potential of systemic fungicides and plant extracts in suppressing Fusarium wilt of tomato

This comprehensive study has examined the potential of controlling Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici causing tomato wilt using systemic fungicides and plant extracts. For the field evaluation of several fungicides, namely Heritage, Pyranil, Folicur, Medallion, Bloom, Benomyl, Defeater, Chipco, Sporta, and Aliette, and plant extracts including Citrullus colocynthis, Eucalyptus globulus, Azadirachta indica, Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, Nicotiana tabacum, Aloe indica, and Calendula officinalis, tomato seeds were cultivated in the greenhouse at the Vegetable Research Area at Ayub Agriculture Research Institute, Faisalabad, during October 2022. The key findings confirmed the significant effectiveness of fungicides such as Chipco, Bloom, Sporta, and Benomyl. These fungicides, at different concentrations, effectively inhibited the growth of the fungal mycelium. The amount of inhibition ranged from 1.75 cm to 5.84 cm, whereas the control group exhibited an increase of 9 cm. The study highlights the significant inhibitory impact of Bloom on fungal development, resulting in a remarkable reduction of fungal mycelial growth by 85.92%, 81.10%, and 79.90% at various concentrations. In addition, plant extracts demonstrated their natural antifungal characteristics, which varied in efficacy based on the concentrations used. The extracts from A. indica and A. sativum were the most effective, exhibiting the maximum growth inhibition percentage at a concentration of 8%. The present investigation highlighted the potential application of certain fungicides and plant extracts to combat F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. These alternatives provide an environmentally friendly response to synthetic fungicides for managing the disease. Further research is needed to enhance the understanding of the exact efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

Bioactive coating containing harzianic acid: Control of Fusarium oxysporum and preservation of tomato quality

In this study, harzianic acid (HA) was produced by Trichoderma harzianum using cocoa pod husk extract as a substrate. HA was incorporated into ten hydrocolloid-based coating formulations, including guar gum, pectin, and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). The formulations were evaluated for their efficacy against the phytopathogen Fusarium oxysporum previously inoculated on tomato fruits. Additionally, the release of HA in ethanol and water from the bioactive coating was quantified. The results revealed that the formulations exhibited HA release with significant inhibitory activity against fungal growth on tomato fruits. Furthermore, it was observed that the average release of HA was 6.61 % higher in ethanol compared to water within the first 24 h. A promising formulation containing equal proportions of guar gum, pectin, and CMC 1 % (w/v), glycerol (5 g/L), and an HA nanoemulsion (0.25 g/L) was applied to 80 ripe green tomatoes for 28 days at 25 °C (70 % RH) to analyze the influence on quality attributes and shelf life of tomatoes. The GPC-HA formulation significantly reduced both weight loss (23.26 %) and progressive degradation (33.33 %) of tomatoes when compared to uncoated fruits, while maintaining the levels of total acidity, lycopene, β-carotene, antioxidant capacity, soluble solids, and pH. Moreover, the formulation demonstrated effective microbiological control, as well as improvement in fruit color and firmness. These findings emphasize the potential of HA as a phytopathogen control agent in tomatoes. However, further studies are crucial to address the safety of HA use in food products.

Bioefficacy of Trichoderma harzianum and Chitosan Oligo-saccharin as Seed Coating to Control Fusarium oxysporum Disease in Peanut

Formulations of biological fungicides to replace synthetic fungicides, which are potent and effective in controlling wilt and root rot in Peanut plants have not been found, so the results of the study can be the latest information. The research aims to find the most effective formulation when cultivating Peanut plants with Seed Coating. Seed-coating treatment of T. harzianum and chitosan compounds is expected to be more effective in preventing or controlling the attack of Fusarium wilt disease on Peanut plants. The study was designed according to Randomized Group Design (RAK) with the treatment of Seed Coating T. harzianum and Chitosan nanoparticles (Chitosan olligosaccharin), with a Control Treatment Design without Seed Coating, Seed Coating T. harzianum, Seed Coating Kitosan, Seed Coating Kitosan + T. harzianum, Inorganic Seed Coating with 64% Metalaxil. The lowest intensity of wilting was still shown by the control treatment of 64% Metalaxil chemical pesticide, with an average wilting intensity of 23.5%, but the Seed Coating Kitosan + T. harzianum treatment was the closest with an average wilting rate of 31.5%, significantly different from the control wilting intensity which reached 92.5%. While the best control effectiveness after Metalaxil is also Chitosan + T. harzianum. Seed Coating Chitosan and T. harzianum also provide better dry weight of stalks than other Seed Coating treatments with an average of 5.1 Kg/Ha

Evaluation and Genome Mining of Bacillus stercoris Isolate B.PNR1 as Potential Agent for Fusarium Wilt Control and Growth Promotion of Tomato.

Recently, strategies for controlling Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol), the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of tomato, focus on using effective biocontrol agents. In this study, an analysis of the biocontrol and plant growth promoting (PGP) attributes of 11 isolates of loamy soil Bacillus spp. has been conducted. Among them, the isolates B.PNR1 and B.PNR2 inhibited the mycelial growth of Fol by inducing abnormal fungal cell wall structures and cell wall collapse. Moreover, broad-spectrum activity against four other plant pathogenic fungi, F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 1 (Foc), Sclerotium rolfsii, Colletotrichum musae, and C. gloeosporioides were noted for these isolates. These two Bacillus isolates produced indole acetic acid, phosphate solubilization enzymes, and amylolytic and cellulolytic enzymes. In the pot experiment, the culture filtrate from B.PNR1 showed greater inhibition of the fungal pathogens and significantly promoted the growth of tomato plants more than those of the other treatments. Isolate B.PNR1, the best biocontrol and PGP, was identified as Bacillus stercoris by its 16S rRNA gene sequence and whole genome sequencing analysis (WGS). The WGS, through genome mining, confirmed that the B.PNR1 genome contained genes/gene cluster of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase/polyketide synthase, such as fengycin, surfactin, bacillaene, subtilosin A, bacilysin, and bacillibactin, which are involved in antagonistic and PGP activities. Therefore, our finding demonstrates the effectiveness of B. stercoris strain B.PNR1 as an antagonist and for plant growth promotion, highlighting the use of this microorganism as a biocontrol agent against the Fusarium wilt pathogen and PGP abilities in tomatoes.

Antifungal activity of myco-synthesized bimetallic ZnO-CuO nanoparticles against fungal plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum

Fusarium species are considered one of the most destructing plant pathogens. In the current study, bimetallic zinc oxide-copper oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-CuO NPs) were myco-synthesized using Aspergillus fumigatus for controlling Fusarium oxysporum growth. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated from soil and identified morphologically and genetically. The myco-synthesized ZnO-CuO NPs were characterized using UV-Vis, DLS, HR-TEM, SEM, and XRD analyses. HR-TEM characterization method indicated that, the biosynthesized bimetallic ZnO-CuO NPs appeared as semi-spherical with the average diameter specified as 54.18 ± 1.9 nm. The DLS method described the characteristic particle size diffusion and was calculated as 85.52 nm, 90.85 nm, and 92.85 nm for ZnO NPs, CuO NPs, and ZnO-CuO NPs, respectively. Additionally, the SEM image of ZnO-CuO NPs displays basic NP surface character and the exterior impression was apparent. The biosynthesized ZnO-CuO NPs were separated naturally as spherical particles connected within the fungal filtrate, which displays as illuminated NPs fused and capped with the fungal filtrate. Antifungal activity of bimetallic ZnO-CuO NPs was evaluated against F. oxysporum. Results revealed that bimetallic ZnO-CuO NPs exhibited promising antifungal activity toward F. oxysporum where inhibition zone at 1000 µg/ml was 22.8 ± 0.76 mm, and MIC was 125 µg/ml. Moreover, growth inhibition percentages of F. oxysporum at different concentrations of bimetallic ZnO-CuO NPs 1000, 500, 250, and 125 µg/ml were 88.9, 65.5, 41.1, and 8.9% respectively, where the highest inhibition was 88.9% at concentration 1000 µg/ml, while the lowest inhibition was 8.9% at concentration 125 µg/ml. In TEM ultrastructure results, the treated F. oxysporum with ZnO-CuO NPs, a clear destruction was found in all cell contents and disintegration of the cell wall as well as destruction of the plasma membrane. Also, the nucleus appeared as small size and damaged shape and the chromatin materials distributed with several dark stained bodies in cytoplasm. In conclusion, bimetallic ZnO-CuO NPs were successfully myco-synthesized using A. fumigatus, where it had promising antifungal activity against F. oxysporum.

Antifungal activity of metabolites from Trichoderma spp. against Fusarium oxysporum

The Trichoderma genus is well known as one of the most valuable biological control agents against several phytopathogens used in different plant species. Managing phytopathogenic fungi using the Trichoderma genus through various associated antifungal mechanisms is a sustainable and eco-friendly strategy that reduces the harmful presence of pathogens in soil, roots and aerial parts of plants. However, using biocontrol agents combined with chemical pesticides has evidenced further potential to reduce pathogen growth and benefit plant development. A better characterization of active metabolites secreted by Trichoderma and their mechanisms of action is necessary to improve its use as a biocontrol agent. This review summarizes current evidence on Trichoderma spp., used as a biocontrol against Fusarium oxysporum, the active secondary metabolites secreted by the former fungi, and the effect of three widely used agrochemicals to control the latter, namely Mancozeb, Chlorothalonil, and Propiconazole. A total of 155 studies were selected and used to extract information that was analyzed, resulting in more than 590 identified secondary metabolites. Fifty-four percent of these have at least one biological function. Results highlight the potential of T. harzianum and T. reesei as biological control agents to control Fusarium oxysporum. The antifungal activity of T. Espirale is associated with enzymatic reactions. Additional findings show that management of diseases caused by F. oxysporum can be combined by using Trichoderma as biological control and agrochemicals to reach: (1) higher access to the different plant tissues; (2) higher degradation of the cell wall; and (3) and activation of oxidative metabolism of Trichoderma. Keywords: Trichoderma, secondary metabolites, fungicide, mycoparasitism, biocontrol, Fusarium oxysporum

Endophytic bacteria as biological agents to control fusarium wilt disease and promote tomato plant growth

Plant endophytic bacteria are symbiotic bacteria that live in plant tissues and may play a role in disease control and/or plant growth promotion. In this study, six plant endophytic bacterial isolates, Arthrobacter sp. AM08, Pseudomonas aeruginosa AJ14, P. mosselii AB06, Bacillus cereus AP12, B. thuringiensis AK08 and Serratia marcescens AS09, were tested for their ability to control Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) and to promote the growth of tomato plant. The isolates were evaluated for their ability to produce hydrolytic enzymes (cellulase, protease and chitinase), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase, and siderophores. The activity of cellulase, protease and chitinase enzymes was detected in all the isolates studied, whereas the highest HCN activity was observed in P. aeruginosa. The activity of IAA, ACC deaminase, and siderophore was also observed in all isolates, with B. cereus, P. mosselii, and S. marcescens being the highest producers of IAA and B. thuringiensis being the highest producer of siderophores. All isolates produced ACC deaminase at almost the same level. Application of the isolates to tomato seeds prolonged FOL incubation time, reduced disease incidence, and shortened xylem discoloration length compared to the controls, confirming the ability of the isolates to control FOL. In addition, all tested isolated showed plant growth promoting activity, as indicated by increased plant height and root length. The study showed that the endophytic bacteria are capable of controlling FOL and promoting the growth of tomato plant, revealing their potential to be developed as biocontrol agents.

Antifungal Potential of Beauveria bassiana on Solanum lycopersicum L. Infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of Beauveria bassiana (Bb 1205) on controlling Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol 17108) in tomato plants in greenhouse conditions. Inoculation of Bb 1205 was the most promising among the agronomic variables and expression of the activity of the enzymes β-1,3-glucanases and chitinases. Inoculation of Bb 1205 occurred at a concentration of 1 × 108 conidia·mL−1, which was administered onto the leaves, directly into the soil and via injection. Infection with Fol 17108 occurred with 1 × 106 spores·mL−1, which were added directly to the soil. Spectrophotometry was used for measuring agronomic parameters, namely activity of chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases in foliage and roots. When Bb 1205 was added to the soil, the chlorophyll index and aerial part length showed significant differences. In addition, it was determined that root length, fresh weight of foliage, flower, and fruit count increased 82 days after inoculation (dai). Chitinase activity induced by Bb 1205 in leaves and roots of tomato plants infected with Fol 17108 was observed when injected into the stem at 32 dai (41.8 and 11.6-fold, respectively). Inoculation on the foliage showed a 10-fold increase of β-1,3-glucanases in the roots after 82 dpi. As for leaves, a 3.8-fold increase was found when the stem was inoculated. In the different in vivo applications, Bb 1205 activated its defenses by expressing the chitinase enzymes and β-1,3-glucanase, thus reducing the damage caused by Fol 17108, demonstrating increase plant growth thereafter.

Physiological characteristics and effectiveness of some trichoderma isolates against fusarium basal rot of shallot

Trichoderma is one of the fungal biological agents used to control fusarium basal rot disease on shallot. The use of Trichoderma sp. can reduce the negative impact on the environment and humans due to the use of synthetic chemical fungicides. This study aimed to characterize the physiological characteristics of some Trichoderma sp. and assess the potential in controlling Fusarium oxysporum on shallot. This research consisted of various tests, such as phosphate solubilization, chitinolytic activity, antibiosis, IAA production, and growth promoting tests, including germination percentage, plant height, and root length. There were eight isolates of Trichoderma originating from various species of plants in the field. They were T. hamatum 1, T. hamatum 2, T. asperellum, T. harzianum, T. pseudokoningii, Trichoderma rice, Trichoderma T01, and Trichoderma T02. All isolates did not react positively to the indole acetic acid (IAA) and antibiosis tests. Conversely, all isolates showed a positive reaction in the chitinolytic activity, except T. hamatum. Isolates Trichoderma T01 and Trichoderma T02 reacted positively to phosphate dissolution. Trichoderma T02 had the best germination rate and plant height compared to all isolates, with values of 90% and 6.00 ± 0.96, respectively. Trichoderma rice has the best root length compared to all isolates 8.

STUDYING THE EFFICIENCY OF SOME NANOPARTICLES ON SOME PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGI AND THEIR EFFECTS ON HYPHAL MORPHOLOGY

This study was investigated the effect of iron NPs and essential oils of clove in normal and nanoemulsion forms for controlling Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Alternaria solani compared with Azoxystrobin fungicide under laboratory conditions. Data revealed that all tested compounds are capable of inhibiting the growth of mycelial of F. oxysporum F. solani, and A. solani from 0 to 84.4%, 0 to 88.9 %, and 0 to 61.1 %, respectively. There is relationship was found between the tested concentration of all treatments and their percentages of inhibition of mycelium. In addition, the use of Azoxystrobin, iron NPs and essential oils of clove in normal and nanoemulsion increased the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO). The fungal hyphae morphology was investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fungi hyphae without treatments are regular branching, linearly and normal morphology shaped, the surface of the hyphae is smooth and apical tapered. Treatments caused loss of linearity, irregular branching of the terminal hyphae, deformations of the hyphal shape, and the lysis cytoplasm of the hyphal.

ITS Metabarcoding Reveals the Effects of Oregano Essential Oil on Fusarium oxysporum and Other Fungal Species in Soil Samples.

The destructive effects of Fusarium wilts are known to affect the production of many crops. The control of Fusarium oxysporum and other soilborne pathogens was mainly based on soil fumigation (methyl bromide), which has long been prohibited and, nowadays, is based on a limited number of available fungicides due to legislation restrictions on residue tolerances and environmental impacts. Alternatively, natural and environmentally safe compounds, such as essential oils, are being investigated for their efficacy in the control of soilborne diseases. The great fungicidal ability of the oregano essential oil components (carvacrol and thymol) has been reported to inhibit the germination and the mycelial development of several fungal species, including F. oxysporum. The aim of our study was to demonstrate how the metabarcoding approach can provide valuable information about the positive or negative impacts of two different doses of oregano essential oil on Fusarium oxysporum and other fungal species which were present in the studied soil samples through the amplification of the ITS1 and ITS2 regions, which were analyzed on a MiSeq platform. A higher dose of oregano essential oil decreased the abundance of F. oxysporum, along with other fungal species, but also had negative effects on Trichoderma evansii and Mortierella chlamydospora, species with possible fungicidal properties. Soil properties, essential oil properties, the fungal composition, and interactions between fungal species should be considered as factors influencing the effectiveness of essential oils as biological control agents for soilborne pathogens.

Efficacy of an edible coating, containing thyme essential oil, to control Fusarium oxysporum and the quality of tomato fruits

Efficacy of an edible coating, containing thyme essential oil, to control Fusarium oxysporum and the quality of tomato fruits

Corrigendum to “Impact of biosolarization with almond hull and shell amendments for the control of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucae in a lettuce/tomato cropping system” [Crop Protect. 152/105856

Corrigendum to “Impact of biosolarization with almond hull and shell amendments for the control of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucae in a lettuce/tomato cropping system” [Crop Protect. 152/105856

Biochemical Characterization, Antifungal Activity, and Relative Gene Expression of Two Mentha Essential Oils Controlling Fusarium oxysporum, the Causal Agent of Lycopersicon esculentum Root Rot.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is important food in daily human diets. Root rot disease by Fusarium oxysporum caused huge losses in tomato quality and yield annually. The extensive use of synthetic and chemical fungicides has environmental risks and health problems. Recent studies have pointed out the use of medicinal plant essential oils (EOs) and extracts for controlling fungal diseases. In the current research, Mentha spicata and Mentha longifolia EOs were used in different concentrations to control F. oxysporum. Many active compounds are present in these two EOs such as: thymol, adapic acid, menthol and menthyl acetate. These compounds possess antifungal effect through malformation and degradation of the fungal cell wall. The relative expression levels of distinctly upregulated defense-related WRKY genes (WRKY1, WRKY4, WRKY33 and WRKY53) in seedling root were evaluated as a plant-specific transcription factor (TF) group in different response pathways of abiotic stress. Results showed significant expression levels of WRKY, WRKY53, WRKY33, WRKY1 and WRKY4 genes. An upregulation was observed in defense-related genes such as chitinase and defensin in roots by application EOs under pathogen condition. In conclusion, M. spicata and M. longifolia EOs can be used effectively to control this plant pathogen as sustainable and eco-friendly botanical fungicides.

Detection and Control of Fusarium oxysporum from Soft Rot in Dendrobium officinale by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assays.

Simple SummaryIn this study, we investigated the soft rot disease of Dendrobium officinale in Guizhou Province, and designed a rapid method to detect the pathogen is Fusarium oxysporum in Dendrobium officinale by using specific gene sequences and loop-mediated isothermal amplification technology. This method can accurately detect Fusarium oxysporum on soft rot plants of Dendrobium officinale. Therefore, the results of this study are crucial for the early diagnosis of soft rot on Dendrobium officinale.Soft rot causing Fusarium oxysporum is one of the most destructive diseases of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo in China that reduces D. officinale yield and quality. A key challenge for an integrated management strategy for this disease is the rapid and accurate detection of F. oxysporum on D. officinale. Therefore, a new loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for this purpose. In this study, the primers were selected and designed using the translation elongation factor-1α (TEF-1α) gene region as the target DNA sequence in order to screen the best system of reaction of LAMP to detect F. oxysporum through optimizing different conditions of the LAMP reaction, including time, temperature, concentrations of MgSO4, and concentrations of inner and outer primers. The optimized system was able to efficiently amplify the target gene at 62 °C for 60 min with 1.2 μM internal primers, 0.4 μM external primers, 7 mM Mg2+, and 5 fg/µL minimum detection concentration of DNA for F. oxysporum. The amplified products could be detected with the naked eye after completion of the reaction with SYBR green I. We were better able to control the effect of soft rot in D. officinale using fungicides following a positive test result. Additionally, the control effect of synergism combinations against soft rot was higher than 75%. Thus, LAMP assays could detect F. oxysporum in infected tissues of D. officinale and soils in field, allowing for early diagnosis of the disease.

A THE EFFECT OF DOSE AND TIME OF ADMINISTRATION OF TRICHODERMA SP ON FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM ON SHALLOT (Allium ascalonicum L)

ABSTRACT
 This studypaimsptopdeterminepthe appropriate dosepand time ofxadministration ofxTrichoderma sp to control Fusarium oxysporum disease in shallot plants. Thepresearch waspconductedpfrompSeptemberp2020ptoxDecemberx2020 in Karangasem Hamlet, Guli Village, Nogosari District, Boyolali Regency. Thispstudypusedpapfactorialpcompletely randomizedpdesign (RAL) methodpwhich consisted ofp2pfactors. Thepfirst treatmentpfactor was thepdose ofpTrichoderma sp (D) which consisted of 3 g, 5g, 7g and the time of administration (T) which was one week before planting, during planting and a week after planting. Parameterspobservedpwerepnumberpof leaves, number ofptubers, weightpof fresh stover, weight of dry stover and intensity of disease attack. The results showed that the treatment with the best Trichoderma sp (D) dose was obtained in the D3 treatment with a dose of 7 grams / liter of solution had a very significant effect on the number of leaves, fresh stover, dry stover, intensity of disease attack and not significantly different on the number of tubers. The best time treatment for giving Trichoderma sp (T) was obtained in T1 treatment, namely the time of administration one week before planting had a significant effect on the number of leaves, fresh stover, and was not significantly different on the number of tubers, dry stover, intensity of disease attack. Meanwhile, the best combination of dosage and time of administration of Trichoderma sp was obtained in the (D3T1) treatment, namely the administration of a dose of 7 grams / liter of solution and the time of administration one week before planting had a significant effect on dry stover and had no significant effect on other parameters.
 
 Keywords : Trichoderma sp, fusarium oxysporum, shallot.

The use of endophyte fungal isolates in controlling Fusarium oxysporum, the causal agent of wilt disease on chilli (Capsicum annuum)

Fusarium oxysporum as the causal agent of wilt disease infected systemically on the chili plant (Capsicum annuum) and cause a significant loss on its production. To control the pathogenic fungi, we isolated and identified the beneficial fungi from stem, leaf, and fruit tissues of healthy plants. Then, the work tested fungi capability to inhibit the pathogen in vitro and to enter plant tissues. The results of the work indicated that seven fungi isolates consisting of Trichoderma 1, Trichoderma 2, Aspergillus, Fusarium 1, Fusarium 2, Lasiodiplodia 1, and Lasiodiplodia 2 were identified. Trichoderma and Lasiodiplodia were found from leaf and fruit tissues, whereas Aspergillus and Fusarium were isolated from leaf and stem tissues. The inhibition of F. oxysporum by these seven fungi isolates in vitro about nine days after dual culture was 53.9%, 62.5%, 38.9%, 38,3%, 26.9%, 29,4%, and 34.7%, respectively. Endophyte study with Trichoderma morphospecies 2 showed that the isolate could colonize 84% of the root, 60% of the stem, and 80% of leaf tissues three weeks after inoculation through roots. Therefore, the research results demonstrate the presence of endophytic fungi derived from the chili plant that is potential to control wilt disease in vivo.