Contribution Of Macronutrients Research Articles

The effect of 3D printing speed and temperature on transferability of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli during 3D food printing

The current study aimed to determine if the 3D-printing speed and temperature would impact the transferability of foodborne pathogens from the stainless-steel (SS) food cartridge to the 3D-printed food ink. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were inoculated onto the interior surface of the SS food cartridges. Subsequently, a model food ink was extruded with a recommended macronutrient contribution of 55.8, 23.7, and 20.5% of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat, respectively. The impact of 3D-printing temperatures and speeds on transfer rates was analysed using a Two-Way ANOVA. S. aureus was transferred more from the cartridge to the food ink with a population of 3.39, 2.98, and 3.09 log CFU/g compared to 2.03, 2.06, and 2.00 log CFU/g for E. coli at 2000, 3000, and 4000 mm/s printing speed, respectively, at 25 °C. A Kruskal-Wallis Test was employed to investigate the effect of different speeds and temperatures on the transferability of S. aureus and E. coli. Speed was the main factor affecting S. aureus transferability, while temperature (25 and 50 °C) had the greatest impact on E. coli transferability. This research seeks to advance the understanding of 3D-printing parameters in pathogen transferability and help the food industry move towards this technology's quick and safe adoption.

Intake of energy and macronutrients in the diets of 11–13-year-old schoolchildren living in Delhi India

National surveys in India, through measures of anthropometry and biomarkers, have identified a triple burden of malnutrition (undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and overnutrition) in adolescents(1). However, there is a dearth of high-quality data on individual dietary behaviour of this population(2) and the importance of sub-national dietary surveys in filling this gap has been identified(3). The objective of this study was to assess the intake of energy (E) and macronutrients and the contribution of macronutrients to E in a random sample of 11–13-year-old schoolchildren in Delhi, India. Method: The study was approved by The University of Adelaide Human Research Ethics Committee and the Independent Ethics Committee of the Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi. The target sample size of 360 was based on a ± 5% margin of error in estimated sugars intakes. Using the list of private schools in Delhi (n = 1374), a statistician external to the research team generated a random sample of 150 schools stratified by districts (n = 11). Using this list, schools were invited to participate, and recruitment continued until 10 schools consented. Teachers shared study information with parents; interested parents filled in the online consent form. Assent was obtained from schoolchildren. Participants recorded all food and drink consumed over three consecutive days, including one weekend day, in a food diary. Information recorded was entered into an online dietary assessment tool, Intake24 Southeast Asia version, during an interview with each participant. The Intake24 database of over 2400 food photographs of more than 100 foods was used to ascertain portion size. The Intake24 database converts food and drink reported into the intake of nutrients through integrated food compositional tables. Of 514 pupils providing consent, 393 participants (76.4%) (169 girls, 224 boys) completed the study. The median daily E intake was 10.8 (IQR 9.0 −12.5) MJ for girls, and 12.3 (IQR 10.3- 15.2) MJ for boys. For the 97 girls and 144 boys providing body weight data, Physical Activity Level ratios were 2.0 and 2.1 respectively. The median daily intakes for girls were: protein 64.6 (IQR 54.8-79.3) g; carbohydrate 336.5 (IQR 285.3- 393.6) g; and saturated fat 45.6 (IQR 34.8-58.3) g. The respective values in boys were: protein 74.4 (IQR 61.4; 89.4) g; carbohydrate 379.6 (IQR 317.8; 461.8) g; and saturated fat 54.6 (IQR 41.9-69.5) g. There were no significant between-gender differences in percent E from protein (10.2 (IQR 9.2; 11.4)), or carbohydrate (52.4 (IQR 48.7; 56.7)). Girls obtained less E from saturated fat (16.1 (IQR 11.0-18.2) compared with boys 16.3 (IQR 14.2 - 19.1) (P<0.05). In conclusion, in this sample of adolescents from private schools in Delhi, E intake was above FAO recommended levels and median total fat intake exceeded the recommended threshold of 35%(4).

Generational Differences in Food Consumption among Chinese Adults of Different Ages.

Limited knowledge currently exists regarding the dynamics of generational shifts in food consumption among adult residents in China. This study aimed to investigate the generational differences in dietary status among different generations of Chinese adult residents aged 20 years and older. Survey participants from four waves (1991, 2000, 2009, and 2018) of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) cohort were included in the study (N = 40,704), providing three-day 24 h dietary data. Participants were categorized into six age groups (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, and ≥70 years old), each corresponding to specific generations (Gen 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90) based on their age at the time of the survey. This study examined generational differences in the intake of cereals, animal-based foods, vegetables, fruits, dairy, energy, and the contribution of macronutrients to energy using chi-square tests and Kruskal-Wallis tests. All analyses were stratified by gender. Our findings revealed that younger generations exhibited lower daily intake of cereals, vegetables, energy, and contribution of carbohydrates to energy, compared to their older counterparts, regardless of gender. Conversely, regardless of male or female, younger generations showed higher daily consumption of animal-based foods, average fruit and dairy intake, fruit and dairy consumption rates, as well as contributions of protein and fat to energy, compared to older generations. The magnitude of generational differences in food consumption varied by age and gender. In addition, cereal and vegetable intake, energy intake, and contribution of carbohydrates to energy declined with age across all generations, while average dairy intake, fruit and dairy consumption rates, and the contribution of fat to energy tended to increase, regardless of gender. In conclusion, generational differences in food consumption were evident among different generations of Chinese adult residents, characterized by an increase in animal-based food intake and the contribution of fat to energy among generations. Attention should be directed towards addressing the eating behavior of younger generations.

The Role of Submarine Groundwater Discharge to the Input of Macronutrients Within a Macrotidal Subpolar Estuary

The major sources of macronutrients (nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, and silicic acid) in Jakolof Bay, Alaska are submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), rivers, and offshore water. We estimated SGD using natural geochemical tracers (radon and radium), a salt mass balance, and a two-component salinity mixing equation based on the change in groundwater salinity on falling lower low tide. Previous studies have hypothesized that the major macronutrient input into Jakolof Bay is offshore water. This study challenges that assumption by determining the relative contribution of macronutrients from SGD relative to offshore water and rivers. Here, SGD is tidally driven and, as the Northern Gulf of Alaska experiences some of the largest tidal ranges in the world, the SGD fluxes from this region are high relative to the global average regardless of local sediment type. The fluxes ranged from 596 ± 85 cm day−1 at low tide to 97 ± 83 cm day−1 at high tide and are predominantly composed of recirculated seawater (89%) rather than freshwater (11%). The major macronutrients in seawater had different input mechanisms into the semi-enclosed bay. SGD and offshore waters contend as the primary sources of nitrate, which is shown to be the limiting nutrient in this coastal area, while SGD dominates the input of silicic acid. Conversely, the aquifer is found to be a sink for phosphate, indicating that the nutrient is primarily sourced from offshore water.

The Impact of Total Caloric and Macronutrient Consumption on Strength and Power During an Off-Season Training Program in Collegiate Volleyball Players

Adequate caloric and carbohydrate intakes are necessary for positive adaptations to exercise training, yet there is limited research examining dietary intake in relation to strength and power in female athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine 1) whether there were significant changes in weekly total caloric and macronutrient consumption, strength, and power, and 2) whether total caloric and macronutrient consumption significantly and positively contributed to changes in strength and power across a controlled eight-week, off-season resistance training program. Eleven collegiate-level female volleyball players were examined on macronutrient consumption, strength, and power at two-week intervals using three-day food logs, 3-repetition maximum bench press and back squat, and vertical jump, respectively. Five assessments were conducted on each subject. Alpha level was set at r < 0.05. Paired samples t-tests showed improvements in body mass index, lean body mass, percent body fat, and lower body strength and power following eight weeks of training (r < .05) despite no significant changes in total calories or macronutrients. Results of a weighted regression analysis indicated that both total caloric consumption and carbohydrate intake influenced lower body power after training (r < .05). However, nutrient intake did not impact strength or power at any of the two-week intervals. We believe these findings are related to the neuromuscular adaptations that occur early in training. A longer resistance training program resulting in gains in muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) may be necessary to further examine the contribution of calories and macronutrients to performance-related variables.

Study of Contribution of Macro-Nutrients in Chickpea Yield.

Study of Contribution of Macro-Nutrients in Chickpea Yield.

Development of a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire to Estimate Macronutrient Intake among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Malaysia.

The Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) is one of the most frequently used instruments in epidemiological studies for evaluating dietary intake. Because of the variety of dietary habits within different populations, an FFQ must be tailored to the specific group. To date, no specific FFQ has been developed for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Malaysia. In this study, we developed a semi-quantitative FFQ to estimate macronutrient intake among T2DM patients. The development of the FFQ was based on the data acquired from 150 respondents with T2DM from the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia who completed the three-day 24-h dietary recalls. The respondents were selected by convenience sampling. The mean intake from each food item and the proportions of macronutrients were calculated. The approach from a previous study was used to compile a list of foods items with a cumulative 90% macronutrient contribution that is significant for the nutrient of interest. In conclusion, we have successfully developed a new semi-quantitative FFQ with a total of 79 food items and nine food groups. The frequencies of the FFQ were divided into nine categories and this FFQ represents the usual food intake of T2DM patients in Malaysia. However, this tool has yet to be validated in patients with T2DM in Malaysia.

Evidence for the carbohydrate–insulin model in a reanalysis of the Diet Intervention Examining The Factors Interacting with Treatment Success (DIETFITS) trial

BackgroundThe Diet Intervention Examining The Factors Interacting with Treatment Success (DIETFITS) trial demonstrated that meaningful weight loss can be achieved with either a “healthy low-carbohydrate diet” (LCD) or “healthy low-fat diet” (LFD). However, because both diets substantially decreased glycemic load (GL), the dietary factors mediating weight loss remain unclear. ObjectivesWe aimed to explore the contribution of macronutrients and GL to weight loss in DIETFITS and examine a hypothesized relationship between GL and insulin secretion. DesignThis study is a secondary data analysis of the DIETFITS trial, in which participants with overweight or obesity (aged 18–50 y) were randomized to a 12-mo LCD (N = 304) or LFD (N = 305). ResultsMeasures related to carbohydrate intake (total amount, glycemic index, added sugar, and fiber) showed strong associations with weight loss at 3-, 6-, and 12-mo time points in the full cohort, whereas those related to total fat intake showed weak to no associations. A biomarker of carbohydrate (triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio) predicted weight loss at all time points (3-mo: β [kg/biomarker z-score change] = 1.1, P = 3.5 × 10−9; 6-mo: β = 1.7, P = 1.1 × 10−9; and 12-mo: β = 2.6, P = 1.5 × 10−15), whereas that of fat (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol + HDL cholesterol) did not (all time points: P = NS). In a mediation model, GL explained most of the observed effect of total calorie intake on weight change. Dividing the cohort into quintiles of baseline insulin secretion and GL reduction revealed evidence of effect modification for weight loss, with P = 0.0009 at 3 mo, P = 0.01 at 6 mo, and P = 0.07 at 12 mo. ConclusionsAs predicted by the carbohydrate–insulin model of obesity, weight loss in both diet groups of DIETFITS seems to have been driven by the reduction of GL more so than dietary fat or calories, an effect that may be most pronounced among those with high insulin secretion. These findings should be interpreted cautiously in view of the exploratory nature of this study. Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01826591).

Application of digital transformations of dietary microdata and factor analysis to study the nutritional patterns of breakfast and its significance in providing the nutritional value of the diet of adults

Eating disorders with skipping meals are considered as a risk factor for chronic non-communicable diseases. Frequent skipping of meals is associated with the risk of developing metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. Breakfast is considered to be the most important meal of the day. However, studies on the impact of skipping breakfast on the risk of overweight and obesity are highly controversial. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of skipping the morning breakfast meal and its impact on the actual daily intake of nutrients and energy in the Russian adult population. Material and methods. The data from a sample survey of dietary intake conducted in 2013 by the Russian Federal State Statistics Service have been used. The analysis included adult respondents (19 years and older) in the amount of 163 000 people in 2 stages of the survey (in April and September). The dietary intake of all members of the surveyed households was studied using the 24-hour recall method. Since the survey questionnaires did not contain information about type of meals, therefore, with the help of binning in thзe SPSS program, time intervals of the maximum food energy intake by the respondents were established, which were taken as evidence of the main meals and snacks. Results. Of the main meals, the largest proportion of respondents skipped dinner (23.1%), then breakfast (13.0%), and the smallest proportion skipped lunch (5.7%).The proportion of men and women who skipped breakfast was 12.6 and 13.3%, respectively, a greater frequency of skipping breakfast was observed at a young age (19-30 years, 19.3%) and at an old age (75 years and older, 16.1%). With an increase in the average monthly income of a family, the percentage of those who skip breakfast increases. Adult members of families with many children (3 or more children), whose average per capita income is lower than those in families with 2 children, skip breakfast less frequently. The smallest share of people skipping breakfast was found in the North Caucasian and Southern districts, and the maximum in the Siberian and Far Eastern districts. Adults who skipped breakfast had a higher percentage of malnourished (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) and normal nutritional status (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2). At the same time, the proportion of people who consumed breakfast was significantly higher in overweight people (25.0-29.9 kg/m2), and no differences were found among obese people. It is shown that skipping breakfast is accompanied by a decrease in the energy value of the daily diet by an average of 200 kcal. Despite the increase in the caloric content of the 2nd breakfast, afternoon snack and evening snack in absolute terms (р<0.01), there was no compensation for the loss of energy value in the absence of breakfast. A decrease in the absolute values of nutrient intake associated with a decrease in energy consumption was established. However, skipping breakfast showed a decrease in added sugar intake as a per cent of total calorie intake (12.1±8.6 vs 13.2±9.1%, р<0.01), while the contribution of other macronutrients to energy intake did not change significantly. In connection with the heterogeneity of the actual dietary intake of the population, factor analysis was used to describe the main food models of the breakfast using the principal component method. 6 factors were identified that determine the eating patterns of breakfasts and correlate with 2-4 individual food items of actual dietary intake. Conclusion. The results obtained are consistent in a number of positions with the literature data, in particular, indicating a decrease in daily energy consumption when skipping breakfast.

A Comparison of Primary Human Hepatocytes and Hepatoma Cell Lines to Model the Effects of Fatty Acids, Fructose and Glucose on Liver Cell Lipid Accumulation.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) begins with lipid accumulation within hepatocytes, but the relative contributions of different macronutrients is still unclear. We investigated the impact of fatty acids, glucose and fructose on lipid accumulation in primary human hepatocytes (PHH) and three different cell lines: HepG2 (human hepatoblastoma-derived cell line), Huh7 (human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line) and McA-RH7777 (McA, rat hepatocellular carcinoma cell line). Cells were treated for 48 h with fatty acids (0 or 200 μM), glucose (5 mM or 11 mM) and fructose (0 mM, 2 mM or 8 mM). Lipid accumulation was measured via Nile Red staining. All cell types accumulated lipid in response to fatty acids (p &lt; 0.001). PHH and McA, but not HepG2 or Huh7 cells, accumulated more lipid with 11 mM glucose plus fatty acids (p = 0.004, fatty acid × glucose interaction, for both), but only PHH increased lipid accumulation in response to fructose (p &lt; 0.001). Considerable variation was observed between PHH cells from different individuals. Lipid accumulation in PHH was increased by insulin (p = 0.003) with inter-individual variability. Similarly, insulin increased lipid accumulation in both HepG2 and McA cells, with a bigger response in McA in the presence of fatty acids (p &lt; 0.001 for fatty acid × insulin). McA were more insulin sensitive than either HepG2 or Huh7 cells in terms of AKT phosphorylation (p &lt; 0.001 insulin × cell type interaction). Hence, glucose and fructose can contribute to the accumulation of lipid in PHH with considerable inter-individual variation, but hepatoma cell lines are not good models of PHH.

Frequency of Eating in the US Population: A Narrative Review of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Report

ABSTRACTBackgroundA person's daily nutrient intake and overall nutritional status are determined by a complex interplay of the types and amounts of foods ingested in combination with the timing and frequency of eating.ObjectivesThe aim was to summarize frequency of eating occasion data examined by the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, the macronutrient contributions they provide, and meal frequency relative to dietary quality among the US population (≥2 y), with a focus on sex, age, race/Hispanic origin, and income.MethodsDemographic and 24-h recall data from the 2013–2016 NHANES were examined. An eating occasion was defined as “any ingestive event (e.g., solid food, beverage, water) that is either energy yielding or non-energy yielding”; all eating occasions were further divided into discrete meals and snacks. Frequency of meals and snacks was defined as “the number of daily EOs [eating occasions],” respectively. Diet quality was assessed via the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)–2015.ResultsMost Americans consume 2 (28%) to 3 (64%) meals on a given day and >90% consume 2 to 3 snacks on that day. Adult, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Black and lower-income (<131% family poverty-to-income ratio) Americans had a lower frequency of eating than children or adolescents, non-Hispanic White, and non-Hispanic Asian Americans and higher-income Americans, respectively. Americans who reported 3 meals on a given day consumed a diet higher in dietary quality than Americans who consumed 2 meals on a given day (HEI-2015: 61.0 vs. 55.0), regardless of population subgroup.ConclusionsThe frequency of the types of eating occasions differs according to age, race and Hispanic origin, and income. Dietary quality is associated with the number of meals consumed. Healthy dietary patterns can be constructed in a variety of ways to suit different life stages, cultural practices, and income levels; improved diet quality and careful consideration of nutrient density when planning meals are warranted.

Macronutrient Ratio Modification in a Semi‐Purified Diet Composition: Effects on Growth and Body Composition of Juvenile Zebrafish Danio rerio

AbstractThe interaction of dietary macronutrients in the control of growth, body composition, health, and longevity has received renewed attention. The protein leverage hypothesis proposes an inverse relationship between dietary protein levels and obesity development (low protein promoting high obesity), although the majority of laboratory studies have utilized a design modulating the protein amount within a single dietary protein source composition. We investigated whether varying the levels of dietary protein amount and sources would have impacts on growth and body composition using the Zebrafish Danio rerio model. At 28 d postfertilization, Zebrafish were fed 1 of 12 dietary treatments for 12 weeks. Diets contained different protein sources (fish protein hydrolysate [FPH], soy protein isolate [SOY], casein [CAS], or a mixture of all three sources including wheat gluten [MIX]). Sources were formulated at three protein concentrations (18, 33, or 48% as fed, substituted with wheat starch for caloric balance). Body length, height, and weight were measured over time and at termination. Contributions of macronutrients to growth and body fat outcomes were estimated by LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression. Male and female length, height, and weight increased significantly in response to increasing dietary protein. Male and female fish fed SOY or FPH had the highest amount of body lipid at all protein concentrations relative to those fed CAS or MIX. Relative body lipid was highest in fish that were fed the lowest protein concentration. These data suggest an important role of macronutrient balances, including dietary protein amount and source, in relation to the protein: energy (carbohydrate and lipid) ratio on growth and body composition outcomes. These outcomes may ultimately reflect metabolic alterations that can lead to confounding interpretations of health and disease status. Furthermore, these data reinforce the need to consider and report dietary composition in establishing rigorous and reproducible nutritional guidelines for Zebrafish.

Snacking among shiftwork nurses related to non-optimal dietary intake.

To compare nurses' non-optimal eating behaviours across different shifts, to examine whether non-day shifts were related to deviation from optimal dietary behaviours compared with day shifts and whether such deviation was related to non-optimal macronutrient intake. This is a 4-day intensive longitudinal study. A convenience sample of hospital nurses was recruited in Taiwan. From September 2018 through January 2019, 120 participants completed 4-days of 24-h dietary recalls. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis H test were used to compare differences in energy and macronutrient intake and frequency of meals and snacking, respectively. Generalized linear regressions examined (1) the associations between shiftwork schedules and non-optimal eating behaviours and (2) associations between non-optimal eating and high energy contribution of non-optimal macronutrients. Nurses consumed less energy on evening and night shifts compared with day shifts. However, energy intake from snacking was higher on evening and night shifts relative to day shifts. Nurses consumed less meals but had higher snacking frequency on non-day shifts. In addition, high energy intake from snacking was positively associated with high energy intake from saturated fat. Nurses were more likely to have non-optimal eating behaviours on non-day shifts, which may contribute to an increased intake of saturated fat; thus, increasing their risk of chronic diseases. Strategies to improve non-day shift nurses' non-optimal eating behaviours may be beneficial to their health. Shiftwork is known to affect nurses' eating behaviours; however, which shift is associated with unhealthy eating remains inconclusive. Despite lower energy intakes, nurses had higher intake by snacking on evening and night shifts. High snacking intake was associated with a high intake of saturated fat. Hospitals can increase the availability of healthy foods on evening or night shifts, which may improve non-day shift nurses' non-optimal eating behaviours.

Summer/fall diet and macronutrient assimilation in an Arctic predator.

Free-ranging predator diet estimation is commonly achieved by applying molecular-based tracers because direct observation is not logistically feasible or robust. However, tracers typically do not represent all dietary macronutrients, which likely obscures resource use as prey proximate composition varies and tissue consumption can be specific. For example, polar bears (Ursus maritimus) preferentially consume blubber, yet diets have been estimated using fatty acids based on prey blubber or stable isotopes of lipid-extracted prey muscle, neither of which represent both protein and lipid macronutrient contributions. Further, additional bias can be introduced because dietary fat is known to be flexibly routed beyond short-term energy production and storage. We address this problem by simultaneously accounting for protein and lipid assimilation using carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of lipid-containing prey muscle and blubber to infer summer/fall diet composition and macronutrient proportions from Chukchi Sea polar bear guard hair (n = 229) sampled each spring between 2008 and 2017. Inclusion of blubber (85-95% lipid by dry mass) expanded the isotope mixing space and improved separation among prey species. Ice-associated seals, including nutritionally dependent pups, were the primary prey in summer/fall diets with lower contributions by Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) and whales. Percent blubber estimates confirmed preferential selection of this tissue and represented the highest documented lipid assimilation for any animal species. Our results offer an improved understanding of summer/fall prey macronutrient usage by Chukchi Sea polar bears which likely coincides with a nutritional bottleneck as the sea ice minimum is approached.

Adherence to Dietary Recommendations of 7-Year-Old Children from a Birth Cohort in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy.

Few Italian and European studies have assessed adherence to dietary recommendations in primary school children using dietary records. No Italian studies have provided an index-based nutritional adequacy assessment. We provided a comprehensive overview of dietary intake in 381 7-year-old children from NAC-II cohort study, Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy). Energy, macro-, and micronutrient intakes were derived from 3-day dietary records. Standard (median and percentage) and index-based (Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR)) approaches were used to evaluate adequacy to Italian dietary reference values at nutrient- and overall-diet-level. Percentage contribution of macronutrients to energy intake (%En) was unbalanced towards total fats and protein. In 25% of children, total fats intake exceeded the reference intake upper limit. In ~63% of children, protein intake was at least doubled in their child-specific population reference intake. Median intakes of sodium (1.7 g/day), saturated fatty acids (12.2 %En), and soluble carbohydrates (19.4 %En) exceeded the suggested dietary target in most (65–84%) children. Inadequacy was also observed for micronutrients, with median NARs ranging from 0.11 (vitamin D) to 0.90 (zinc). The median MAR was 0.75 (0.69–0.79), with 1 indicating optimal overall dietary intake. In conclusion, the enrolled children showed suboptimal intakes of several macro- and micronutrients, in line with Italian and European studies on primary school children. Based on the current findings, public health interventions may be targeted to specific nutrients or subpopulations.

Taro production, phytomass input by Sesbania and Flemingia and improvement in soil fertility in agroforestry systems in floodplains

Floodplains were the first deforested areas for agriculture use all over the world. In Brazil these areas can be restored by the growth of guanandi Calophyllum brasiliense, a slow-growing native forest species adapted to flooding. The aims of this study were to: (i) evaluate the taro, Colocasia esculenta, management under two agroforestry systems (AFS) (Simple and Biodiverse) in succession to a reforestation with guanandi, (ii) evaluate the contribution of macronutrients from the green manure Flemingia macrophylla and Sesbania virgata, both managed using pruning for green manure in the respective AFSs, and (iii) the effects on soil nutrients levels compared to monoculture of guanandi (control). The randomized block was designed with eight replication and 216.0 m² plots with four rows of six guanandi trees in each line. In the simple AFS (SAFS), the taro was intercropped with Flemingia and in the biodiverse AFS (BAFS), Sesbania, banana shrub (Musa sp.), edible palm (Euterpe edulis) and fourteen species of native trees were included. Production was evaluated in seasons with high rainfall and water scarcity. With floods the taro has produced around 15 Mg ha-1 of marketable corms in the SAFS and 9 Mg ha-1 in the BAFS, but the drought has made commercial production unfeasible, with no differences between cormels and corms planting. However, enough rhizomes were harvested for a new planting. Flemingia has accumulated 17 Mg ha-1 of fresh matter and Sesbania contributed with 2 Mg ha-1. Soil pH and macronutrient content, especially K, were significantly higher in AFSs areas compared to guanandi monoculture.

English

Introduction: Although nutrition is determinant in the performance of athletes, few publications on this topic are available for climbers. Objectives: To measure body composition and dietary intake in a group of recreational Spanish climbers. Material and method: For body composition data we performed the measurements included in the ISAK anthropometric restricted- profile. Daily dietary intake was self-recorded on 3 days of the week: a non-climbing day, a climbing-gym training day and a rock- climbing day. Results were compared to Spanish nutritional recommendations. Results: 61 climbers (44 men, 17 women), aged 34 ± 8 years, volunteered. Body fat % was 8.1 ± 1.5% in men and 15.7 ± 3.0% in women. A negative correlation was found between body fat % and climbing ability (P&lt;0.0005). Intake of energy and carbohydrates was 40% below estimated targets and that of proteins was 20-25% below. Moreover, macronutrient contribution to energy was unbalanced (protein: fat: CHO: alcohol was 17: 38: 42: 3%). We observed an elevated intake of SFA and sugars and low consumption of MUFA and fiber. Micronutrient intakes were acceptable except for iodine, zinc and vitamin D in both genders and iron and folate in women. Mean Adequacy Ratio of diet was higher in advanced/elite climbers compared with those in the intermediate level showing a possible relationship between climbing ability and diet quality. Conclusions: This study evidences there is a need of nutritional recommendations targeted to climbers. Our findings can contribute to the design of evidence-based food guides to help climbers optimise health and performance outcomes.

Development and characterization of healthy gummy jellies containing natural fruits

Abstract The reduction of sugar and the addition of healthier ingredients in gummy jellies brings some improved health characteristics to a product that usually is devoid of nutrition. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop gummy jellies using natural ingredients, without added sugars or additives, in two varieties: one including orange juice and slightly sweetened with honey (ORH) and the other including puree made from a mixture of berries (BEM). These were submitted to physicochemical, microbiological, and sensorial analyses. Results of microbiological analyses showed that both gummies were suitable for consumption accordingly to EU legislation. The physicochemical analyses allowed making a nutritional evaluation, so that ORH and BEM presented 73.8 kcal/100 g and 39.8 kcal/100 g, respectively, five and nine times lower than similar commercial products. The contribution of macronutrients of ORH and BEM was as follows: 78.0 and 67% from carbohydrates, 21.7 and 33% from proteins, respectively. Regarding the potential functional properties, the antioxidant capacity was 50.4 ± 4.5 mg/L TE for ORH and 83.7 ± 7.6 mg/L for BEM. Sensorial evaluation showed that although the developed gummy jellies were slightly less appreciated than a commercial counterpart, still they were appreciated by members of a panel and particularly the ORH, which was rated with scores almost equal to those of the commercial sample. In addition, the developed gummies showed lower caloric values and higher antioxidant capacity than similar commercial candies. Overall, ORH and BEM gummy jellies could represent an opportunity to provide consumers with a healthier alternative to the common jelly candies available in the market.

Assessment of Nutrition Status in Amateur Windsurfers during Regattas in the Competitive Period—A Field Study

Windsurfing is a demanding activity that requires a high level of physical fitness as well as appropriate training and nutritional strategies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the dietary intake of amateur windsurfers and consider possible dietary mistakes. This field study was conducted among 10 Polish male amateur windsurfers (aged 22 ± 2 years, mean training experience of 9.5 ± 4 years). Dietary intake was assessed using a standardized 3-day food record. The total energy expenditure of each participant was estimated using a mobile fitness application. The daily energy supply in assessed portions of the windsurfers’ food was lower than the estimated demand during the competition. The contribution of macronutrients to the total energy intake adhered to those guidelines, but not with the ones recommended for athletes practicing extreme sports. Daily fluid consumption was insufficient. In the windsurfers’ diet, we noticed low consumption of vitamin D and calcium, while cholesterol, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus intake was too high. Nutritional practices of amateur windsurfers during the competitive period do not comply with current sports nutrition guidelines. The results suggest that windsurfers are in need of nutritional education and dietary counseling in order to meet macronutrient intake targets.

Determination of Nutritional Status and Sleep Quality in Patients with Myocardial Infarction

Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) is a serious result of coronary artery disease which may lead various complications about cardiovascular health. Objective:This study was conducted to determine the nutritional status and sleep quality in patients with MI. Methods:A total of 140 patients from cardiology clinic of a training and research hospital or family healthcare center between January and February 2020 divided into two groups according to occurrence of MI in their medical history (MI and without-MI). In their visits, Pittsburgh sleep quality index were applied and anthropometric measures and a 24-hour retrospective food consumption records was taken. Results:The mean age of the patients with MI (n=66) and without MI (n=74) was 56.5±7.2 and 56.6±8.5years, respectively. The average body mass index (BMI) of the patients with MI was significantly lower than others (29.45±4.8, 31.38±5.7; p<0.05, respectively) and the proportion of patients with normal body weight was low in both groups (respectively; 19.0%, 13.5%; p>0.05). There wasn’t significant difference between the groups in energy intake (p>0,05). When the contribution of macronutrients to energy was evaluated, it was determined that the energy from fat was lower in the MI group (33.60±7.5%, 38.02±7.8%, respectively) and the energy from CHO was higher (50.03±8.7%, 45.22±8.7%, respectively) (p <0.05). It was found that the number of individuals with poor sleep quality was higher in both groups (with MI:69.7%, without-MI:71.6%; p> 0.05). Conclusion:In this study, lower BMI and lower energy intake from fats may be associated with the awareness of MI group to the relation between cardiovascular diseases and nutrition.