Control Of Canarygrass Research Articles

Control of canarygrass in wheat with pre-mixture of pinoxaden plus clodinafop-propargyl

Control of canarygrass in wheat with pre-mixture of pinoxaden plus clodinafop-propargyl

Littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor) resistance to clodinafop‐propargyl in wheat fields in north‐western India: Appraisal and management

Littleseed canarygrass (∼canarygrass) evolved populations that are resistant to isoproturon during the early 1990s in north‐western India. Clodinafop‐propargyl (∼clodinafop) was recommended for controlling these populations. It has been used extensively in wheat for the last several years. Recently, poor or no control of canarygrass by clodinafop has been observed in large areas, which could be related to cross‐resistance or multiple resistance. This study was designed to test whether resistance has evolved in canarygrass populations against clodinafop and to explore control of the resistant populations with sulfosulfuron and pinoxaden. Among the 311 canarygrass populations that were tested, 86, 55 and 34 showed variable phytotoxicity (0–99%) due to 0.030, 0.060 and 0.120 kg ha−1 clodinafop, respectively. Based on the resistance index, 11 populations were “highly resistant”, 60 were “resistant” and the rest (240) were “susceptible” to clodinafop. Five and six clodinafop‐resistant populations showed slight resistance to 0.0125 kg ha−1 sulfosulfuron and 0.025 kg ha−1 pinoxaden, respectively. But, sulfosulfuron at 0.025 and 0.050 kg ha−1 and pinoxaden at 0.050 and 0.100 kg ha−1 controlled all the canarygrass populations. Clodinafop used for 4 years increased the chance of resistance evolving, whereas its rotation with sulfosulfuron reduced the chance of resistance evolving. This study showed that considerable canarygrass populations have evolved a low‐to‐high degree of resistance against clodinafop. The further use of clodinafop would lead to the spread of resistance in larger areas through the dispersal of resistant seeds. Clodinafop should be replaced with 0.025 kg ha−1 sulfosulfuron or 0.050 kg ha−1 pinoxaden. Besides, where canarygrass has not evolved resistance, the yearly rotation of sulfosulfuron with clodanafop or pinoxaden might delay the evolution of resistance.

Competition between wheat and canarygrass biotypes and their response to herbicides

Field experiments were conducted in Thessaloniki, Greece, from 1991 to 1994 to study the competition of littleseed canarygrass and short-spiked canarygrass biotypes in wheat and to evaluate their response to diclofop, fenoxaprop, tralkoxydim, and CGA-184927. Competitive ability of all canarygrass biotypes was similar, though species differed in panicle numbers. All littleseed canarygrass biotypes showed faster growth rate than the short-spiked canarygrass biotypes. Wheat grain yield decreased as canarygrass density increased. For example, 152 and 304 canarygrass plants m–2reduced wheat yield 32 and 42%, respectively. None of the canarygrass biotypes at any density had any effect on grain yield of wheat when cold and dry weather prevailed during the early stages of growth. CGA-184927 and tralkoxydim were more effective herbicides against all short-spiked canarygrass biotypes than fenoxaprop and diclofop. CGA-184927 and fenoxaprop provided > 98% control of all littleseed canarygrass biotypes; control with tralkoxydim was < 80%; and diclofop gave 82 to 96% control of this weed species. Herbicide control of canarygrass increased wheat yield relative to the weedy control, and only diclofop was phytotoxic to wheat.

Control of Canary Grass and Nutsedge Weeds with Microbially Derived Herbicides

For the control of Reeds Canary grass (Phalaris arundinaceae) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) in blueberry fields, no satisfactory control measures are available. We tried microbially derived aerobic fermentation extracts of Pseudomonas syringae strain 3366 (P. S. 3366) as pre- and -post-emergence applications for the control of Reeds Canary grass and yellow nutsedge. In greenhouse studies using “conetainers,” 2 mg of extract per g of soil applied as preemergence completely inhibited seed germination and aerial growth of Canary grass, but had no effect on nutsedge. In addition, the same level of concentration of P. S. 3366 (2 mg of extract/g of soil) under field conditions also showed 99% inhibition of germination and growth of Canary grass, but had no effect on germination of nutsedge. However, 4-fold increase in concentration of P. S. 3366 extract completely inhibited the sprouting of yellow nutsedge in greenhouse studies. These studies indicate microbially derived extract of P.S. 3366 can be used and has potential for the control of these weeds. Post-emergence foliar sprays of P. S. 3366 extract in blueberry fields failed to inhibit the aerial growth of Reeds canary grass and yellow nutsedge.