Control In Plantations Research Articles

Case Study Development for Teaching Materials: Analysis of Governance and Control in Plantation Companies: Case Study at PTPN III (Persero)

The purpose of this study is to analyze governance and internal control in plantations to produce a product in the form of case studies on governance and internal control in plantations that are comprehensive and truly represent the real world of practice. The case designed is really based on the latest technological developments and standards used in plantation practices. The results of this study will primarily contribute to corporate governance courses, accounting information systems and auditing. Case studies that are comprehensive and truly represent actual practice conditions, including the latest technology and standards used, will stimulate the learner's ability to think critically and find alternative solutions to problems that occur, and then communicate them. This research was conducted using the method of observation and deep interviews in collecting data to competent parties at the research site. Respondents will be determined using the snowball sampling method. The results of the study yielded Keywords: Case study, Governance, Internal control, Plantation DOI : 10.7176/RJFA/11-2-13 Publication date: January 31 st 2020

Tropical forest fragments contribute to species richness in adjacent oil palm plantations

In Southeast Asia, large-scale conversion of rainforest to oil palm plantations is one of the major causes of biodiversity declines. Recommendations for reducing species losses and increasing the sustainability of palm oil production advocate the retention of natural forest patches within plantations, but there is little evidence for the effectiveness of this strategy. Here, we examine to what extent rainforest remnants with different characteristics contribute to biodiversity within surrounding plantations. We sampled ground-dwelling ants in Sabah (Malaysian Borneo) using unbaited pit-fall traps along 1km transects spanning forest-plantation ecotones of 10 forest fragments (area 5ha–500ha) and two continuous forest sites which bordered plantations. Ant species richness in plantations varied according to richness in adjacent forest fragments, which increased with fragment size. A trend of declining species richness in plantations with distance from the forest ecotone was consistent with spillover of forest species into plantations adjacent to forest remnants. Ant assemblages in plantations also contained more carnivorous species adjacent to large forest fragments, suggesting large fragments may have benefits for pest control in plantations, as well as benefits for local biodiversity. Our results indicate that large forest fragments support distinctive ant assemblages and increase diversity within the planted area, but small fragments (<∼200ha) contribute little to plantation diversity. Thus retaining large fragments of forest may help mitigate the loss of species within oil palm plantations.

Timing and duration of herbaceous vegetation control in northern conifer plantations: 15th-year tree growth and soil nutrient effects

A 15-year re-measurement of a study designed to identify the optimum timing and duration of herbaceous vegetation control in plantations of four commercial conifer species was completed in northern Ontario. Few differences were revealed in conifer growth when contrasting early and delayed timing of vegetation control. Conversely, each conifer species responded positively to increased duration of vegetation control, with stand volume gains of up to 209% achieved with four to five years of vegetation control following planting. Compared to earlier assessments, the timing of vegetation control appeared less important than duration. Diminishing returns in the fastest-growing species (jack pine [Pinus banksiana Lamb.] and red pine [Pinus resinosa Ait.]) are consistent with intraspecific competition related to the onset of crown closure in these stands. Quantification of a suite of soil nutrient pools along the gradient of increased duration of vegetation control indicated that the more intensive levels of vegetation control did not adversely affect the assessed soil nutrient pools in red pine or jack pine, but a cautionary approach should be considered for white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP), where some declines were evident. Vegetation control for two to three years following planting should maximize early conifer growth potential without adverse longer-term effects on soil nutrient pools.

The Status of Weed Resistance in Plantation Crops of Malaysia

Herbicides are the major strategic components of weed control in plantations of Malaysia. However, heavy reliance upon herbicides as the primary method of weed control in plantations has resulted in the evolution of herbicide resistant weed populations. This paper gives the current status of herbicide-resistant weeds in plantation crops of Malaysia. In rubber and oil palm plantations, four weed species namely Eleusine indica, Hedyotis verticillata, Clidemia hirta and Chromolaena odorata have been reported to have developed resistance to single or multiple herbicides such as glyphosate, paraquat and metsuifuron in several states namely Terengganu, Kelantan, Pahang, Kedah, Selangor, Perak, Johor and Sarawak. Keywords: Chromolaena odorata, Clidemia hirta, Eleusine indica, Hedyotis verticillata, multiple herbicide resistance.

The Sirex wasp and its biological control in plantations of radiata pine variably defoliated by Dothistroma septospora in north-eastern Victoria

Summary The distribution and severity of pine needle blight disease (PNB), caused in spring 1989 by an outbreak of the needle cast pathogen Dothistroma septospora, was assessed within a 10 km radius of two study sites near Myrtleford in the Wangaratta Pinus radiata plantation complex of north-eastern Victoria. Areas of severe needle cast were located on colour aerial photographs in spring 1989, then checked by ground survey for the percentage of visible crowns infected. Population levels of the Sirex wasp (Sirex noctilio), rated in terms of the cumulative percentage tree mortality induced by the wasp since 1989, were estimated in autumn/winter 1991. Twenty-one unthinned plots, each of 400 trees aged 14–15 years, were examined for S. noctilio and associated symptoms of D. septospora. The effectiveness of parasitoids was evaluated in the laboratory by monitoring total insect emergents from 222 billets (0.8 m long), cut in winter 1991 from 100 herbicide-injected ‘Sirex’ trap trees. All emergents of S. noctil...

White-Pine Weevil Control in Plantations with Heptachlor Granules

Experiments showed that 5% granular heptachlor applied within a 2-foot radius of tree bases by portable power duster was highly effective in controlling Pissodes strobi (Peck) in plantations of eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L. Applications provided adequate control of the overwintering adults for at least 5 years. The timing of treatments had little effect on the control obtained. The greatest weeviling reduction, averaging 95%, occurred in the 2nd year after treatment. A measure of control was obtained also in plantings where only the weeviled tree and those immediately adjacent received treatment. In nearby areas where tree leaders were treated with a DDT emulsion, initial adult mortality was higher, but repopulation soon occurred. Efforts directed at controlling hibernating adult weevils in the duff at the tree base will overcome the numerous problems existing in current leader treatment methods.

PRELIMINARY FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH AERIAL SPRAYS AGAINST LARVAE OF THE PINE TREE EMPEROR MOTH, NUDAURELIA CYTHEREA CAPENSIS, STOLL.

Summary For many years tame pigs kept in enclosures and those which have become wild in plantations have played an important part in controlling Nudaurelia pupae. Although the method is still very effective considerable drawbacks have been experienced during recent years. The cost of keeping tame pigs has increased considerably. At Kluitjeskraal, Wolseley, it has been as high as £3 14s. per acre during 1956. It appears that they do not bring the insect under control in plantations where the pupae are protected under dense brushwood piles, the removal of which incurs considerable expenditure. Where windbreaks near orchards or vineyards are infested their use is impractical. Wild pigs often do considerable damage to crops in the vicinity of pine plantations which they inhabit. In portions of the Kluitjeskraal plantation near Wolseley township where wild pigs are seldom encountered, the insect multiplied to such an extent that extensive defoliation over an area of more than 600 acres would have occurred duri...