Control Of Electrical Machines Research Articles

Sliding Mode Speed Control in Synchronous Motors for Agriculture Machinery: A Chattering Suppression Approach

Synchronous motors have extended their presence in different applications, specifically in high-demand environments such as agronomy. These uses need advanced and better control strategies to improve energy efficiency. Within this context, sliding mode control has demonstrated effectiveness in electric machine control due to its advantages in robustness and quick adaptation to uncertain dynamic system disturbances. Nevertheless, this control technique presents the undesirable chattering phenomenon due to the discontinuous control action. This paper introduces a novel speed integral control scheme based on sliding modes for synchronous motors. This approach is designed to track smooth speed profiles and is evaluated through several numeric simulations to verify its robustness against variable torque loads. This approach addresses using electric motors for different applications such as irrigation systems, greenhouses, pumps, and others. Moreover, to address the chattering problem, different sign function approximations are evaluated in the control scheme. Then, the most effective functions for suppressing the chattering phenomenon through extensive comparative analysis are identified. Integral compensation in this technique demonstrates improvement in motor performance, while sign function approximations show a chattering reduction. Different study cases prove the robustness of this control scheme for large-scale synchronous motors. The simulation results validate the proposed control scheme based on sliding modes with integral compensation, by achieving chattering reduction and obtaining an efficient control scheme against uncertain disturbances in synchronous motors for agronomy applications.

Modeling, Control and Diagnosis of Electrical Machines and Devices

Nowadays, the increasing use of electrical machines and devices in more critical applications has driven the research in condition monitoring and fault tolerance [...]

On computation of Floquet-transformations and their applicability to controller synthesis for electrical machines

Abstract We consider the control of electric machines in the Floquet-frame. Its theoretical basis is known from literature, and was also applied in theory to the use case of rotating machines. In this article, we discuss practical aspects like computation of such transformation, we evaluate the potential of control thereby in simulation, and show the practical limitations of this concept by means of test bench results.

Human Machine Interface-Based Control Training Kit as Innovative Learning Media to Enhance Students’ Automation Control Skills in the Industry 4.0 Era

This research investigates the effectiveness of the Human-Machine Interface-based control (HMI-BC) training kit as an innovative learning media in enhancing the Automation Control Skills (ACSs) of Industrial Electrical Engineering (IEE) students in the Industry 4.0 Era. The study focuses on evaluating the students' ACSs in the Electrical Machine Control Course (EMCC) after using the HMI-BC training kit as a practical learning media. The research adopts a quasi-experimental design with a One-Group Pre-test and Post-test design. The student’s ACSs data is collected using a performance assessment instrument. The impact of the HMI-BC training kit in enhancing ACSs was evaluated based on the differential analysis of pre-test and post-test scores using the paired-sample t-test. Furthermore, the effect size of the HMI-BC training kit on the learning process was determined using Cohen's d effect size analysis. The results reveal a significant improvement in the students' ACSs as evaluated through the assessment of the performance indicators. Based on the evaluation, the findings demonstrate a notable enhancement in students' ACSs. The HMI-BC Training Kit, developed to align with the characteristics of the learning material and industrial advancements, proves to be effective in enhancing students' ACSs, aligning with the evolving needs of the industry. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating the HMI-BC Training Kit in the learning process of motor control to equip students with relevant automation control competencies, ultimately preparing them for the industrial demands of the future.

Isolation and Identification of Periodic Disturbances in BLDC Motors

A high-gain linear observer is proposed for online identification and reconstruction of a periodic disturbance. It is assumed that the frequency of the periodic disturbance is known, but its amplitude and phase are unknown. This is not a stringent assumption since such supposition can be easily characterized for disturbances like cogging torque, or bearing defects, both well-known problems in the control of electric machines. The observer design is based on the internal model principle in combination with a high-gain observer. Numerical results are included to validate the estimation of the periodic disturbance even when another disturbance of a different frequency is added. The estimated disturbance can be used to design a controller for reducing the disturbance effect. Alternatively, the estimated disturbance can be used for fault detection like in the case of gears and bearing faults, or simply to characterize the cogging torque of a particular machine.

İplik Kondisyonlama Sistemi için Bulanık Mantık Kontrolü

Conditioning machines have a wide use in the textile industry. For this reason, it is important to control the conditioning machines precisely. Fuzzy logic control has found successful application areas in the control of electrical machines. In this study, fuzzy logic control was used to control the conditioning system. In the computer aided conditioning experiment setup developed for this purpose, information is received via sensors, the measurement values are directly transferred to the computer, and the control of the system is done via the computer. Different experimental measurements were used to evaluate the reliability of FLC. In this study, 100% cotton selected in the most used number range in the market. Yarns in a vacuum environment with saturated steam at different pressures and temperatures. Measurements were taken one hour after conditioning 1 day then repeat after 1 week, after 2 weeks, and after 3 week. A fuzzy model of the yarn conditioning system was created using experimental data. Control of the conditioning machines with fuzzy logic controller (controller) has been done successfully. It has been observed that the fuzzy logic controller works very well, catches the desired set value in a short time and keeps the system at this value.

Active electric machine control to reduce compressor noise in heat pumps

As heat pumps help to reduce CO2 emission in residential heating, rapidly growing heat pump sales are predicted. In order to install heat pumps in densely populated residential areas, they must comply with strict noise requirements. Due to advances in control technology in recent years, it seemed promising to investigate the noise reduction potential of a heat pump by means of optimized control. An active control strategy called Current Shaping (CS) has been applied to reduce compressor induced heat pump noise by applying suitable currents to the compressors electric machine. For this purpose, by CS we superimposed suitable current harmonics on the almost constant Iq driving current. In this article we focus on how these modified driving currents affect the noise emitted from the compressor and how this reduces heat pump noise. A compressor test bench was built to perform the CS optimization procedure and to determine noise optimal currents by minimizing compressor vibration. An important finding of this investigation is that the compressor vibrations can be efficiently reduced by CS, and hence also the noise emissions. The vibration reduction potential depends on the compressor harmonic and the operating condition. Additionally, pressure pulsations were measured within the refrigerant pipes and found not to be affected by CS. After the test bench optimization, we applied the optimized currents to a heat pump in a sound chamber to proof that these optimized currents efficiently reduce heat pump noise. For the investigated frequency range of up to 400 Hz our investigations show the three following: First, active electric machine control CS is a suitable method to reduce heat pump noise. Second, the test bench, presented in this paper is suitable to determine the CS current harmonics to reduce heat pump noise. Third, it can be confirmed that the main heat pump noise source is compressor vibration. In general, the two main noise sources of a heat pump are the fan and the compressor. For the compressor there are three noise paths, namely structure-borne and air-borne noise, both excited by compressor vibration, and fluid-borne noise, excited by pressure pulsations in the refrigerant in the piping system. Therefore, from the investigations presented here, it can be derived that the compressor noise is dominating heat pump noise. Moreover, compressor vibrations are dominating heat pump noise and not pressure pulsations in the piping system.

Comparative analysis of switched reluctance motor control algorithms

Nowadays it has become possible to develop inexpensive modern control systems for nonlinear complexity electromechanical objects due to the development of microprocessor technology and power electronics. Switched reluctance electric machines are among these devices. It makes it possible to widely use such electric machines in various practical implementations, in particular, in traction drives, electric drives of oil and gas drilling rigs, and in other applications. The switched reluctance electric machine is a non-linear object, and its control methods require formalization and grouping. The manuscript considers the design and functional features of switched reluctance electrical machines. The main methods of controlling these electrical machine types are given. Comparative analysis of the most known methods is carried out. The main classical methods of switched reluctance electric machine control are considered, such as a relay current controller with a limitation, the method of controlling the turn on/off angles and controlling the DC link voltage. Transient responses in the electric drive system are demonstrated using the considered methods. It is shown that by adjusting the on/off angles, it is possible to reduce the torque oscillation coefficient. The identified features of the presented methods will make it possible to simplify and reduce the development time for an effective control system for switched reluctance electrical machines as well as to reduce the torque ripple.

Penyusunan Jobsheet Kendali Motor Servo Berbasis Human Machine Interface

One of the Practice courses for the D3 Electrical Engineering study program at the Electrical Engineering Department is Electrical Machine Control Practice. One of the materials given in this Electric Machine Control Practice is servo motor control. Along with technological developments, in the electrical energy conversion laboratory as a place for Electrical Machine Control Practice, a servo motor control training kit is available using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and Human Machine Interface (HMI). Based on the observations made, the PLC and HMI-based servo motor control training kit does not yet have a manual or jobsheet as a guide for students and lecturers in carrying out practical activities. Therefore, in this study it is proposed to make a servo motor control jobsheet based on PLC and HMI using the Siemen S7 1200 PLC training kit with a Sinamic V90 servo motor driver and HMI TP 700 Comfort. The feasibility of the jobsheet is assessed from the validity, practicality and effectiveness tests with research procedures following the 4D development research method, which consists of the stages of define, design, development and dissemination stages. Based on the results of the tests carried out, the validity test results are obtained in the very valid category, the practicality test results are in the very practical category and the effectiveness test results are in the effective category. So that the jobsheet can be considered feasible to be used as a guide in implementing PLC and HMI-based servo motor control practices.

Concept evaluation of a P2 MHEV SUV: application for possible EU7 boundaries

In this work, the experimental results that appeared in the recent published article “Current experimental developments in 48 V-based CI-driven SUVs in response to expected future EU7 legislation” are used to create a proper system simulation model with the simulation platform AVL CRUISE^text {TM} M. This simulation model is then used to perform a system validation in order to evaluate the configuration with a straight-four compression ignition (CI) engine and the selected exhaust aftertreatment system (EAS). The mild hybrid electric vehicle (MHEV) has an 48 V P2 architecture and an 8-gear dual-clutch transmission (DCT) as a powertrain configuration. In addition to evaluating the 48 V potential, the simulation is performed with a conventional 12 V configuration, but also including an electrically heated catalyst (EHC). As boundary conditions for the simulation, we use the different engine operating mode (EOM) calibrations from the test bed to trigger the dedicated operation modes of the internal combustion engine (ICE). For the exhaust aftertreatment system (EAS), an optimization loop is performed to obtain a layout which will be near a serial production. This includes optimizing the heat losses and reducing the thermal mass of the canning. Beside the plant models, a hybrid control unit (HCU) is used, which includes an exhaust aftertreatment system coordinator (EASC). With these functionalities, the EOMs, electrically heated catalyst (EHC), electric machine (EM) and dosing control unit (DCU) are optimized to obtain the lowest possible nitrogen oxides (NOx) with an carbon dioxide (CO_{2}) reduction potential. The targets for the emission limits are defined on the basis of the available information from the Consortium for ultra-Low Vehicle Emissions (CLOVE) and International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) proposals.

Symmetric and Asymmetric Multilevel Inverter Topologies With Reduced Device Count

In this work, two new topologies of single-phase hybrid multilevel inverters for symmetrical and asymmetrical configurations are presented for use in drives and control of electrical machines and the connection of renewable energy sources. The proposed topology uses 2 dc sources, 12 switches, 1 flying capacitor, and 3 diodes to generate boosted 13-levels and 17-levels for symmetric and asymmetric configuration, respectively. Self-voltage balancing of its capacitor voltage regardless of load type, load dynamics, or modulation index is a key advantage of the suggested design. The higher performance of proposed topologies in terms of the total number of switches, TSV, THD, switch stress, and dc sources are demonstrated by comparing those with recently published topologies. In addition, a widely employed nearest level control modulation approach is used to provide output voltage levels with low THD. Finally, experiments were undertaken to validate the performance of the suggested topology.

Transient Stabilization Control of Electric Synchronous Machine for Preventing the Collapse of DC-Link Voltage

Electric synchronous machine (ESM) control is a power synchronization strategy that utilizes the measurement of dc-link voltage to generate a frequency reference. By using ESM, the grid-connected inverters with indeterminant renewable energies can work in grid-forming mode, and realizes a closed-loop control of the dc-link voltage. However, under weak grid conditions, the ESM provides a sluggish performance for the regulation of dc-link voltage and is prone to the transient instability issues, including dc-voltage collapse and synchronization instability, which hinders the application of ESM. This paper reveals the instability mechanism of dc-link voltage under large disturbances, and proposes a passivity-based control for the transient stabilization of ESM. Firstly, the transient stability of ESM is analyzed from the view of port-Hamilton system. The corresponding energy function comprises the energy stored in dc-link capacitor and potential energy in ac side. Then, a 2-degree-of-fredom controller is proposed to stabilize the dc-link voltage by enhancing the energy dissipation. It combines a phase-shift controller and supplementary voltage controller, fully utilizing the control flexibility of the inverters. Dissipation analysis proves the large-signal stability of the proposed control. Simulations and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments validate its transient performance in a single-inverter-infinite-bus (SIIB) system and a multi-inverter test system.

The Use of Wireless Networks and Mobile Applications in the Control of Electric Machines

The paper presents the implementation possibilities of remote control by use of wireless communication and mobile application dedicated to controlling systems of power electronics converters. The article focuses on Bluetooth and Wi-Fi technologies as they are currently the most commonly used in modern mobile devices. The authors wanted to check the usefulness of those methods in the application of a classic drive set with a DC motor. The MIT App Inventor programming environment, which allows quick prototyping of the mobile graphical interface, was used to develop the mobile application. The developed prototype of the mobile application is the second thread of the article, the aim of which is to propose a mobile application interface that enables safe control of the electric drive in an open loop. By repeated testing of the graphical structure of the application and the controls used, the authors obtained the final form of the interface, which, in their opinion, is absolutely required when developing such programs. The evaluated control strategy has been also used to control the rotational speed of a permanent magnet DC motor supplied by a three-phase thyristor rectifier. This paper’s research results have shown the proposed solutions’ advantages and disadvantages.

Linear-Matrix-Inequality-Based Controller and Observer Design for Induction Machine

The modeling and drive control of electric machines are still actively researched scientific topics. Most of the existing models contain parameters that have no physical content or cannot be measured at all. For this reason, the use of observers in modern drive control algorithms is necessary. The main goal of this paper is to present the mathematical formalism of a linear matrix inequality (LMI)-based controller-observer design for a tensor product (TP) transformation-based model, including its implementation in a simulation environment. Based solely upon simulation results, the designed observer can provide a stable and accurate state space variable, regardless of the highly nonlinear induction machine model.

From understanding a simple DC motor to developing an electric vehicle AI controller rapid prototype using MATLAB-Simulink, real-time simulation and complex thinking

Electric drives have been used in several applications, such as electric vehicles, industry 4.0, and robotics. Thus, it is mandatory to promote updated electric drive courses that allow students to design novel solutions in these engineering areas. However, traditional undergraduate courses that only cover theoretical aspects and do not allow students to interact and produce practical results through experimentation are insufficient today. The students are not exposed to educational innovation, so they have difficulties proposing original solutions. On the other hand, conventional theoretical and laboratory courses in which students follow specific directions for achieving predefined goals do not allow students to create novel solutions and integrate the innovation process as a standard methodology. Moreover, beginning in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced professors to implement digital tools and materials to continue education intensively. This proposed course presents an alternative to promote practical and theoretical knowledge in students. Besides, engineering students must create innovative solutions to increase the quality of life in rural and urban communities, which calls for novel experimental approaches. Electric drives are fundamental elements in electric systems and industrial processes proposed to save energy or control electric machines. In addition, industries urge specialized engineers who can tackle complex industrial problems. The proposed educational methodology can be implemented in manufacturing, agriculture, robotics, and aerospace. Hence, low-cost devices to validate the proposed solutions became used by students to achieve novel solutions using electric drives. This paper describes an undergraduate course called “Digital Control of Electric Machines” (electric drives) and its implementation of the Tec21 Educational Model of Tecnologico de Monterrey, V Model, MATLAB/ Simulink, low-cost hardware, and complex thinking. The content of the course begins with electric machine models and power electronics that allow students to move from the basic to the advanced industrial electric drive problems in a friendly manner. In addition, the V-model and Modelo Tec 21 are used as fundamental pillars of the leading innovative structure of the proposed course. The results showed that students mastered several soft and hard skills to accomplish complex design goals, including controlling an electric rapid prototype vehicle.

Pembuatan Jobsheet Kendali Motor Induksi menggunakan Human Machine Interface

One of the practicum courses for the D3 Electrical Engineering study program in the Electrical Engineering Department is Electrical machine control practicum, some of the learning materials are about induction motor control with PLC which in the learning process uses trainers that are already based on PLC and equipped with HMI as teaching aids, but the availability of trainers is not yet equipped with a jobsheet as a guide in the learning process. Induction motor control practicum worksheet with PLC and HMI which is valid, practical and effective. Jobsheet making is done by research method 4D development, namely define, design, develop, and desiminate, and the validity test, practicality test, and effectiveness test have been carried out on the worksheet. The results of the validity test of the induction motor control practicum jobsheet with PLC and HMI are stated in the very valid category, the results of the practicality test of the jobsheet are stated in the very practical category and effectiveness test results josbheet declared effective.

Impact of fractional filter in PI control loop applied to induction motor speed drive

Introduction. One of the main problems of electrical machine control systems is to obtain a satisfactory performance in the rejection of load disturbances, as well as in the set-point tracking tasks. Generally, the development of control algorithms does not take into account the presence of noise. Appropriate filtering is, therefore, essential to reduce the impact of noise on the output of the controller, in addition to the machine output. Recently, there has been a great tendency toward using fractional calculus to solve engineering problems. The filtering is one of the fields in which fractional calculus has received great attention. The importance of filters in signal processing and other engineering areas is unquestionable Novelty. The proposed work is intended to be a contribution in the recent works conducted on the influence of the fractional filtering on the control robustness of induction machines control. Purpose. The main contribution of this research is the application of fractional filtering to the standard PI control loop for an induction motor speed drive. Methods. In order to assess its impact and benefit, different structures for introducing the filters are investigated, A first order filter is considered in different positions, whether before or after the controller or even in both positions at the same time, with a noise source. A review of the index performance evolution (the Integral Square Error, Integral Absolute Error and Integral Time Absolute Error) has allowed a configuration design of the filter. Results. Intensive simulations were performed with a control setup using integer and fractional order filters, which permitted to conclude that the fractional filters give better performance indices compared to the integer one and thus improve the dynamic characteristics of the system.

РАЗВИТИЕ АНТИБЛОКИРОВОЧНЫХ СИСТЕМ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ АВТОМОБИЛЕЙ, ВКЛЮЧАЯ ЭЛЕКТРОМОБИЛИ И ГИБРИДНЫЕ ТРАНСПОРТНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА

The article provides an analytical overview of the development of automotive anti-lock braking systems (ABS). Some historical aspects of the development of automotive ABS are described. Examples of control algorithms for ABS actuators are given, which demonstrate the practical implementation of various control methods. The change of some technical characteristics of ABS and methods of their control is shown. Predictions are given for the development of anti-lock braking systems in the course of improving road transport and the transition from traditional cars with only an internal combustion engine to hybrid cars and electric vehicles. The experience of the FSUE “NAMI” is shown on the creation of ABS with combined actuators. The possibility of using electric drive machines for driving wheels to work as part of ABS actuators is investigated. Algorithms of joint control of friction braking mechanisms and electric machines have been developed. A set of theoretical and experimental studies of combined ABS actuators has been carried out, confirming the possibility of improving the braking characteristics of a car in various road conditions during emergency braking.

Acceleration‐based wheel slip control realized with decentralised electric drivetrain systems

Traction control is one of the most important functions in vehicle drivetrain systems. When a vehicle is driven on a low-friction road surface, loss of traction force can cause the driven wheels to spin. This reduces vehicle acceleration performance and can even cause the driver to lose control of the vehicle. The high bandwidth of electric machine control in electric vehicles gives more possibilities to regulate driving torque on wheels and prevent wheel spin. An acceleration-based wheel slip control is designed and investigated. Compared to traditional slip-based traction control, the proposed method does not depend on the estimation of the vehicle speed and only relies on the driven wheel rotational acceleration. The control method is verified using the simulation of an electric vehicle with a decentralised electric drivetrain system. The vehicle and the electric drive are modelled in CarMaker and PLECS, respectively. The simulation results show that the proposed method is able to prevent the driven wheel from spinning when the vehicle is accelerated on an ice road. In addition, the control is fast enough and requires only half a second to reduce the wheel acceleration to a normal range.

ТЕРМОМЕТРИЧНІ МЕТОДИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ СТАНУ СПРЕСОВАНОСТІ ОСЕРДЯ СТАТОРА ПОТУЖНОГО ТУРБОГЕНЕРАТОРА

The article is devoted to the analysis of thermometric methods of control and diagnosis of the state of compression of the stator core of the turbogenerator (TG), which have found the greatest application. It is shown that ensuring effective and high-quality control of powerful electric machines, especially power plant generators, today is an integral part of ensuring the reliability and trouble-free operation of their work. As a result of the analysis, it is shown that ensuring high reliability of operation of the generating equipment is practically impossible without their equipping with modern means of control capable to work in real-time. Bibl. 34, fig. 4.