Control Of Energy Production Research Articles

The Shaping of Future Sustainable Energy Policy in Management Areas of Indonesia's Energy Transition

Modifications to energy management models have made them more adaptable and dynamic, with intelligent monitoring and control of energy production, distribution, storage, and consumption. However, the management paradigm has not yet been optimally implemented, given that fossil fuels account for 73% of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the energy sector. The purpose of this study was to find out the policy of management area in energy transition toward sustainable development. This was normative legal research employing the statutory approach, the fact approach, and the case approach. The results indicate that a global energy transition will have a positive effect on the future stability and development of economies worldwide. Therefore, the green investment promotion for Renewable energy has acquired prominence in recent years and is now at the forefront of global efforts to reform the energy sector. In addition, the harmonization of legislation and technical requirements is highlighted as a requirement for achieving this objective.

Local energy, a political resource: dependencies and insubordination of an urban “Stadtwerk” in France (Metz, Lorraine)

ABSTRACTThis article analyses the factors that motivate local energy production and transition and opposing lock-ins, within the context of urban municipal energy managment, in France. A new conceptual framework, local and domestic geopolitics, is mobilized to shed light on the conflictuality of this process, the political resources activated by local authorities in front of national operators, the links between energy control and power at the local level, ultimately refocusing questions of energy justice. We present an in-depth case study of the border city of Metz, which inherited a municipal energy company founded during the German annexation. It revealed the reasons and the means by which, since the beginning of the twentieth century, energy became a local resource and its production was expanded, in spite of a centralized energy system. Local energy was found to be a political construction, serving to reinforce local authority. In the context of energy transition, it is becoming a new energy resource, local actors intending it to progressively take the place of centralized energies, a focal point of a new geopolitics of energy. Within this geopolitical landscape, the power and benefits conferred by the control of energy production is found to be a central dimension of energy justice. In Metz, this power and benefits has not been better shared than at the national level, whether in procedural, distributive, or recognition terms, serving the career of a mayor and the local finances, rather than democratization of energy choices.

Integrating proteomics and enzymatic profiling to decipher seed metabolism affected by temperature in seed dormancy and germination

Temperature is an important environmental factor affecting seed dormancy and germination. The mechanism by which temperature induces germination in dormant seeds is however still unclear. Proteomic study has been performed in dormant sunflower seeds during imbibition at permissive and non-permissive temperatures for germination, 20 and 10 °C, respectively. Proteome analysis showed an increase of proteins belonging to metabolism and energy from the first hours of imbibition followed by a decrease of proteins involved in protein metabolism and seed storage in germinating compared to non-germinating seeds. Proteomic study was completed by polysome and proteasome activity assessment and enzymatic profiling on several altered proteins involved in metabolism and energy. Results showed that 20 °C treatment induced the activation of both protein synthesis and degradation processes, the latter being related to proteasome activity during the germination sensu stricto, and to other degradation processes such as proteases during the post-germination. Interestingly, enzymatic profiles showed that TCA cycle and glycolysis were more active in non-germinating seeds in the phase I of the germination sensu stricto. This result suggests the regulation of central metabolism activity in germinating seeds. The control of energy production during imbibition seems to be involved in molecular networks controlling seed dormancy and germination.

Dinner Time!

The coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide mechanistically links the circadian clock to control of energy production by mitochondria.

Some Unresolved Issues for the Study of Fatigue: The Way Forward

This section of the supplement “Fatigue: A New Frontier” will discuss 3 issues that have significant import for elucidating mechanisms by which fatigue occurs and its evaluation and treatment. These issues are clearly not the only ones that are important for future research or clinical practice, but they are the most prevalent issues raised in the articles of this supplement. They present significant challenges in both research and clinical arenas and offer substantial research opportunity. There exists a body of published data that leave a number of unresolved key issues. These include: 1) What are our best metrics for measuring fatigue? 2) Do the constructs of peripheral and central fatigue advance our understanding of fatigue syndromes or create arbitrary limitations? 3) Will a better understanding of the interactions among immunoregulation and metabolic control of energy production and utilization (and performance and perception) help us derive a comprehensive approach to the management of fatigue? What are the Best Metrics for Measuring Fatigue? Many of the sections of this supplement address the need for valid and reliable instruments for measuring fatigue. The authors identify instruments that were specifically developed for use in some of the disease entities they discuss. For example, the Fatigue Severity Scale has been used to assess fatigue in rheumatic diseases and multiple sclerosis. Whereas in assessing cancer-related fatigue, other self-report instruments have been used, including the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Fatigue, Cancer Fatigue Scale, and Brief Fatigue Inventory, among others. Self-reports are necessary for assessing fatigue, but many suggest that they are not sufficient. The trend is toward using instruments that are coupled with objective findings. For example, in cancer-related fatigue and the neurological conditions, studies have included measures of neuromuscular fatigue. As discussed in this theme issue, there seems to be a shift in thinking about what is most important in measuring fatigue in the elderly. In particular, the concept of fatigability, which links fatigue with function and thereby assesses the impact fatigue may have on independence, has gained momentum as the measurement of choice. Fatigue measures in the affective/fatigue or pain/fatigue overlap syndromes, such as chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia (FM), remain reliant on self-reports of symptoms, mood, and behavior. Most authors contributing to this special issue indicate that one of the more significant problems facing clinicians and researchers studying and treating fatigue is reaching agreement on which measures to use for evaluation and treatment outcomes. There has not been consensus on whether fatigue measures should or must include objective measures, or whether they need to be disease specific. There does not seem to be consensus on what the essential components of a fatigue measure need be and whether this would be true for all or most chronic medical conditions, including those that may have significant psychoaffective and biopsychosocial components. This is an opportune time to promote a Consensus Conference designed to explore issues such as how to measure fatigue and what should be included in these measures. Such a conference would also introduce the use of theories and approaches to computer technologies such as item response theory and computerized-adapted training to help assure validity and efficiency in the choice of relevant metrics. One such approach, patient reported outcomes medical information system (PROMIS), has been instrumen

Semiquantitative Analysis of Common Deletion in Mitochondrial DNA of Single Human Oocytes

Objectives: Most cells in the body contain between 103 and 104 copies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This mtDNA plays an essential role in the life cycle via the control of energy production by oxidative phosphorylation. The asymmetric nature of inheritance is exclusively through the female oocyte. In a mature human oocyte, much higher copy numbers (105) of mtDNA is present to prepare for the energy demands of embryogenesis. There are measurable levels of the so-called “common deletion”, which removes 4977 bp between the ATPase8 and ND5 genes in some oocytes. Not all common deletion becomes pathogenic, but some studies have reported the frequency of deleted mtDNA in oocytes, embryos and have demonstrated that the shift in the mutation decreases with oocyte and embryo development. The purpose of this study was to determine the semi-quantitation of common deletion in oocyte developmental potency.

Mitochondrial DNA in mammalian reproduction

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) forms a semi-autonomous asexually reproducing genome in eukaryotic organisms. It plays an essential role in the life cycle through the control of energy production, by the inherently dangerous process of oxidative phosphorylation. The asymmetric nature of its inheritance--almost exclusively through the female--imposes different evolutionary constraints on males and females, and may lie at the heart of anisogamy. This review examines the implications of recent findings on the biology of mtDNA for reproduction and inheritance in mammals.

Mitochondrial DNA in mammalian reproduction.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) forms a semi-autonomous asexually reproducing genome in eukaryotic organisms. It plays an essential role in the life cycle through the control of energy production, by the inherently dangerous process of oxidative phosphorylation. The asymmetric nature of its inheritance--almost exclusively through the female--imposes different evolutionary constraints on males and females, and may lie at the heart of anisogamy. This review examines the implications of recent findings on the biology of mtDNA for reproduction and inheritance in mammals.

Control of energy production in the heart: a new function for fatty acid binding protein.

The quantitative subcellular distribution of the fatty acid binding protein (FABP) in heart muscle is reported for the first time. A gradient-like distribution according to the following pattern was observed: 6.96 mg X mL-1 on the myofibrils, 2.77 mg X mL-1 in the spaces surrounding the mitochondria, and 2.21 mg X mL-1 in the mitochondria. This heterogeneous distribution suggests that the local in vivo concentration of FABP might fluctuate as a function of time. The consequences of these possible fluctuations, particularly in the mitochondrial vicinity, were analyzed in an in vitro system containing a fixed concentration of cardiac mitochondria and stearic acid but variable concentrations of FABP. Competition for the fatty acid was observed between the mitochondrial membranes and the binding sites on the protein. Maximal binding of fatty acid to FABP was detected in the range of FABP concentration between 1 and 3 mg X mL-1. Remarkably, in this concentration range, two emerging peaks of beta-oxidative activity were also detected. As a major conclusion, it appears that the fatty acid pool, bound to FABP, is the source of fatty acid providing the beta-oxidative system with substrate. The mechanism of fatty acid transfer from this pool toward the beta-oxidative system remains an open question. However, it is suggested that a gradient-like distribution of FABP in the mitochondrial vicinity leads to the coexistence of multispecies of the protein by self-aggregation. Only two of these species seem to be involved in this fatty acid transfer. As a consequence, a strong modulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation rate is observed in isolated mitochondria when the concentrations of these two species are allowed to fluctuate. In conclusion, this unique cardiac fatty acid carrier, via its self-aggregation capacity and its in vivo gradient-like distribution, may act as a powerful effector in the regulation of heart energy.

Adrenergic Control of Phosphofructokinase and Glycolysis in Rat Heart

This chapter describes the regulation of muscle phosphofructokinase (PFK) in vivo. It discusses the enzyme in heart and its role in the control of energy production from glycolysis in that tissue. Cori first suggested that PFK might act as a limiting factor in muscle glycolysis. This conclusion was based on the observation that both glucose 6-phosphate (glucose 6-P) and fructose 6-phosphate (fructose 6-P) could accumulate in frog skeletal muscle without any increase in lactic acid formation. A possible explanation for this observation came from the discovery by Lardy and Parks that the enzyme was inhibited by high concentrations of ATP. Similar observations of ATP inhibition of the heart muscle and brain enzymes then followed. Mansour also noted that the heart enzyme was activated by cyclic AMP, and Passonneau and Lowry observed that both ATP and citrate inhibited the activity of PFK and that this inhibition was overcome by AMP, ADP, and Pi. Lowry then presented evidence that PFK was the rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis by showing that concomitant with a four- to seven-fold increase in mouse brain glycolysis during ischemia, there was a decrease in the intracellular concentration of glucose, glucose 6-P, and fructose 6-P and an increase in all substrates from fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to lactate.

Self-aggregation, a new property of cardiac fatty acid-binding protein. Predictable influence on energy production in the heart.

The binding isotherm of 2-(10-carboxydecyl)-2-hexyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-oxyloxazolidine to the 12,000 molecular weight cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding protein purified from pig's heart and as analyzed by electron spin resonance is shown to be sigmoidal and dependent on protein concentration. Its maximum binding capacity, Vmax, is 9.81 microM X g-1 when the protein concentration is 1.98 g . liter-1 and 14.33 microM . g-1 when the concentration is 0.198 g . liter-1. The molar ellipticity, theta, measured by circular dichroism at 225 nm in the protein range of 0.2-3 g . liter-1 is also shown to depend on concentration, with two maxima at 1.7 and 1.2 g . liter-1. The rotational correlation time, tau eff, of a spin-labeled N-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-carbonyl-pyrroline-1-oxyl)imidazole specifically bound to tyrosine residues of the protein surface, as analyzed by electron spin resonance, is decreasing as a function of protein concentration. To account for these three concentration-dependent variations, we suggest that the protein self-aggregates since these variations will not be found if the protein is monomeric. A very significant influence of this aggregation property of the protein on the activity of fatty acid-dependent membrane-bound enzymes is predicted by a model analysis and, thus, should be considered as a new parameter in the control of energy production in the heart.

A study of mitosis in mouse ear epidermis in vitro: III. Effects of glucolytic and krebs cycle intermediates

1. 1. The present study examines the significance of using glucolytic and Krebs cycle intermediates as evidence for the theory that glucose is transformed to a source of energy for mitosis and that the glucokinase reaction is rate-limiting in its control of energy production and mitosis in mouse ear epidermis cultured in vitro. 2. 2. Our results show that fructose, pyruvate or lactate are not superior to glucose, as they had been presumed to be (thus implicating the normally rate-limiting glucokinase reaction) when their effects on mitotic activity are compared with those using optimum glucose concentrations and conditions. The present report therefore questions the view that the glucokinase reaction is indeed rate-limiting in its control of energy production and epidermal mitosis. 3. 3. All of our attempts to confirm reports that Krebs cycle intermediates can support epidermal mitosis proved negative. In view of our results, and the questionable nature of previous reports, it becomes inadvisable to use the effects of Krebs cycle intermediates as evidence concerning the oxidative metabolism of glucose to a source of energy for mitosis. 4. 4. The present study confirms the observation that fructose, pyruvate or lactate can support epidermal mitotic activity. However, we do not believe that successful substitution by glucolytic intermediates necessarily reflects the glycolytic disposition of glucose, nor that these substitutes are necessarily functioning in vitro as alternative carbohydrate sources of energy for mitosis.