Control Of Financial Resources Research Articles

A Study on Budget and Budgetary Control

This research aims to provide a comprehensive examination of budget and budgetary control practices, their significance, and their impact on organizational performance. Budgeting is a critical management tool used for planning, coordination, and control of financial resources within an organization. Employing a mixed-methods research design, including case studies and interviews, this study seeks to explore the principles, processes, and effectiveness of budgeting and budgetary control in various organizational contexts. Key objectives include understanding the role of budgeting in strategic planning, evaluating the methods employed in budget development, and analyzing the mechanisms of budgetary control for performance monitoring and accountability. The study also aims to identify challenges and best practices associated with budgeting processes within different sectors. The findings of this research are anticipated to contribute valuable insights for organizations, financial managers, and policymakers in enhancing their budgetary practices, fostering financial discipline, and ultimately improving overall organizational efficiency.

Entrepreneurial activities and women empowerment in rural India between microfinance and social capital

AbstractHuman development cannot occur without women's empowerment. Particularly in marginalized contexts lacking equal treatment between women and men, women's empowerment is conditioned upon their control of financial resources and activities outside their households' tasks, such as entrepreneurial activities. Such contexts have been experiencing the escalation of microfinance schemes of which women have been the main target group. While scholars generally agree on the opportunities that microcredit represents for microentrepreneurial activities, its effective impact on women entrepreneurship, and hence their empowerment, show contrasting results. We aim to contribute to this debate by conducting in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with female members of the group lending model of the microfinance institutions in Uttar Pradesh, northern India. The thematic questions of the interviews address, particularly, the social resources (social capital) and economic conditions underpinning the process of empowerment among women's members of peer‐group lending schemes. We find that social capital plays a crucial role for peer‐group lending to be successful in accessing financial resources and loan repayment. However, we detect the presence of empowerment only where a woman uses the outcome of these social capital resources to pursue her entrepreneurial activities and self‐determined goals.

Помощь развитию во внешней политике ФРГ

The article discusses the conceptual approaches and policies of Germany in the field of official development assistance (ODA). The FRG is the second largest donor country in terms of the absolute amount of financial resources that the government donates as ODA. However, there is an obvious gap between the official rhetoric and the actual practices of the German ODA policy. Development assistance has been actively used by Berlin to promote its political and economic interests and to address its security policy problems. Germany’s ODA policy is built primarily on a bilateral basis, the belief being that this form of cooperation allows a better control of financial resources and enables the donor country to more effectively articulate its interests. The fate of the most needy countries is of much less concern to the German authorities. The FRG, as well as the European Union, are trying to make their own priorities a platform for building cooperation with partners. The entry of the “Alliance 90/Greens” into a governmental coalition after the 2021 parliamentary elections will further shift the focus of Germany’s ODA policy towards combating climate change. However, the “Greens” are careful to avoid discussing what energy resources should become the basis of industrial development in least developed countries. Berlin is interested in maintaining its place among the world’s largest donors. In the arsenal of Germany’s foreign policy tools, development assistance serves to counter from afar new threats and challenges – terrorism, conflicts and illegal migration. It can be adapted to strengthen the position of the donor in the markets, political and public life of the recipient countries. With Germany having a significant influence on the formation and financing of the EU coordinating mechanisms, the FRG’s ODA policy can, when necessary, rely on the latter. However, the Germany’s ODA policy is not without vulnerabilities. Berlin often looks like a mentor who knows what to do and how to do it, although the reality almost always turns out to be more complicated than the speculative recipes. The main weakness of this policy lies in that its conceptual framework has been built according to European patterns and so is largely out of touch with the real needs of developing countries.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ФИНАНСОВОЙ СТРАТЕГИИ НА ПРЕДПРИЯТИИ

At present, the world economy is competitive. One of the main issues of increasing the competitiveness of industrial enterprises and sustainable development is the implementation of good governance strategies in the enterprise. One of the sub-issues of the management strategy is the financial strategy. To this end, we have chosen to conduct research to improve the company’s financial strategy. The purpose of the research is to conduct research in the field of improving the financial strategy, to provide scientific suggestions and recommendations in the field of improving the financial security of the enterprise. The methodology of the research is to conduct research in the field of formation of the right financial strategy to increase the competitiveness of the enterprise, the development of its economic and financial potential. Financial management is not just about shaping financial strategies. It is also a set of activities related to the planning, execution, financial control, accounting and reporting of the enterprise’s budget. Increasing the competitiveness of the enterprise leads to the strengthening of its market position, increasing its profitability and economic efficiency. The research was carried out in “EL Plastic” LLC. The research results can be used in the management of industrial enterprises. We have come to the conclusion from the research that these results reflect the main details of the formation and implementation of the financial strategy. The financial strategy applied in the enterprise is directly and indirectly exposed to the macroeconomic effects of the country. For this purpose, macroeconomic factors must be taken into account when determining the financial strategy of the enterprise. Having resources for the development of the enterprise, improving their use and expanding financial opportunities are the basis of the organization’s strategic activities. The financial strategy regulates the organization and implementation of this work, ensures the efficiency of management activities. Financial strategy requires planning of financial activity of the industrial enterprise, formation and implementation of mechanisms for attraction, use and control of financial resources. The financial strategy opens wide opportunities in the field of markets, sales and price management, expansion of the organization’s financial opportunities, achievement of high profitability.

КРЕДИТНИЙИ МЕХАНІЗМ ФІНАНСОВОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ В АГРОБІЗНЕСІ

At the heart of the economic development of the enterprise is the proper construction of financial relations. The mechanism of distribution and control of financial resources and funds is called a financial mechanism. However, in the structure of sources of financial security lending occupies a leading place, and therefore is an integral part of the financial mechanism. The effect of the credit mechanism of agribusiness enterprises is manifested in the relationship between economic entities and credit institutions (commercial and state banks), credit unions and more. At the heart of each financial security of the enterprise the credit mechanism with accurately defined conditions of formation and use of financial resources takes the proper place.

Plano de Ações Articuladas – PAR: uma política de descentralização das ações de educação

O presente estudo aborda o Plano de Ações Articuladas (PAR) que foi proposto em 2007 como um instrumento para descentralizar as ações e recursos da União aos demais entes federados no intuito de melhorar à qualidade, eficiência e equidade na implementação de políticas educacionais. A pesquisa se justifica por buscar verificar nos documentos oficiais de orientação do PAR a prescrição do processo de descentralização das políticas educacionais para os municípios. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é analisar a articulação entre o PAR, o Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE) e o Plano de Desenvolvimento da Educação (PDE) na efetivação do processo de descentralização das políticas educacionais. O estudo se apoia na metodologia da pesquisa social que analisa o objeto a partir do real concreto (RODRÍGUEZ, 2014). Os procedimentos adotados foram a análise dos documentos oficiais orientadores do PAR e da legislação que o instituiu como política de planejamento da educação, bem como foi realizado o estudo da literatura que discute a descentralização das ações do Estado para as unidades federadas. As análises parciais revelam que o plano tem a perspectiva de consolidar o regime de colaboração por meio da gestão democrática e prioriza a descentralização das ações da União para municípios e estados, mas mantém o controle dos recursos financeiros. Conclui-se que o PAR tem possibilitado que as ações do Governo Federal alcancem maior abrangência nas políticas locais, contribuindo para a melhoria da educação e do ensino e aprendizagem de crianças, jovens e adultos, pois os investimentos ocorrem de forma direta para os municípios.

The Impact of Corporate Governance on Financial Management of Public Secondary Schools in Kenya: A Case of Siaya County

This study sought to investigate the impact of corporate governance on financial management of public secondary schools in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to: To establish the impact of the board composition on financial management of secondary schools, to establish the composition of board skills on the financial management of public secondary schools, and to analyze how the application of corporate governance principles impacts the financial management of public secondary schools. This study was undertaken among the 41 secondary schools in Siaya County the target population comprised of 205 respondents who were either Chairman. Treasures, parent teacher association member, board of governor member or auditor in the respective institution. Using stratified sampling a sample size of 137 was arrived at although only 110 responded giving an 80% response rate which was considered sufficient. Questionnaires was used as a data collection tool and using SPSS version 20, the descriptive and inferential statistics was computed. The analysis revealed that majority were aware of budgeting practices in schools and as board member, they oversee supply chain management, movable asset management and control. It was also noted that the members prioritize on use of scarce resources to ensure effective stewardship over public money and assets and most of the respondents were actively involved in planning and implementation of the financial plan, accounting and reporting on funds management. A positive correlation was established thus a positive change in board composition led to a positive change in financial management. The findings also revealed that presence of accounting knowledge was vital in order to improve financial management in schools and the board had illustrated governance expertise in the last five year. It was also established tenure of board member affected financial management and all members had information on projects undertaken by the school. Positive correlation revealed that with every positive change in board skills there is a positive change in financial management. Lastly the findings revealed that management and board of director’s are efficient and have capacity to perform their duties properly and it was also established that there are set rules and policies that generate information on roles and responsibilities. The members were also found to be able to effectively manage issues of procurement, allocation and control of financial resources although there was no clear response on difficulties in managing large volumes of paper work. Positive correlation revealed that with every positive change in corporate governance there is a positive change in financial management.

Manliness, Male Virtue and History Writing at the Seventeenth‐Century Ottoman Court

When one compares Ottoman chronicles written in the wake of the failed Vienna campaign of 1683 to those composed prior to 1682 and finally to those completed in 1658 one finds, first, that gendered conceptions were central to the authors' depictions of the era and, second, that the model of manliness and male virtue that the authors conceived changed greatly. To authors writing during the first decade of Mehmed IV's reign (1648–58), male virtue was expressed in self‐mastery, the mastery of subordinates, particularly women, and the control of financial resources. Authors in the period between 1658 and 1682 imagined manliness in terms of bravery – manifested in hunting and waging war, labelled interchangeably ghaza or jihad – and Islamic zeal. After 1682, writers again returned to an understanding of male virtue and manliness centred on self‐control. This article explains the reasons for this change in conceptions of manliness and male virtue by relating it to the dynamic competition between courtly factions patronising literary production. The need to curry favour with these factions was reflected in the writers' choice of literary genre, which intervened discursively to offer different images of the sultan and valide sultan (queen mother).

Quality costs in education

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify the relevance of Feigenbaum's quality costs model to managers in higher education and to put forward a possible way of implementing such a model in an educational area.Design/methodology/approachFollowing the author's Master's project into the relevance of TQM to a higher education institution, the need to increase student numbers without pro‐rata increase in costs is discussed along with the subsequent need to “measure”. Feigenbaum's model is described in detail with examples of industrial costs compared with higher education costs. A possible way of implementing the model is suggested with justification for the approach taken. The scope of the paper is limited to the model and its possible use.FindingsThe paper finds that taking the decision to implement the model requires a willingness to incur costs before realising savings. The examples show that planning the incurring of costs can result in the realised savings – but accurate measurement of the savings is difficult.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is a pilot study of the implementation of the model which would enable a clearer picture to emerge as to the willingness to view costs in a different way from that prevalent in the sector.Practical implicationsThe paper shows that managers will need to be prepared to relinquish some control of financial resources to pay for the planned costs. Academic and non‐academic staff will need to be prepared to identify failings, be prepared to identify practical ways of preventing those failings and be prepared to involve themselves in making the new procedures work.Originality/valueThe model is old, but the costs it describes are being incurred in many institutions in a haphazard way today. This paper suggests a route to making expenditure on day‐to‐day activities planned.

COMPETITIVE MONEY CREATION IN CHINA AND IN THE SOVIET UNION

ABSTRACTWith economic reforms, the control of financial resources becomes important as a means of securing property rights. Both China and the former Soviet Union, in their transition from a centrally‐planned economy, have faced problems of a weakened center which, either completely or on occasions, has lost control of the money creation process. This paper analyses the attempts of provinces and republics to vary the money supply with the objective of acquiring physical resources at the cost of the other provinces (republics), while balancing the costs of potential inflation. Equilibrium outcomes are found to depend on the provinces' (republics') preferences about the growth in real absorption and the rate of inflation, on the growth of national output, and on the relative size of their economies.

The Burden of Dependency

The control of financial resources is an important indicator of the distribution of power within families. This may be particularly significant when economic power is accompanied by physical violence. This paper considers economic dependency among a group of women using a refuge. It examines family income levels, the control and distribution of this money and of responsibility for paying bills, together with evidence on living standards. Using 140 per cent of the supplementary benefit standard as a poverty line, it was found that 63 per cent of the families lived in poverty. Much more significant, however, were the patterns of control of resources. Five allocation systems were identified, but the overall picture which emerged was that overwhelmingly it was men who controlled family finances. Women were kept chronically short of money, and some even had to hand over their child benefits. The women therefore suffered severe deprivation and had to go without basic household items and sometimes food. Control of the purse was even more complete when husbands were unemployed. The long-term solution requires a change in public and personal attitudes which must include giving women more equal access to economic and social resources in their own right.