Re-education Research Articles

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy and Silva-based Relaxation Therapy on Psychological Capital, Social Anxiety, and CD4+ Count in People Living with HIV in Iran.

This study employed an intervention-based semi-experimental design. The population consisted of 90 individuals infected with HIV. Participants were divided into two experimental groups receiving MBCT and SBRT, respectively, and one control group, selected randomly. Before and after the intervention, questionnaires and CD4+ tests were administered to the participants. Only two experimental groups received the intervention, while the control group received no training. The appropriate training for each group was conducted twice a week over eight sessions and each session lasted 90 minutes. In the intervention groups, all the people participated in all the group training sessions. No intervention was performed for the participants of the control group, and they only completed the questionnaires in the same period as the intervention groups. "Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy" and "Mind Control" books were used for the implementation of MBCT and SBRT, respectively. It was revealed that a number of male participants constituted the majority with 58 (64.4%) compared to females. Regarding the means of transmission, sexual contact was the most common with 62 (68.8%) compared to other routes. The mean age of the participants was 40.5 ± 10.8 years. For the SBRT group, the mean CD4+ count was higher, with 599.5 ± 290.9 for pretest and 563.2 ± 366.7 for post-test assessments, compared to other groups. After performing the linear regression analysis, it was found that the variables had no effect on the main outcome, which is CD4 count after the intervention (p-value= 0.27). For the MBCT group, the CD4+ count variable had a p-value = 0.10 (pretest: 447.2 ± 19.5, posttest: 411.9 ± 235.9), for the SBRT group, the CD4+ count variable had a p-value = 0.05 (pretest: 599.5 ± 290.9, posttest: 549 ± 259.9), and the control group, the CD4+ count variable had a p-value = 0.5 (pretest: 445 ± 222.7, posttest: 563.2 ± 366.7). MBCT and SBRT may enhance the mental well-being of PLWH. Therefore, following the interventions, the mean level of SA decreased, and PsyCap increased. Thus, strategies to improve psychological support interventions may have a significant impact on improving the health status of individuals living with HIV, including indicators of SA and PsyCap.

Bwa, an ortholog of alkaline ceramidase-ACER2, promotes intestinal stem cell proliferation through pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling in Drosophila melanogaster.

Sphingolipids, including ceramides, are an important component of high-fat diets. These molecules can regulate fatty acid oxidation and intestinal stem cell proliferation, predisposing the gut to tumorigenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in ceramide metabolism-mediated intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation and tumorigenesis are poorly understood. To understand how changes in sphingolipid metabolite flux affect intestinal stem cells, we manipulated the activities of each of the enzymes of the ceramide synthetic pathway using cell type-specific over-expression or depletion of the corresponding mRNAs in each intestinal cell type of the Drosophila midgut. We documented cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous effects, including alterations in cell size, number, differentiation, and proliferation. In our screen, the altered expression of several ceramide metabolism enzymes led to changes in ISC proliferation, cell sizes, and overall cellularity. Among other genes, over-expression of ceramidase homolog, Brain washing (bwa) in gut enteroblasts (EB) increased EB cell size and caused a non-cell-autonomous, 7-8-fold increase in ISC proliferation. Our analysis confirmed previous reports that bwa does not have ceramidase activity, and lipidomic studies indicated that bwa increases the saturation status of sphingolipids, free fatty acids, and other lipids. The pro-proliferative effects of bwa could be counter-acted by depleting a serine palmitoyltransferase, Lace , or a sphingosine acyltransferase, Schlank , which are needed for ceramide synthesis, or by co-expressing a ceramide desaturase enzyme, ifc , indicating that increased saturated ceramides were causal for ISC proliferation and the disruption of gut homeostasis. Accumulating saturated sphingolipids and fatty acids induced inflammatory signaling in the gut, and activated ISC proliferation through the pro-inflammatory cytokines, Upd3 and Upd2. We propose that saturated sphingolipids promote ISC proliferation through pro-inflammatory pathways.

Secret Innovation

Abstract Conventional wisdom holds that open, collaborative, and transparent organizations are innovative. But some of the most radical innovations—satellites, lithium-iodine batteries, the internet—were conceived by small, secretive teams in national security agencies. Are these organizations more innovative because of their secrecy, or in spite of it? We study a principal–agent model of public-sector innovation. We give research teams a secret option and a public option during the initial testing and prototyping phase. Secrecy helps advance high-risk, high-reward projects through the early phase via a cost-passing mechanism. In open institutions, managers will not approve pilot research into high-risk, high-reward ideas for fear of political costs. Researchers exploit secrecy to conduct pilot research at a higher personal cost to generate evidence that their project is viable and win their manager's approval. Contrary to standard principal–agent findings, we show that researchers may exploit secrecy even if their preferences are perfectly aligned with their manager's, and that managers do not monitor researchers even if monitoring is costless and perfect. We illustrate our theory with two cases from the early Cold War: the CIA's attempt to master mind control (MKULTRA) and the origins of the reconnaissance satellite (CORONA). We contribute to the political application of principal–agent theory and studies of national security innovation, emerging technologies, democratic oversight, the Sino–American technology debate, and great power competition.

Using a computational cognitive model to simulate the effects of personal and social network experiences on seasonal influenza vaccination decisions.

Seasonal influenza poses significant societal costs, including illness, mortality, and reduced work productivity. Vaccination remains the most effective strategy for preventing the disease, yet vaccination rates in the United States fall below 50% for adults. Understanding the factors influencing vaccination decisions is crucial for designing interventions to improve uptake. This study investigates how personal experiences and the experiences of social contacts affect individual decisions to get vaccinated against influenza. A multi-year longitudinal survey study was conducted to examine the impact of personal and social network experiences on vaccination decisions. Participants' vaccination behaviors and experiences with influenza were tracked over time. To model these influences, we developed a memory-based vaccination decision model using the Adaptive Control of Thought - Rational (ACT-R) integrated cognitive architecture, which incorporates cognitive processes associated with memory and decision-making. The survey results demonstrated that both personal experiences with influenza and the experiences of close social contacts significantly influenced vaccination decisions. The memory-based model, built within the ACT-R framework, effectively captured these effects, providing a computational representation of how personal and social factors contribute to vaccination behaviors. The findings suggest that personal and social experiences play a critical role in shaping vaccination decisions, which can inform the development of targeted interventions to increase vaccination uptake. By incorporating cognitive processes into the model, we identified potential strategies to enhance vaccine promotion efforts, such as recalling past experiences with illness to motivate individuals to get vaccinated.

Randomized clinical trial evaluating the effect of metacognitive interventions on planning skills in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with mixed symptom presentation. Pilot trial design.

The aim of this experimental pilot study is to evaluate the effects of 25 metacognitive interventions on planning skills in children with ADHD. Forty-five children with ADHD aged 7-12 years (M = 10.41; SD = 1.42) participated in the experiment along with a parent. The children were randomly assigned to one of three groups, determining the type of metacognitive technique used in the training: (1) Mind Maps, (2) Sketching, or (3) Control. They participated in 25 thematic meetings. They were measured at the beginning and at the end of the trainings using the Conners Questionnaire 3 and the Park Map Test tools. Significant differences were found in the intensity of the mean scores for the "Planning" variable between the first and second measurements (M1 = 6.13; SD1 = 0.35; M2 = 5.67; SD2 = 0.82) in the control group, and non-significant differences in the intensity of the mean scores for the groups with Mind Maps and Sketching. The effect size for the significant outcome is high (rc = 0.53). In the children who did not participate in the training, the score worsened, while the score of children in the experimental groups was unchanged.

“Vacunas”: Permanence of Crime in The New Dynamics of Violence and Post-Agreement in Colombia

Objective: This study aims to explore the criminal dynamics and socioeconomic implications of extortion, specifically the "vacuna" (protection payment) phenomenon, in Colombia. It seeks to understand how this practice contributes to the persistence of crime and violence, and how victims manage and cope with this form of violence. Theoretical Frmework: The literature review is based on the theory of psychological coercion, where the threat and intimidation through force are used as a means of social control, as well as the economics of crime, which proposes that criminality is a rational act aimed at maximizing benefits for offenders. Finally, the theory of the state and security explains how the absence of the state in Colombia allows criminal groups to assume roles of "protection." Method: A qualitative approach was adopted, using semi-structured and unstructured interviews with merchants and business owners in the Department of Santander, Colombia. The study focuses on a narrative approach, allowing victims to express their experiences with extortion. This method aims to capture the diversity of perspectives and coping practices in response to the crime. Results and Discussion: The results reveal that extortion persists as a common practice due to weak state presence and the transformation of criminal actors. It was observed that victims, both individually and collectively, develop diverse strategies to confront extortion. The study also identifies the perpetrators, although in many cases, victims are unable or unwilling to directly point out their aggressors due to fear of reprisals. Research Implications: The findings suggest the need to rethink public policies focused on security and wealth distribution in Colombia. Strengthening state presence in regions most affected by violence and improving protection mechanisms for extortion victims is crucial. Originality/Value: This study provides a detailed and contextualized analysis of a criminal practice that has been underrepresented in academic literature. By focusing on the voices and experiences of the victims, it offers new insights into the dynamics of power and violence in Colombia, highlighting the importance of addressing structural inequalities to mitigate crime and violence.

Практика розгляду судами справ про притягнення осіб до адміністративної відповідальності за вчинення домашнього насильства

The article analyses the practice of courts considering cases of bringing persons to administrative liability for committing domestic violence. As social conditions change, so do the forms of violent acts and the preconditions for their commission, as well as the practice of courts considering such cases. Domestic violence is behaviour in which physical and psychological coercion is used to establish and maintain control over a loved one, with whom the perpetrator is usually connected by common life or family ties. It is often a cyclical pattern of behaviour that escalates, endangering the life and emotional well-being of victims. The rights violated by domestic violence include basic fundamental rights protected by international law, such as the right to life and bodily integrity and freedom from torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. The article identifies the penalties most often applied to persons brought to justice, including a fine, which is considered to be insufficiently effective because it may have an impact on the victim and because of the small amount of the fine. The problem identified is that the courts do not pay enough attention to clarifying all the circumstances of the case, and the justification for applying the type of penalty for domestic violence is insufficient. The problem of recording cases of domestic violence is equally problematic, as protocols are often drawn up in violation of the requirements of the Code of Administrative Offences. The problem of recognising children as victims in cases of violence committed in their presence remains. It is noted that the establishment of administrative liability for domestic violence is not a sufficiently effective means of combating domestic violence and preventing its recurrence.

Reproductive identity of women undergoing IVF: An interpretative phenomenological analysis.

This study investigated how women undergoing IVF make sense of themselves in the context of their reproductive experiences. Interviews were conducted with fourteen women aged 27-42. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used. Four main themes emerged: Motherhood beyond all, Us and them, Changes in self-perception, My agency. The results are discussed in the context of reproductive identity. It has shown that being a mother is an identity the participants strongly strive for. Participants feel connected to women with whom they share the experience of dealing with infertility and different from those without such an experience. The specificity of their reproductive experience leads to changes in self-perception that can be interpreted as either impairment or growth. On their reproductive journey, they show their agency by undertaking a series of activities (control of thoughts, feelings, and body). Practical implications of the obtained results are discussed.

Empowering ASEAN’s Education for RE Jobs: A Readiness Assessment

Abstract The global imperative to address climate change and the depletion of traditional fossil fuel sources has underscored the need for a significant transition toward sustainable energy. ASEAN Member States embark on a journey towards energy transition toward low carbon economy. This transition necessitates a substantial workforce, with projections from the 7th ASEAN Energy Outlook estimative around 3.9 - 5.5 million jobs in renewables alone. Thus, adequate preparation for these roles is essential. Educational institutions’ role in the ASEAN region is imperative as the spearhead in preparing the workforce with the needed knowledge and skills for green energy jobs. This paper analyses the region’s formal education system’s readiness to cultivate skilled workforce candidates to meet the growing demand for green energy jobs. This study examines the current state of RE education in the ASEAN region through several indicators and provides best practices highlighting that various challenges are causing limited and varying progress. Addressing the gaps, the study recommended several efforts by relevant stakeholders to enhance educational readiness to propel ASEAN renewables development.

Наркотики в армии: постановка вопроса и попытка переосмысления данной проблемы в мировом масштабе. Часть I

The purpose of the study is to study the determinants (social, moral, behavioral, psychophysiological, purely pathological, etc.) that can motivate military personnel to consume illegal psychoactive substances. An additional goal is the desire to give an objective assessment of the attempts of Western politicians to create a “universal soldier”, and in fact, a kamikaze of the 21st century (“suicide bomber-drug addict”). Research methods: the theoretical and methodological basis of the work is a set of philosophical, criminological, socio-psychological, medical-biological and political science approaches through which the problem of drug addiction in the military environment is studied. The criminological concept of causality and the interdisciplinary approach to the study of drug crime were most widely used in the process of writing this article. Conclusions: despite the fact that military personnel are an organic part of society, drug addiction in the army should be considered as a rather specific social phenomenon. Drug consumption in the military environment (at the micro level) shows an upward trend only in cases where the psychological and pedagogical support of personnel is not carried out professionally enough, and the discipline and microclimate in the team “leave much to be desired.” In general (already at the macro level), the determination of drug use by military personnel is determined by the influence of social, socio-economic, political, cultural (subcultural), psychological (including ethnopsychological) and medical and biological factors. The problems of drug addiction among personnel are more relevant for NATO countries than for Russia (which over many centuries has developed its own, unique approach to educating defenders of the Fatherland). The experiments of Western specialists on “mind control” of military personnel using all kinds of drugs (stimulants) and neurochips deserve close attention. Such activities (directed to harm people) should be recognized as inhumane and illegal. Scientific and practical significance of the study: The scientific novelty and theoretical significance of the research results lies in the fact that it provides a clinical and psychological interpretation of the aggressive and violent behavior of military personnel who abuse psychotropic substances and narcotic drugs (using the example of personnel of the armies of foreign states). The practical significance of this article lies in the fact that the conclusions and recommendations formulated in it can contribute to the development of measures to optimize educational and psychological-pedagogical work with military personnel of the Russian army, for the early identification of persons both distributing prohibited psychoactive substances among colleagues and regularly using them.

Examining the predictive utility of suicidal ideation characteristics in relation to real-time monitoring of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts at follow-up.

Several characteristics of suicidal ideation, including frequency, duration, perceived controllability, and intensity, have been identified. The present study examined whether these characteristics of baseline suicidal ideation uniquely predicted (1) the severity, variability, and frequency of suicidal ideation assessed through real-time monitoring; and (2) suicide attempts at 3-week and 6-month follow-up among recently discharged psychiatric inpatients. A sample of 249 adults (Mage = 40.43, 55.1% female, 91.4% White) completed a baseline assessment of their suicidal ideation characteristics during psychiatric hospitalization, five daily ecological momentary assessments (EMA) for 21 days following discharge, and follow-up assessments of suicide-related outcomes at 3-week and 6-month follow-up. Perceived controllability of suicidal thoughts was uniquely associated with the variability of EMA-assessed suicidal ideation and the presence of suicide attempts at 3-week, but not 6-month follow-up. No other characteristic of baseline suicidal ideation was uniquely associated with EMA-assessed suicidal ideation or the presence of suicide attempts at follow-up. Given links between the perceived controllability of suicidal ideation and (1) momentary variability of suicidal ideation and (2) suicide attempts over the subsequent 3 weeks, perceived controllability of suicidal thinking may be a useful marker of short-term risk that may be malleable to clinical intervention.

Chronic Pain Self-Management Strategies for Older Adults: An Integrative Review.

Due to the complex nature of chronic pain, especially in older adults, a biopsychosocial approach is more effective than an isolated approach for its management. Furthermore, when patients are actively engaged in their pain management, they are more likely to be successful than relying totally on others. To analyze the self-management strategies currently used by older adults with chronic pain. An integrative review was conducted through seven online databases, searching for scientific studies on this topic published in the last 10 years. Fifty-eight studies were included in the final sample. Research on chronic pain self-management for older adults has increased in recent years. Although a diversity of chronic physical painful conditions are being investigated, many conditions are still under-investigated. Online and in-person strategies are currently adopted, demonstrating similar results. Positive results are evidenced by strategies including health promotion, mind control, social participation and take-action fields. Major results come from a combination of strategies focusing on biopsychosocial aspects of pain management. Results include not only the reduction of pain itself, but increased self-efficacy, adoption of health behaviors and improvement of functionality, among others, i.e., improved QoL, despite pain.

The Right to Mental Autonomy

A number of moral philosophers and legal scholars have now recognized that we possess a natural, or moral, right to mental autonomy. This right is standardly characterized as our right against significant, nonconsensual interference with our minds. However, the precise scope of this right remains under-theorized: what makes some ways of influencing someone’s thinking—rational argumentation, say—permissible, but other ways—pharmacological manipulation—impermissible? Here I argue that the right to mental autonomy should be analyzed as the right to form attitudes in light of reasons. Once understood this way, we can see how this right protects us against all “nonrational” interventions on our thinking—including, but not limited to, nonconsensual neurosurgery, pharmacological manipulations, science fiction mind control, subliminal messaging, and non-reason-giving advertising or nudging. Rather, the only fully permissible ways to seek to influence someone’s thinking are through methods that seek to engage their rational faculties. This result, I claim, accords with our moral intuitions concerning the matter.

Newborn Screening for Li-Fraumeni Syndrome: Patient Perspectives.

Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is an inherited cancer predisposition syndrome with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 3,000-5,000 individuals. LFS poses a significant cancer risk throughout the lifespan, with notable cancer susceptibility in childhood. Despite being predominantly inherited, up to 20% of cases arise de novo. Surveillance protocols facilitate the reduction of mortality and morbidity through early cancer detection. While newborn screening (NBS) has proven effective in identifying newborns with rare genetic conditions, even those occurring as rarely as 1 in 185,000, its potential for detecting inherited cancer predispositions remains largely unexplored. This survey-based study investigates perspectives toward NBS for LFS among individuals with and parents of children with LFS receiving care at single comprehensive cancer center in the U.S. All participants unanimously supported NBS for LFS (n = 24). Reasons included empowerment (83.3%), control (66.7%), and peace of mind (54.2%), albeit with concerns about anxiety (62.5%) and devastation (50%) related to receiving positive results. Participants endorsed NBS as beneficial for cancer detection and prevention (91.7%), research efforts (87.5%), and family planning (79.2%) but voiced apprehensions about the financial cost of cancer surveillance (62.5%), emotional burdens (62.5%), and insurance coverage and discrimination (54.2%). Approximately 83% of respondents believed that parental consent should be required to screen newborns for LFS. This study revealed strong support for NBS for LFS despite the recognition of various perceived benefits and risks. These findings underscore the complex interplay between clinical, psychosocial, and ethical factors in considering NBS for LFS from the perspective of the LFS community.

Brooding, Reflection, and Anger Rumination Relate to Suicidal Ideation through the Role of Thought Control

Despite the far-reaching impact of suicide on our communities, suicide prevention has historically focused on distally related risk factors for suicidality, which gives us an incomplete picture of how someone comes to make a suicide attempt. Instead, our focus needs to extend to research that explains the maintenance and progression from an emotional state to a suicidal crisis. One such factor, rumination, may create or worsen suicidal thinking by amplifying the distress associated with negative thoughts. Ruminative thoughts are often described as difficult to control, and people may think about suicide as an escape from these uncontrollable thoughts. The current study examined the relationship between severity of lifetime suicidal thinking and certain forms of rumination (i.e., brooding, reflection, anger rumination, and suicidal rumination) in a sample of 145 undergraduate students with suicidal thoughts. For each form of rumination that was related to suicidal thinking, we then examined whether that relationship was accounted for by perceived uncontrollability of one’s own thoughts. We found that all forms of rumination were related to severity of lifetime suicidal thinking, as well as heightened perceived inability to control one’s own thoughts. This thought control inability helped account for the relationships between brooding, reflection, and anger rumination with severity of suicidal thinking, but did not play a role in the relationship between suicidal rumination and suicidal ideation severity. Clinicians should be aware of the impact ruminative thoughts may have on suicidal thinking. More research needs to be done to replicate and extend these effects.

Comparison of the Three Beliefs of Metacognition, Life Regulation, and Thought Control and Narcissism In Successful and Unsuccessful People in Overcoming Anxiety Who Use Opioids

Aim: Comparison of the three beliefs of metacognition , life regulation , and thought control and narcissism in successful and unsuccessful people in overcoming anxiety who use opioids . It was teenagers . Method: This Research One study Ali – Comparative is That On Roy two group 50 no one (Persons successful And failed to quit methamphetamine ), The method Sampling in available do became . Information With Questionnaires of metacognitive beliefs, tuning Thrill And Thought control gathering became . analysis And analysis Data with Indicators Descriptive And Test T Independent do became Findings : Results at a significant level 0.01 sign gave Persons Failed to quit methamphetamine From Ability tuning Thrill less Ratio To Persons successful have and At Comparison With successful people More From Positive cognitive beliefs about drugs Use and have lower thought control . Results: The difference between the two groups in these variables can indicate the importance of metacognitive beliefs, emotional regulation and thought control in the success of quitting methamphetamine .

The Effects of Metacognition on Social Functioning in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of metacognitive beliefs and thought-control strategies on social functioning and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The cross-sectional study sample consisted of 62 patients diagnosed with OCD and 58 healthy controls. OCD was determined by detailed mental examination and the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) was applied. All the participants completed the Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ), Social Functioning Scale (SFS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). There was no statistically significant difference in terms of age, gender, education, or marital status between the patients and the healthy control group ( P > 0.05). The MCQ-30 total and subgroups scores except positive belief, BDI, and BAI of patients with OCD were statistically higher than healthy controls. SFS total and the subgroup scores of patients with OCD were statistically lower than healthy controls. The results revealed that metacognition was associated with obsessive-compulsive symptom severity and social functioning; social functioning was affected by all of the symptoms but mainly by depression. Handling metacognition and depressive symptoms may be useful for increasing social functioning of patients with OCD. More studies in the future should consider the results. [ Psychiatr Ann . 2024;54(4):e125–e134.]

Strategies for Thought Control and Their Relationship to Value Conflict Among Students of College of Education for Human Sciences

Strategies for Thought Control and Their Relationship to Value Conflict Among Students of College of Education for Human Sciences

Religious Policy of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea in 1994–2023. An Attempt to Understand the Issue

The main goal of my article will be to analyze North Korea’s religious policy from the death of Kim Il-sung to the present. I intend to take a closer look at the views of Polish and foreign researchers on this matter, focusing especially on the aspirations of the Kim dynasty towards divine worship.At the beginning, I would like to present the theoretical aspects of religious policy, paying particular attention to the definition of the above term and its most important methodological assumptions. In this respect, it will be important to describe the problem of religious freedom. Then I try to trace the times of reign of individual Korean dynasties that referred to Confucianism. In the further part of my considerations, I present the aggressive anti-religious campaign of the North Korean communists, who, among others, Juche ideology has been striving for total mind control of the country’s inhabitants since the 1950s, which was visible in the cult of the first leader of the DPRK, Kim Il-sung. I also touch on the problem of a certain softening of the rhetoric towards religion at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, manifested in the existence of facade churches to improve the country’s image on the international arena.In conclusion, I intend to answer the question of how the religious policy of the DPRK has evolved over the decades. Moreover, it will be important to answer the question of what role religion played in shaping the Kim dynasty, which still rules North Korea to this day.

Can You Rely on Synthetic Labellers in Preference-Based Reinforcement Learning? It’s Complicated

Preference-based Reinforcement Learning (PbRL) enables non-experts to train Reinforcement Learning models using preference feedback. However, the effort required to collect preference labels from real humans means that PbRL research primarily relies on synthetic labellers. We validate the most common synthetic labelling strategy by comparing against labels collected from a crowd of humans on three Deep Mind Control (DMC) suite tasks: stand, walk, and run. We find that: (1) the synthetic labels are a good proxy for real humans under some circumstances, (2) strong preference label agreement between human and synthetic labels is not necessary for similar policy performance, (3) policy performance is higher at the start of training from human feedback and is higher at the end of training from synthetic feedback, and (4) training on only examples with high levels of inter-annotator agreement does not meaningfully improve policy performance. Our results justify the use of synthetic labellers to develop and ablate PbRL methods, and provide insight into how human labelling changes over the course of policy training.