Contribution Of Major Factors Research Articles

Contribution of Major Factors Affecting Non-Revenue Water to Water Supply Network in Gaza Strip, Palestine

: Water losses occurring in water distribution systems (WDSs) are now considered as a serious problem, necessitating a robust and effective management strategy. Non-revenue water (NRW) data indicate that most cities in Gaza Strip, Palestine experience high NRW. In 2015, the average percentage of NRW in Gaza Strip was 39%. This figure resulted in major financial, supply, and pressure losses, as well as excessive energy consumption. The estimated annual volume of NRW in 2015 was in the order of 34 million m3 which is equivalent to American $ 16 million. Furthermore, NRW is a good indicative of water utility performance; high levels of NRW usually indicate a poorly managed water utility. This paper investigates the reasons why NRW is so high in many cities in Gaza Strip. Results of the study revealed that the lack of incentives for management units, the lack of awareness of citizens-users of the water service, apparent losses, the blockade on Gaza Strip, the wars on Gaza are the main causes.

Impact of Land‐Sea Thermal Contrast on the Inland Penetration of Sea Fog Over the Coastal Area Around the Korean Peninsula

AbstractBased on the difference between sea surface temperature (SST) and sea air temperature (SAT), sea fog can be classified as cold sea fog (SST < SAT) or warm sea fog (SST > SAT). First, two sea fog events over the Yellow Sea are selected and simulated using Weather Research and Forecasting model. The two sea fogs are designated as cold and warm types, and cooling and moistening rates of each case are calculated to understand the contributions of major factors to the sea fog formation. Turbulence plays a role in the cooling (warming) of the sea air, while advection is responsible for sea air warming (cooling) during the cold (warm) sea fog event. Thus, these two effects cancel each other out. However, the longwave radiative cooling effect is as stronger as or stronger than the other effects in both cases. We conducted sensitivity tests of SST and land skin temperature, which induced obvious changes in turbulent heat flux and land‐sea thermal contrast, respectively. In the increased (decreased) SST experiments, sea fog evaporates (expands) because of more (less) heat transfer from sea to air. The land skin temperature experiments show that increases (decreases) in land‐sea air temperature differences hinder (favor) sea fog penetration.

The Periodic Characteristics of China’s Economic Carbon Intensity Change and the Impacts of Economic Transformation

Understanding the pathway of carbon emissions is an important basis for establishing a national climate strategy. In this paper, the change in China’s economic carbon intensity since its accession to the World Trade Organization has been analyzed with a time series decomposition analysis method. Four phases with distinctive features are defined, and the significant fluctuations in China’s economic carbon intensity after 2001 are explained in detail. From the phase-average perspective, the contributions of major factors to the economic carbon intensity change have evolved steadily, instead of through highly volatile change on a yearly basis, and the gradual changes have been caused mainly by the development of the industrial sectors. Induced by the new normal in economic development, the change of China’s economic carbon intensity has entered a new phase driven by multiple factors with economic structural improvement being the most important contributor, as well as the continuingly, though decreasingly, important factor of energy efficiency.

A Comparative Analysis on Food Security in Bangladesh, India and Myanmar

In 2013, China proposed the Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Economic Corridor initiatives to enhance the economic cooperation between Bangladesh, India, and Myanmar. To serve the priority setting of agricultural cooperation in the initiatives, an analysis is necessary to understand the food security situation and its key influencing factors in the three countries. For this purpose, this study applied a food security index (FSI) to measure the food security level at state scale and analyze its changes in the three countries during 1990–2013. Further, a factor decomposition method was used to quantify the contribution of major factors to the FSI changes. The results showed that the food demand was generally secured in Myanmar and India during 1990–2013 but in shortage by around 10% in most years before 2008 in Bangladesh. The annual FSI values showed a rather obvious periodic variation and a slightly increasing trend during the whole period. Although the grain production in the three countries increased significantly, the FSI was not accordingly improved, as a result of the simultaneous increase of grain consumption. In Bangladesh and India, the grain production increase was mainly driven by the improvement of crop yield, while the grain consumption increase was mainly caused by the population growth. In Myanmar, the production increase was largely caused by the expansion of cropping area, and the consumption growth was mainly due to the increased grain requirement per capita. To meet the increasing food demand in the future, it is essential to improve the irrigation and drainage systems and crop management to increase the land use efficiency and crop yield. In addition, the adaptation of appropriate policy for family planning could be important to slow down the quick population growth and thus the food demand.

Changes in terrestrial water stress and contributions of major factors under temperature rise constraint scenarios

The Paris agreement adopted at the 21st Conference of Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change stipulates 2 and 1.5 °C targets, but their consistency with sustainable development is poorly understood. This study focuses on water stress defined by annual water consumption-to-availability ratio (CAR) and analyzes the CAR changes for 32 global regions during this century for scenarios of the 2 and 1.5 °C targets. It also estimates contributions of major factors behind such change for addressing the adaptation planning. The results show that the CARs in many (i.e., 25) regions remain very small (less than 0.1) regardless of the future temperature level. For the other seven regions, the CARs undergo significant changes, while the changes and contributing factors to them are different by region and the future temperature level. Possible adaptation strategies are given for regions of significantly increasing CARs. For instance, in Afghanistan and Pakistan and South Africa, the CARs increase mainly due to increases in irrigation water associated with socioeconomic development (i.e., food demand growth). Decreases in water availability and increases in irrigation water due to climate change also contribute to the CAR increases after 2030. The contributions of other factors (i.e., demand changes in municipal water, water for electricity generation, other industrial water, and water for livestock) are small. In these regions, securing water resources as well as irrigation water conservation are important to avoid worsening of the CAR. Adaptation strategy recommendations for other regions are also presented.

Impact of Education and Certified Seeds on Wheat Production in Kohat, Pakistan

The study was conducted to investigate the impact of education and certified seed on wheat production in district Kohat, Pakistan. For the purpose, proportional allocation sampling technique was used and total of 100 respondents randomly selected to get necessary information. Simple budgeting technique was used for cost and return of wheat production. The econometric technique, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) OLS estimation model was used to analyze contribution of major factors in the wheat yield. The sign of explanatory variables were found according to our prior expectation of the economic theory. The estimated results of production function indicated that farm yard manure(FYM), total fertilizer nutrient applied and labor days had positive and significantly effect on wheat yield, seed rate had positive but insignificant effect on wheat yield. The impact of

Factors to Influence Surface Force Induced by Propeller

Regression analysis and neural network were applied to evaluate the contribution of major factors of propeller geometry, wake distribution and attack angle variation to propeller induced pressure fluctuations and surface force on the basis of a large volume of data stored through the cavitation tunnel tests conducted at the Shipbuilding Research Centre of Japan during these two decades.The measured and designated quantities in each case of the test and propeller geometry were readjusted as explanatory variables with properly non-dimensional expression taking into account of theoretical considerations. Not only 1st blade rate components of pressure fluctuation but also 2nd and 3rd components were examined as the target including characteristics of distribution and phase variations. Both multiple linear regression analysis and method of reconstruction learning of the layered neural network were applied.Major results obtained are(1) both cavitation number and tip clearance given as test conditions have significant effect on pressure fluctuations, as expected, (2) effect of attack angle variation and wake distribution suggested by cavitation theory is also confirmed being significant, (3) effect of propeller geometry is relatively less than that of hydrodynamic factors mentioned above, and(4) regarding the characteristics of pressure fluctuation distribution, much influence of cavitation number is shown as a new finding together with marked effect of tip clearance as expected.