Contribution Of Energy Terms Research Articles

Energy Retrofitting Technologies of Buildings: A Review-Based Assessment

Demand for energy and resources is increasing day by day. The construction industry plays a major role in the consumption of energy and resources. Buildings that were built before energy-efficient sustainable practices became popular consume a larger portion of energy as compared to the new buildings. As a result, enhancing energy performance through retrofitting of those old buildings is a major concern in the construction industry. In the modern built environment, there are many technologies available in the market to enhance the energy performance of such buildings. However, the body of knowledge regarding energy retrofitting technologies is still scattered. Therefore, in this study, a review-based assessment was undertaken to identify energy retrofitting technologies that could enhance energy performance in existing buildings. The Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol was followed during the article screening and selection for this study. Following a systematic filtering process, a total of 149 out of 643 research contributions have been considered for in-depth analysis of energy retrofitting classification and respective energy retrofitting technologies. According to the review, energy retrofitting technologies are categorized into three main aspects; building envelope retrofitting, building system retrofitting, and renewable energy. The study found thirty-seven (37) energy-related retrofitting technologies in the current context. Further, 25 possible energy retrofitting technologies were identified under the six main subcategories, including façade, roof floor, window, door, and orientation. In terms of building system retrofitting, 10 possible energy retrofitting technologies were identified under the HVAC system and lighting system. The remaining two technologies identified under the renewable energy category were solar and wind technology. The review further confirms that the application of energy-related retrofitting technologies has the highest contribution in terms of energy and cost saving of existing buildings. It is expected that this outcome would better guide stakeholders in decision-making with regard to the selection of energy retrofitting technologies in a given context.

A compositional modeling framework for the optimal energy management of a district network

This paper proposes a compositional modeling framework for the optimal energy management of a district network. The focus is on cooling of buildings, which can possibly share resources to the purpose of reducing maintenance costs and using devices at their maximal efficiency. Components of the network are described in terms of energy fluxes and combined via energy balance equations. Disturbances are accounted for as well, through their contribution in terms of energy. Different district configurations can be built, and the dimension and complexity of the resulting model will depend both on the number and type of components and on the adopted disturbance description. Control inputs are available to efficiently operate and coordinate the district components, thus enabling energy management strategies to minimize the electrical energy costs or track some consumption profile agreed with the main grid operator.

Visual Performance of Yellow, Orange and Red LSCs Integrated in a Smart Window

Abstract The present work aims to experimentally analyze daylighting performances of the LSC-Smart Window developed by a joint R&D collaboration project between Eni (the largest Italian integrated energy company) and the Politecnico di Milano. The LSC-Smart Window, designed with the aim of enhancing the use of luminescent solar concentrators in the building sector, will be analyzed in an array of different configurations, realized with LSCs of different colors (specifically: red, orange and yellow) and compared to neutral PMMA plates. Our Smart Window represents an active element in the energy performance of a building, providing a multifunctional contribution in terms of energy saving through dynamic solar control and renewable energy production. A prototype of the Smart Window has been realized and installed in one of Eni's headquarter buildings for its accurate performance analysis.

Electromagnetic energy of electric and magnetic dipoles

We derive a novel expression for the relativistic energy of electric and magnetic dipoles in an external electromagnetic field and discuss its implications. In particular, we find the relativistic dependence of the energy of a dipole on its velocity, v, and show that in the most convenient presentation of the energy (when the proper electric (p0) and magnetic (m0) dipole moments are involved, whereas the electric (E) and magnetic (B) fields are defined in the laboratory frame), its value essentially depends on the orientation of the velocity, v, with respect to vectors p0, E, and m0, B. To better understand the relativistic behavior of the energy of electric and magnetic dipoles, we introduce the notion of “latent” momentum of an electric dipole, in addition to the known concept of “hidden” momentum of a magnetic dipole. We finally show that the contribution of energy terms related to “hidden” and “latent” momenta of an electric or magnetic dipole is important in the relativistic case.

Synthesis, characterization and computational modeling of cyclen substituted with dendrimeric branches. Dendrimeric and macrocyclic moieties working together in a collective fashion

A molecular system, formed by the aza-macrocycle known as cyclen and functionalized dendrons, was synthesized in a convergent fashion. An aliphatic spacer between the two molecular units was incorporated to avoid the sterical hindrances. The N-acylation reactions to carry out the cyclen substitution, particularly those in solid state, resulted in very good yields since no further purifications were necessary. The obtained molecular system was characterized by common spectroscopic techniques. According to X-ray analysis (powder analysis), there is a random arrangement of the molecules, with an average interplanar distance (the most recurrent) of 4.8 Å between first neighbors. A theoretical study at DFT level of theory was carried out, simulating the inclusion process of Ni 2+ into two different model molecules ( A and C), with and without dendrons present. According to the calculated interaction energies in the inclusion process, there is a significant contribution in terms of energy (−60.89 Kcal/mol) due to the presence of functionalized dendrons, which enfold the metal ion, forming a molecular cage and increasing in this way the degree of pre-organization due to cooperative effects created by the dendrimeric environment. These molecular arrangements would be relevant in areas like catalysis, having influence on the selectivity of catalytic processes, by controlling the accessibility of the active site (the metal atom) via sterical hindrances. Further experimental work of the incorporation of metal ions of the first transition series will be done in a rational way, taking into account the theoretical results obtained so far.

Women's role in energy usage in rural areas

Abstract Rural development policies in India have rarely been designed for women as beneficiaries of development schemes. This is despite the fact that the women in rural communities, especially the very isolated, play a crucial role towards maintaining families at a subsistance level. The economics of womens' contribution in terms of energy, goods and income supplement is not clearly understood and often overlooked by planning authorities. An attempt is being made here to demonstrate the major role played by women in energy usage and expenditure, by quantifying womens' work in terms of household income distribution. The point being made is that womens' work should not be regarded as only drudgery to be eliminated. One should work towards reducing womens' workload by bringing in appropriate technology to ease her work and not eliminate the work itself by importing a substitute. If this is not done we end up getting rid of women as important contributors to society.

On the triangular incommensurate phase in γ-brass. I

The origin of the stability of the triangular incommensurate (IC) phase of gamma -brass ( gamma -Cu1-xZnx) is discussed. In a very narrow concentration range of 0.586<x<0.60, gamma -CuZn exhibits a long-period triangular inversion antiphase domain structure with the spacing as long as 2000 AA. In order to elucidate the origin of such an extremely long-period IC structure, the authors develop a phenomenological treatment based on the Landau-Ginzburg free energy functional. The order parameter is established in terms of a particular phonon mode in the prototype BCC phase. By introducing the symmetry-adapted coupling between the gradients of the order parameter and macroscopic strains, it has been shown that when the coupling is sufficiently large, a spatially modulated triangular IC phase is stabilised. The extraordinarily large periodicity is ascribed to near cancellation of two competing contributions of energy terms to the free energy functional.

Identification of the Aramaic Fourth Scroll from 'Ain Feshkha

could not remain without the external symbols of scholarly recognition in this country or abroad. He received honorary degrees from the University of Pennsylvania (S. T. D., 1908), the Episcopal Theological School of Cambridge, Mass. (D.D., 1928), the Jewish Institute of Religion (D.H.L., 1935), and Princeton University (Litt. D., 1939). The British Society for Old Testament Study made him an Honorary Member. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1925, and was President of the Society of Biblical Literature in 1918 and of the American Oriental Society in 1926/27. Increasing recognition, however, often brought with it also increased demands for his services. He was Editor of the Journal of Biblical Literature, 1909-1913, and of the Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1916-21 and 1924. No group, however, owes Professor Montgomery greater debt than that incurred by the American Schools of Oriental Research. He served as Director of the Jerusalem School in the trying year 1914/15, when the advent of the First World War overtook him, with his wife and three young sons, in Palestine, then controlled by hostile Turkey. And nothing can match his contribution in terms of energy, devotion, and practical wisdom-all expended in generous measure during the thirteen years, 1921-1934, in which he led the Schools as their President. Professor Montgomery's influence as teacher can be calculated only in small part-the recorded part. The dissertations which were prepared under his sympathetic guidance cannot tell the full story. His direct influence on all who had the rare privilege of benefiting by his precept and example is enduring, yet immeasurable. It is true that on February 6, 1949 a force and light have gone out of our lives. But he had given of himself so freely and generously throughout the years that great force and bright light survive him on many shelves-and in many hearts. E. A. SPEISER