Control Blood Sugar Levels Research Articles

Dapagliflozin or saxagliptin in pediatric type 2 diabetes: a plain language summary

Plain Language Summary What is this plain language summary about? The T2NOW study was a clinical trial which tested the use of two different blood sugar-reducing drugs (dapagliflozin or saxagliptin) in young people aged between 10 and 17 years with type 2 diabetes. Each drug was compared with a placebo to see to what extent the treatment can control blood sugar levels, and to observe any side effects. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition affecting how the body processes sugar, resulting in high levels of sugar in the blood. Over time, high blood sugar levels can cause damage to certain parts of the body such as the cardiovascular system, the kidneys, nerves, and eyes, often resulting in serious health problems. Once considered a disease of middle-age or older-age, it is becoming more common in younger people, in part because of an increase in childhood obesity. This is concerning, as when diabetes starts at a young age it can progress quickly and lead to these serious health problems earlier in life. Improvements in diet and exercise are important elements for everyone with type 2 diabetes. However, there are currently very few other treatments available for children and adolescents. What are the key takeaways? When compared to a group of participants receiving placebo in the study, participants receiving dapagliflozin had significantly improved blood sugar control but participants receiving saxagliptin did not. Both the dapagliflozin and saxagliptin treatments were generally well tolerated by participants, with similar proportions in each group experiencing side effects. Only one participant in each group stopped treatment because of side effects. Similar proportions of participants in all groups–including the placebo group–had hypoglycemia, suggesting that neither dapagliflozin nor saxagliptin affected the likelihood of experiencing this important side effect. What are the main conclusions reported by the researchers? The T2NOW study showed that dapagliflozin could be an addition to treatment options for young people with type 2 diabetes as it helped to control blood sugar levels and did not raise any safety concerns. In contrast, although there were no safety concerns related to use of saxagliptin, it did not significantly help to control blood sugar levels in this study. This is an abstract of the Plain Language Summary of Publication article. View the full Plain Language Summary PDF of this article to read the full-text Link to original article here

Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcer - A Case Report

Due to sedentary lifestyle of today, diabetes mellitus is becoming a common illness. One of the complications of diabetes mellitus, the primary cause of lower limb amputations, is diabetic foot ulcers. It affects 15% of all diabetes mellitus patients and occurs before lower limb amputation in 84% of people with diabetic foot ulcers. Controlling blood sugar levels, debridement, improved dressings, and offloading techniques are all necessary for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Acharya Sushruta has listed sixty different forms of treatment in the Ayurvedic literature. He has placed particular emphasis on Vranashodhana and Ropana. Blood sugar management with Arogyavardhini Vati, wound debridement and appropriate wound care are all part of the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. It took a month for the ulcer to fully heal, and throughout that time, the patient's ability to carry out daily tasks improved. The Ayurvedic treatment that was implemented has shown encouraging outcomes in the management of diabetic foot ulcer. It is imperative to conduct more randomised controlled trials in this area of study.

Triazole scaffold-based DPP-IV Inhibitors for the management of Type-II Diabetes Mellitus: Insight into Molecular Docking and SAR.

Diabetes mellitus, characterized as a chronic metabolic disorder or a polygenic syndrome; is increasing at a very fast pace among every group of the population worldwide. It arises due to the inability of the body to produce enough insulin (the hormone responsible for controlling blood sugar levels) or inability to utilize the insulin, leading to hyperglycaemic condition, which, if left uncontrolled gives rise to chronic microvascular and macrovascular complications like retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, coronary artery disease, cognitive impairment, etc. Several therapeutic approaches are available for the treatment of diabetes; among which dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP-IV) inhibitors (gliptins) hold a significant place. DPP-IV is a multifunctional enzyme or a serine exopeptidase that plays an imperative role in cleaving bioactive molecules. DPP-IV causes the breakdown of incretin hormone (GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide 1 and GIP: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide) that is essential for controlling glycaemic levels in the body. Inhibition of DPP-IV enzyme (DPP-IV inhibitors: Sitagliptin, Saxagliptin, Linagliptin, Alogliptin) prevents this breakdown, thereby controlling blood glucose levels and saving the patients from deleterious effects of prolonged hyperglycaemic conditions. Triazole-based DPP-IV inhibitors are a significant class of drugs used to treat Type 2 diabetes mellitus in a dose-dependent manner. Clinical trials have demonstrated their efficacy as monotherapy or in combination with other antidiabetic agents. This review highlights the molecular docking studies and structure-activity relationship of potential synthetic derivatives that may act as lead molecules for future drug discovery and yield drug molecules with enhanced efficacy, potency and reduced toxicity profile.

Medicinal Plants Approach for Diabetes Mellitus-A Computational Model

The multidimensional metabolic syndrome that includes diabetes mellitus poses a serious threat to world health. There is an increasing interest in researching herbal remedies for their possible therapeutic advantages, even as traditional allopathic treatments continue to be widely used. This work throws light on the multiple ways of metabolism and biochemical interactions of medicinal plants in the control of glucose level, highlighting their crucial role in the process. The work clarifies several herbal extracts' efficacy and safety profiles, such as Aloe vera, Garlic, Gurmar, Bitter Melon, Neem, Tulsi, and through a thorough literature review and empirical evidence. These plants, which are abundant in bioactive substances like tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids, show promise in treating insulin resistance, improving pancreatic function, and controlling blood sugar level. A further assessment of the rising risk associated with diabetes mellitus is discussed, and a differential equation model for diabetes mellitus is developed to minimize the complications. When using medicinal plants to treat diabetes, several factors are considered, including blood sugar level, sugar intake activity, and plasma insulin concentrations. The stability criterion for the mathematical model is examined through the system of differential equations. A representation highlighting the medicinal plants that can aid individuals with diabetes mellitus is provided. The blood sugar level, insulin generalization variable and plasma insulin concentration have all been measured at different points in time. Aloe vera, Gurmar, Garlic, Tulsi, Bitter Melon and Neem are among the medicinal plants selected for their demonstrated anti-hyperglycemic properties due to their easy availability in India. Mathematical solutions were calculated for every plant and proved to be steady.

Effect of Low Glycemic Index Diet on Type 2 Diabetes

The rising incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is seriously affecting the quality of life of individuals worldwide. Patients with T2D need to take medication to control blood sugar level for a lifetime, but the problem of poor medication compliance has always troubled clinical workers, and the role of diet improvement as a treatment of diabetes “five carriages” is particularly important. In recent years, the importance of food glycemic index (GI) has been extensively studied, and an increasing number of studies advise using low-GI foods as the main source of carbohydrates rather than high-GI foods. In addition to improving a person’s quality of life on a daily basis, a low-GI diet can help prevent and treat type 2 diabetes and lower the risk of its consequences, through controlling the amount of blood sugar and blood lipids. However, there are still some limitations about low GI diet, for example the complex calculating process results in a small number of clinical uses. Through a review of the literature, analysis of experimental data, and expansion of the research on the benefits of a low-GI diet in reducing T2D problems, this report validates the use of a low-GI diet.

Self-management of type 2 diabetes mellitus among older adults in an Ecuadorian community

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease affecting millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by the body's inability to effectively regulate blood glucose levels, which leads to chronic hyperglycemia. Objective: To describe the self-control of type 2 diabetes mellitus in older adults in an Ecuadorian community. Methods: Quantitative, non-experimental, field, descriptive, and transversal approach. The “Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ)” questionnaire was used and applied to 42 older adults. Results: 31% of the participants indicated that the control of blood sugar levels is applied to some extent in attending appointments with medical doctors, 52.4% said that this statement applies to a considerable degree when taking medication for diabetes, 61.9% of the participants indicated that it applies to a significant degree, in turn, in terms of the tendency to "binge eat", approximately 26.2% stated that this statement applies to some extent, the tendency to skip the planned physical activity, 54.8% said that this premise applies to a considerable degree, concerning the Perception of their diabetes self-control, approximately 35.7% indicated that it is applied to a certain extent. Conclusion: Improve self-control practices by favoring the reduction of complications related to the pathology, promoting autonomy and informed decision-making, and contributing to active aging and health in the population

Nursing Care of an Elderly Woman with Type II Diabetes According to Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory

Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory (SCDNT) is well-known and applied in nursing practice worldwide. Many researchers have commended SCDNT for improving patients' health outcomes through nurses' contributions. This case study provides a chance to comprehend the practical implementation of theory-based nursing practice in a care setting. Information regarding the patient was gathered through Orem's conceptualization as a guide; Mrs. Y is 63, in late middle age, with type 2 diabetes. Three health deviations self-care requirements emerged as the main aim for the patient's family in seeking assistance. The highest blood glucose value during the study was 211 mg/dl, and the average following management was 118 mg/dl. She was on the partially compensatory nursing system, and after applying SCDNT, her intended nursing care outcomes were achieved. The family members were encouraged to support her in regaining more energy and blood sugar level control, which are vital for her future progress and lifestyle modifications for diabetes management. Nurses can apply SCDNT to implement, monitor, and evaluate nursing interventions in clinical practice. It offers a practice update that ensures accountability following practical interventions in managing chronic conditions like T2DM.

The relationship of diabetes knowledge and self-care practices among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by increased blood glucose levels and cannot be cured so it requires self-care. DM self-care is a program that must be carried out throughout the life of DM sufferers. DM self-care aims to optimize metabolic control, optimize quality of life, and prevent acute and chronic complications. Good knowledge and self-care consisting of good diet, physical exercise, medication, and education can control blood sugar levels and prevent complications of type 2 DM. Purpose: To determine the relationship between knowledge and self-care in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method: Descriptive correlational research design with a cross-sectional approach. The study population was patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the work area of ​​the Pasar Rebo District Health Center, East Jakarta, totaling 690 patients, carried out in November-December 2023. The sampling technique used the Accidental Sampling technique with the Slovin formula and a sample of 87 respondents was obtained. The research instrument used the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ-24) for the knowledge questionnaire and the Summary of Diabetes Self Care Activity (SDSCA) for the self-care questionnaire. Data analysis used the univariate and bivariate Chi Square alternative tests. Results: Respondents with poor knowledge resulted in poor self-care of 30 respondents (53.6%), while respondents with good knowledge resulted in good self-care of 16 respondents (51.6%). The results of the Chi-Square test showed a significant p value of 0.001 (<0.05). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between knowledge and self-care in type 2 DM patients with a p value of 0.001.

A Comprehensive Approach for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Management

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a comprehensive management plan in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Evaluating the effects of wound debridement on the outcomes of diabetic foot ulcers, advanced dressings, blood sugar control, and offloading strategies are the main objectives. The study also intends to investigate the function of surgery in managing chronic ulcers and preventing recurrences. The goal is to offer advice for managing DFUs optimally and lowering related morbidity based on evidence. Method: The intervention program includes techniques like wound debridement, advanced dressings, unloading modalities, blood sugar level control, and, where necessary, surgical treatments. Growth factors, electrical stimulation, negative pressure wound therapy, bio-engineered skin, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy are among the many treatments that are included. Regression models are among the statistical analyses used to assess the efficacy of the overall management strategy. Results: Significant findings are presented in the results section, which shows how the holistic management strategy improves DFU outcomes. Improved wound healing rates, reduced infection incidents, and enhanced patient-reported outcomes are highlighted. The results underscore the significance of maintaining blood sugar levels, wound debridement, and incorporating various therapeutic modalities in DFU management. Conclusion: This study concludes by recommending a thorough and interdisciplinary approach to DFU management. Maintaining blood sugar levels, debridement of the wound, sophisticated dressings, unloading techniques, and surgical procedures are among the effective strategies that help reduce morbidity and prevent serious complications related to diabetic foot ulcers. Additional investigation is necessary to enhance and broaden these results for ongoing progress in the management of diabetic foot ulcers.

The Influence of Glycemic Control Over Post-extraction Healing in Diabetic Patients.

Background Diabetes mellitus hinders wound healing after tooth extractions due to hyperglycemia, causing complications like infections and delayed recovery. The precise role of glycemic control in healing remains uncertain. This study aims to clarify it by comparing outcomes in patients with well-controlled and poorly controlled blood sugar levels. Material and methods This prospective observational study at Priyadarshini Dental College and Hospital (October-November 2023) involved 100 insulin-dependent diabetic patients (n = 100) requiring dental extractions, divided into group A with random blood sugar (RBS) ≤150 mg/dL (n = 50) and group B with RBS between 151 and 240 mg/dL (n = 50). Inclusion criteria included fully erupted teeth in patients aged 18 or older, while exclusion criteria comprised those on antibiotics, with systemic immunodeficiency, undergoing chemotherapy, or with active infections. Preoperative RBS and post-extraction wound dimensions were recorded, and clinical outcomes, such as pain, bleeding, infection, dry socket, and tissue color changes, were assessed on days 1, 7, and 14. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee (IEC-PDCH5/4-2023) and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR Reference ID: 2023-14931). Data were analyzed using chi-square and independent sample t-tests. Results The findings suggest that higher glycemic levels (151-240 mg/dL) are associated with increased pain and complications but do not significantly affect healing outcomes compared to levels ≤150 mg/dL. Group A shows better healing status, while group B has a higher incidence of moderate pain and bleeding. Conclusion This study indicates that glycemic levels between 151 and 240 mg/dL have no significant impact on post-extraction healing compared to levels ≤150 mg/dL in diabetic patients. Elevated blood sugar within this range may not increase the risk of delayed healing or complications. However, managing blood sugar levels is still critical, as uncontrolled diabetes can lead to adverse outcomes. Further research is required to determine the ideal glycemic range for optimal healing in diabetic patients.

The Efficacy of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) on Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Literature Review.

Diabetes mellitus is a complex disorder that requires continuous management to control blood sugar levels and prevent complications. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are the most common complication in diabetic patients. A popular therapy modality with considerable advantages in the management of diabetic foot ulcers today is negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT). This study aimed to review related articles about the efficacy as well as the complications or adverse effects of using NPWT on the healing of DFUs. Searching English databases from PubMed, Ebscohost, Proquest and Science Direct was done to identify relevant citations published between January 2017 and January 2022. A combination of terms was used with the boolean formulation of "negative pressure wound therapy OR NPWT" OR "vacuum-assisted closure or VAC" AND "diabetic foot ulcers OR diabetic foot wound" AND "wound healing" AND "Conventional dressings" and map terms were also used for the subject heading. Some potentially relevant citations of articles from the bibliographies are also reviewed. This study included 8 related articles consisting of 6 RCTs, 1 cohort study and 1 Quasy experimental study. There were various methodological techniques for using NPWT and outcome measures among studies. The results of this literature review showed that NPWT was more efficacious than the other conventional or advanced moist dressings. This therapy revealed a faster healing time with complete wound healing and formation of granulation tissue and reduction in wound size. The complications or adverse effects of NPWT, such as amputation rate, bleeding and pain, were not different from conventional or advanced moist dressings, though. NPWT was more efficacious than other conventional or advanced moist dressings for the healing of DFUs. However, complications or adverse effects of using this therapy showed no significant difference with other conventional or advanced moist dressings.

Interesting Life Journey of a Type 1 Diabetes Individual from the Era of Injectable Insulins to the Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Pump

Abstract Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) pump has shown good outcomes in individuals with diabetes. An individual with type 1 diabetes (T1D) was diagnosed in 1996 at the age of 14 years with GAD-positive and absent C Peptide reserves confirming the diagnosis. Initially, the individual was started with the conventional treatment for T1D consisting of multiple insulin injections per day, however, with this treatment, there was a wide fluctuation in the blood sugar levels with frequent hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic episodes, and could not achieve strict HbA1c control. In 2019, the treatment was switched to a 620G CSII pump, the fluctuations in blood sugar levels were reduced, but still, there were occasional hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic episodes failing to achieve the target HbA1c control. In 2022, again the treatment was changed to the latest 780G CSII pump termed the artificial pancreas which helped the person with T1D to achieve strict blood sugar level control and excellent ‘Time in Range’ with no hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic episodes and a better quality of life.

A Compendium on Various Traditional Plants Used in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus

Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has escalated globally, posing a significant public health challenge. While modern pharmacological interventions are available, there is growing interest in traditional medicinal agents as alternative or complementary treatments for diabetes. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to identify and evaluate the efficacy of conventional drugs in the treatment of diabetes, particularly focusing on herbal plants used in various traditional medicines. The primary objectives include identifying anti-diabetic herbal plants, evaluating their efficacy, and conducting docking studies to assess their anti-diabetic actions. Methodology: Relevant databases are searched to compile a comprehensive list of herbal plants with documented anti-diabetic properties. Information on each plant, including its botanical name, family, and components used, is collected. Evaluation of efficacy is conducted through a literature review and analysis of reported studies. Docking studies are performed to assess the molecular interactions between the active components of herbal plants and targets related to diabetes. Results and Discussion: The study has identified a range of traditional medicinal plants with potential anti-diabetic properties. Various botanical species from diverse families have been documented for their effectiveness in managing diabetes symptoms. The evaluation of efficacy suggests promising outcomes for several herbal plants in controlling blood sugar levels and improving metabolic functions. Docking studies reveal potential molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-diabetic actions of these plants, providing insights into their therapeutic effects. Conclusion: The findings highlight the potential of herbal plants as alternative or complementary treatments for diabetes. Further research and clinical trials are warranted to validate the efficacy and safety of these plants in diabetic management. Integrating traditional medicines into conventional diabetes care may offer additional therapeutic options and improve outcomes for patients.

The Impact of Hba1c Levels on Diabetic Patients' Sugar Control and Its Influence on Eye Health: Clinical Study

This study utilized a cross-sectional design to examine the effect of HbA1c levels on the regulation of blood sugar and its effects on eye health in a group of diabetic adults in Iraq. One hundred and fifty participants in all filled out a structured questionnaire that evaluated their comprehension of diabetes, methods for managing it, and knowledge of diabetic eye problems. The findings indicated that although most participants possessed a satisfactory overall comprehension of diabetes, a considerable number exhibited a deficiency in their grasp of the importance of HbA1c values and its connection to the regulation of blood sugar over an extended period. Participants utilized many ways to regulate their diabetes; however, their adherence to these methods was inconsistent. In addition, a significant number of participants were not regularly undergoing eye examinations to detect indicators of diabetic retinopathy, despite being aware of the possibility of eye-related issues. These findings indicate that there is a need for enhanced patient education, increased adherence to diabetes management regimens, and improved integration of eye care services within the overall diabetes care system to address the difficulties faced by this group. Enhancing these components has the potential to result in improved long-term results for patients with diabetes in Iraq. The study emphasizes the significance of comprehensive strategies for managing diabetes that give priority to both controlling blood sugar levels and preventing microvascular problems, such as diabetic retinopathy which can lead to visual loss.

Therapeutic potential of histamine H4 receptor antagonist as a preventive treatment for diabetic retinopathy in mice

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a prevalent complication of diabetes, often resulting in vision loss and blindness. Existing treatments primarily aim to control blood sugar levels and inhibit angiogenesis. However, current therapies for DR, such as anti-VEGF and laser photocoagulation, are frequently invasive, and can cause adverse side effects. Consequently, there is a critical need for new preventive therapeutics to address DR more effectively. This study aimed to examine the therapeutic potential of a histamine H4 receptor (HRH4) antagonist as a preventive treatment for DR in mice. A mouse model of DR was established by intraperitoneally injecting 200 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ). Immune cell infiltration into the retina of mice with STZ-induced diabetes was measured using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) 12 weeks after STZ injection. The preventive effects of the HRH4 antagonist on inflammation and pathological retinal vessel leakage were determined in a mouse model of DR. Infiltration of HRH4-expressing macrophages increased in the retina of mice with STZ-induced DR. The HRH4 antagonist prevented macrophage infiltration and retinal vascular leakage to prevent STZ-induced DR in mice without causing any retinal toxicity. The infiltration of macrophages increased in the retina of mice with STZ-induced diabetes through HRH4, indicating that HRH4 is potentially a novel preventative therapeutic target in DR. These findings suggest that targeting HRH4 is a promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of DR.

Controlling Blood Sugar Levels with Diet in Diabetes Mellitus Sufferers: Literature Review

Wrong eating patterns in Diabetes Mellitus (DM) sufferers will cause blood sugar levels increases, so dietary factors or planning eating is very important in control blood sugar levels. Good diet​​ become component main success DM management. The purpose of study This is For know control blood sugar levels with diet in diabetes mellitus sufferers through literature study. Search journal using Google database schoolar, pubmed , conchrance and springer ago produced 3 journals For followed up. Journal analyzed using appropriate PRISMA diagrams with inclusion criteria used​ that is journal use Language English and Indonesian, using design RCT research, and published between January 2018 to June 2024 about control blood sugar levels with diet in diabetes mellitus sufferers. Proven diet capable lowering blood sugar in diabetes mellitus sufferers.

Impact of Poor Glycemic Control and Vascular Complications on Diabetic Foot Ulcer Recurrence

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a growing global health issue that leads to serious complications like diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), which can worsen health and increase death rates in diabetic patients. In Sorong, Southwest Papua, Indonesia, the recurrence of DFUs is a major public health problem, affecting patients' well-being and adding significant healthcare costs. This study aimed to identify the factors that contribute to DFU recurrence in this region to help improve prevention and treatment strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Sorong, Indonesia, including 53 diabetic patients with recurrent DFUs. Data were collected through structured interviews, physical examinations, and laboratory tests. Risk factors such as metabolic, vascular, behavioral, and demographic elements were analyzed. Statistical analysis, including univariate, bivariate, and multivariate techniques, was performed to identify independent predictors of DFU recurrence. Results: The study found that poor glycemic control, with a mean HbA1c of 8.3±1.4, and vascular complications, such as peripheral artery disease and neuropathy, were the most significant predictors of DFU recurrence. Behavioral factors like smoking and physical inactivity, along with longer diabetes duration and previous ulcer history, also showed a strong correlation with recurrence. Logistic regression identified HbA1c levels, peripheral artery disease, and smoking habits as independent predictors. Conclusion: This study determined the need for comprehensive care that focuses on controlling blood sugar levels, managing vascular issues, and promoting healthy behaviors to prevent diabetic foot ulcer recurrence in Sorong, Southwest Papua. Future efforts should target these risk factors to lower recurrence rates and improve patient health. More research is needed to find effective ways to prevent DFU recurrence in this population.

Withania coagulans Dunal.: A Narrative Review of an Anti-diabetic Shrub of the Desert Biome

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease affecting more than 300 million people worldwide. Even after advances in medicine, we are still away from a permanent solution to this problem. Longterm use of currently available treatments are associated with adverse effects ranging from cardiovascular conditions, renal disorders, liver ailments, and weight gain. Subsequently, a significant diabetic population seeks herbal medicines that are said to control blood sugar levels. Several plants have been explored in this context; one such plant is Withania coagulans Dunal., which is known for the hypoglycemic property due to its fruits. Different plant parts and bioactive components like withanolides exhibited anti-diabetic activity in type 2 diabetes models in vivo and in vitro. However, clinical studies are limited and more research is warranted. Bioactive composition of W. coagulans include Withanolide J, F; Coagulin C, E, L; Ajugin E, Withaperuvin C and others. Bioavailability of Withaferin A from W. coagulans was enhanced by co-administration of Piperine. Herbal quality control and commercialization aspects are also highlighted. W. coagulans can be employed in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus after detailed follow-up studies.

Impact of home care counseling on the quality of life of people with diabetes militus

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that requires long-term management to control blood sugar levels and prevent complications. The quality of life of diabetics is often affected by this disease, both physically, psychologically, and socially. Home care counseling has been one of the interventions considered effective in assisting diabetics in managing their condition. This study aims to evaluate the impact of home care counseling on the quality of life of people with diabetes mellitus. Methods: This research is quasi-experimental with a randomized pretest and posttest control group design. Samples are taken from patients' medical records and selected by simple random sampling. Results: The mean score before the intervention was 60.55 with a standard deviation of 2.605, which increased to 71.35 with a standard deviation of 4.107 after the intervention. Statistically, there is a difference in the quality of life before and after counseling with a value of p = 0.000 (p < 0.05), which means that home care counseling is effective for sufferers to improve the quality of life of D.M. sufferers. Conclusions: Home care counseling significantly impacts the quality of life of people with diabetes mellitus. These interventions can improve the sufferer's self-management and provide the support needed to overcome the challenges faced in daily life. Therefore, home care counseling is recommended as part of comprehensive management for people with diabetes mellitus.

Metformin in COVID-19: a magical role beyond the hyperglycemia

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as an aggressive viral infection in the last few years. Initially reported in the Wuhan area of the People’s Republic of China, it soon emerged across the globe. Researchers confront a worrying situation to rapidly develop effective strategies to combat this novel infection and its long-term aftereffects. To date, there have been myriad reports ranging from the repurposing of the classical antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine to several other antiviral and anti-bacterial agents like remdesivir, favipiravir, and most recently azithromycin, which has entered clinical use in many countries for combating COVID-19 infections. Several studies have highlighted the nexus between COVID-19-associated morbidity and diabetes in a wide-ranging class of subjects ranging from pediatric cases to adults and patients with other co-morbidities. Metformin is a mainstay in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). It is safe, inexpensive, and effective and does more than merely control blood sugar levels. Important metabolites that encourage blood clotting and inflammation are also suppressed by metformin. Pro-inflammatory molecules are linked to obesity and T2D. Both are major risk factors for aggravated COVID-19. These characteristics gave rise to a hypothesis that metformin may find use as an efficacious treatment for COVID-19 especially if it decreases the inflammatory molecules that fuel the COVID-19 virus-induced effects. In this review, we attempt to elucidate the role of classical anti-diabetic medicine metformin in the treatment of COVID-19 infections by highlighting the pharmacological role of this drug during elevated glucose levels and insulin resistance. We examine how COVID-19 has correlations to diabetic physiology and thereby the possibility of repurposing metformin for COVID-19 treatment.