Contrastive Discourse Research Articles

Altruismi julkisjohtamisen kehyksenä

Altruism as a framework for public leadership This article examines altruism as a framework for public leadership. It also aims to analyse the meanings that public leaders attach to altruism in the context of meaningful public leadership. The empirical data consists of interviews with eighteen public leaders. The data has been analysed using antagonistic discourse analysis. Based on the research, it seems that altruism can be considered as a dominant way of thinking and approach in public leadership. Leaders described altruism and its meanings through 57 discourses. The discursive field lacked discourses that described altruism as part of good governance or ethics in public service. Contrasting discourses were the potential for altruism in the private and public sectors and the different motivational bases for altruism.

Exploration of supervisees’ experiences of a transcultural supervision activity

AimsRegulatory competences for educational psychologists (EPs) state specifications of understanding and acknowledging diversity and transcultural working within practice. This article explores the experiences of four trainee educational psychologists (TEPs) after participating in a Transcultural Supervision activity with their placement supervisors, which aims to promote culturally responsive working.MethodSupervisees’ views were gained through an online questionnaire and analysed using Thematic Analysis. The article explores the supervisee’s experience of the transcultural supervision activity and the impact of it on their cultural awareness and power dynamics within a supervisory relationship.FindingsFour superordinate themes were interpreted in the study, including: engagement, thoughts and feelings, developing cultural awareness and reducing power differential. The paper explores these themes in further detail alongside the subordinate themes constructed, before highlighting implications for educational psychology and supervisory practice.LimitationsLimitations of the research discussed including the sampling method, method of data collection used and the assumption made by the researcher that each participant has a similar understanding of the definitions of culture and power dynamics, limiting exploration of potentially contrasting discourses in practice.ConclusionsOverall, the transcultural supervision activity was reported to be beneficial in improving cultural awareness by supervisees and was also perceived as being influential in supporting power dynamics within new supervisory relationships. This complements previous research exploring the views of supervisors and their experience of the transcultural activity and has potential for further use in EP professional training and practice.

L’approche diachronique en analyse du discours contrastive

Starting from the observation that diachronic approaches are rare in discourse analysis and that synchronicity poses the problem of neglecting both the historicity of discourse production and inter-discourse, the author presents a methodological reflection on what distinguishes “geographical” and diachronic approaches in Contrastive Discourse Analysis. This reflection is illustrated by some of the results of a contrastive analysis of the treatment of National Socialism and the World War II in German history textbooks between 1955 and 2016.

A new critique of the binary first- and second-order distinction in politeness research

In this paper, we revisit the renowned binary distinction between the first- and second-order perspectives on politeness through an approach that combines speech acts with interaction. We challenge the long-held assumption that speech acts are ‘artificial’, providing a mere ‘second-order’ perspective on politeness. As an alternative, we propose an approach through which one can study speech act realisation and pragmatic phenomena such as politeness in interaction. We present a case study, in which we analyse an interaction featuring a clash between an animal rights protester and the organisers of a children's party where animals are on display. We explore how politeness and related pragmatic phenomena such as moral order can be captured through the lens of speech acts embedded in interactional moves. This analysis is followed by a contrastive discourse analytic study, which again represents an ‘in-between’ of first- and second-order analyses. We conclude that the binary first- and second-order distinction in politeness research is not only problematic because it is too simplistic to capture the whole cluster of perspectives relevant for politeness, but also because it leads to an overly simplified methodological divide.

PERCY: A post-hoc explanation-based score for logic rule dissemination consistency assessment in sentiment classification

Disseminating and incorporating logic rules into deep neural networks has been extensively explored for sentiment classification in recent years. In particular, most methods and algorithms proposed for this purpose rely on a specific component that aims to capture and model logic rules, followed by a sequence model to process the input sequence. While the authors of these methods claim that they effectively capture syntactic structures that affect sentiment classification, they only show improvement in accuracy to support their claims without further analysis. Focusing on various syntactic structures, particularly contrastive discourse relations such as the A-but-B structure, we introduce the PERCY score, a novel Post-hoc Explanation-based Rule ConsistencY Score to analyze and study the ability of several of these methods to identify these structures in a given sentence, and to make their classification decisions based on the appropriate conjunct. Specifically, we explore the use of model-agnostic post-hoc explanation frameworks to explain the predictions of any classifier in an interpretable and faithful manner. These model explainability frameworks provide feature attribution scores to estimate each word’s impact on the final classification decision. Then, they are combined to check whether the model has based its decision on the right conjunct. Our experiments show that (a) accuracy – or any other performance metric – can be misleading in assessing the ability of logic rule dissemination methods to base their decisions on the right conjunct, (b) not all analyzed methods effectively capture syntactic structures, (c) often, the underlying sequence model is what captures the structure, and (d) for the best method, less than 25% of the test examples are classified based on the appropriate conjunct, indicating that a lot of research needs to be done on this topic. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate that the PERCY scores calculated are robust and stable w.r.t. the feature-attribution frameworks used.

DISCOURSE MARKERS IN VOGUE’S 73 QUESTIONS WITH ADELE

This study aims to find out what discourse markers are usually contained in an utterance, then what is the function of using these discourse markers, and also the reasons for using discourse markers that occur in Adele's video interview with Vogue. The data used in this study was obtained from the YouTube video content belonging to the Vogue channel called 73 Questions. As a basis for this research, there are several theories used, namely the theory of Fraser (2009), Dumlao and Wilang (2019), and Schiffrin (1987) in Cambridge (2018). In analyzing the data, the author uses a qualitative method with a case study research design. Based on the results of the analysis obtained by the author, it was found that 373 data were showing the use of discourse markers consisting of 26 different discourse markers. The 26 markers consist of 5 different types of discourse markers which include contrastive discourse markers, elaborative discourse markers, inferential discourse markers, temporal discourse markers, and spoken discourse markers. Furthermore, the dominant types of discourse markers that occur are elaborative discourse markers occur 118 times and spoken discourse markers occur 130 times. As for its function, there are 8 functions, namely, connecting markers, managing information, response markers, the cause, the effect marker, a temporal adverb, a marker of time, a sign of rejection or contrast, as well as a marker that describes the closeness between the topic of the question and the idea. And the reason found for the use of discourse markers is to make the conversation that occurs flow, not stiff, natural, and meaningful between Adele and the interviewer.

Continuative and contrastive discourse relations across discourse domains

Preview this article: Continuative and contrastive discourse relations across discourse domains, Page 1 of 1 < Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/fol.00050.klu-1.gif

Conclusions et ouverture : dialogue intergénérationnel

As the bioethics law has just been voted, several actors during this academic conference have examined the paradigm shift introduced by this resolutely liberal law from their respective perspectives. Using a reading grid inherited from Pascal&#8217;s orders, the different dimensions of moral, political, legal, and scientific discourse are used as a reference to evaluate an often highly contrasting discourse. The evolution of the paradigm from bioethics law to zoethics law, in search of social legitimacy and of a response to individual desires, constitutes a turning point in the revision of bioethics laws. Under these conditions, does bioethics law does not lose its universal purpose?

The Signaling of Continuative and Contrastive Discourse Relations in English Argumentative Discourse: Corpus-Based and Experimental Perspectives

This paper examines the linguistic realization of continuative and contrastive discourse relations (DRs) in English argumentative discourse, focusing on both discourse as product and discourse as process. Based on a corpus of 25 argumentative texts with corresponding experimental data stemming from an editing-based task, this study aims to answer the questions of (i) how continuative and contrastive DRs are linguistically realized (i.e., encoded in coherence strands or additionally signaled) in English argumentative discourse, and (ii) how their signaling unfolds during the real-time process of discourse editing. The quantitative analysis of the edited texts shows that contrastive DRs are signaled throughout (e.g., through contrastive discourse connectives), whereas continuative DRs are more frequently encoded only. In addition, the qualitative analysis of the experimental data (i.e., keystroke logging data and corresponding metadata) reveals that while the signaling of contrastive DRs is made manifest right from the start of the editing process across the data, continuative DRs tend to be signaled only at a later stage. This can be explained by the semantic overlap between different types of continuative DRs, which requires that the participants (re-)negotiate the exact nature (and thus the appropriate linguistic signal) of a particular continuative DR more frequently than contrastive DRs, which are clearly interpreted and thus readily signaled as contrastive throughout.

On Pragmatics of Contrastiveness: The Discourse Marker But in English, Thai, and Korean

This paper analyzes the contrastive discourse marker (CDM) but in English, Thai, and Korean, based on oral data transcriptions and drama and movie scenarios. An analysis reveals that the CDMs in the three languages carry multiple functions along with their primary function of signaling contrastiveness. The notion of contrast may be applicable to diverse levels, but in the global or metatextual level, the contrast may involve the management of interaction, topic, information and interlocutor. The majority of the functions are shared in the three languages surveyed, but there are also unique functions in each language. This state of affairs points to the universality of cognitive mechanisms as well as the differences of socio-culturally motivated discursive strategies.

Evaluating the Use of Discourse Markers in Selected English Education Journal Articles

Considering the important roles of discourse markers in writing academic purposes, the researchers evaluate the use of discourse markers in English Education Journal articles. This research aims to find out the types of discourse markers precisely contrastive, elaborative and inferential discourse markers, and the errors in using those expressions. This research uses a qualitative research design with the data from written language especially the journal articles published by English Education Journal (EEJ). Thus, specifically this research employs content analysis. There were twenty journal articles analyzed. They represented their volume especially there are four volumes in 2020. The findings of this research demonstrated that all of the research data applied those types of discourse markers. The type of elaborative discourse markers were the first type used by the writers. It is the frequently used by the writers in the journal articles. In this case, it used in 890 times. The expression frequently used is and. Meanwhile, the errors in using discourse markers in the journal articles occurred in 17 times. Here, the wrong relation category as the commonly applied in 7 times. These findings inform us to improve our awareness in applying those expressions. Thus, it can be concluded that the discourse markers is required in creating journal articles. Therefore, the writers have to concern regarding to the categories of errors in using discourse markers for avoiding inappropriateness.

AN ANALYSIS OF DISCOURSE MARKERS IN THE ARTICLES ON HAMLET DRAMA WRITTEN BY ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITY OF MATARAM

This study is targeting at portraying the sorts and the errors of discourse markers made in the articles on Hamlet drama composed by the 6th semester students of English education program at University of Mataram in the academic year 2019/2020. The technique of conducting this investigation is a blended strategy or mix of qualitative and quantitative techniques. The data were gathered from 26 students’ articles. The result of this study showed that all the types in three functional classes of discourse markers by Bruce Fraser (2009) were used by students in their articles. They are Elaborative Discourse Markers with total number of occurrences 200 times (43.20%), Contrastive Discourse Markers with total number of occurrences 169 times (36.50%), and Inferential Discourse Markers with total number of occurrences 94 times (20.30%). The researcher found that Elaborative Discourse Markers are most frequently employed by students to elaborate the ideas. Furthermore, there are some errors in student’s articles related to Kao and Chen's theory (2011) about the six types of misuse patterns. Turns out three of six misuse patterns occur in students’ articles such as distraction, wrong relation, and semantic incompletion. There are no surface logicality, non-equivalent exchange, and overuse occurred in students’ articles.

Discourse features of scientific abstracts on agricultural topics&#x0D; in the English language

The article describes the discourse features of abstracts of scientific papers on agriculture: logicality, abstractness, performativity, terminology, specific sentence length, structural categories and components. It was found that the logicality was achieved due to contrastive, elaborative, inferential and temporal discourse markers in the abstracts of the scientific publications on agriculture in the English language. The abstractness was expressed by the predominance of indefinite or zero articles and the use of words describing processes and phenomena. The terminology of the abstracts of the scientific articles on agricultural topics was described in accordance with the following classification: 1) well-known terms; 2) special professional terms; 3) abbreviations. The performativity was manifested in the first person material presentation using general science clichés. The predominance of sentences the length of which ranges from 16 to 25 words was observed in the abstracts of the scientific articles on the agricultural topics. It was found that most of these abstracts were characterized by the following structural components: background (72%), aims (73%), research methods and materials (62%), results (80%), conclusions (58%).

Romanian de fapt - from an adjectival adjunct to an attention marker

This research traces back the development of the Romanian phrase de fapt (‘in fact, actually, indeed’), based on written and oral corpora. De fapt has been attested in Romanian since late 19th century; chronologically, it is the last of the three Romanian adverbial expressions (alongside în faptă and în fapt) that went through all the stages of the grammaticalization cline proposed by Elizabeth Traugott for this type of adverbs. However, we consider that this phrase actually goes even further by becoming, in press headlines, an attention marker (Fraser 2009: 297), thus joining the category of să vezi ce s-a întâmplat (‘you won’t believe what has happened’). Thus, in press titles such as Cu ce femeie a petrecut aseară Pepe, de fapt (‘Who is the woman Pepe actually spent the evening with’), de fapt loses its contrastive discourse marker rhetorical function of contrasting with a previous element and acquires a new function, i.e. of inviting the reader to read a story that (s)he would have otherwise overlooked. In this type of occurrences, de fapt acquires, for the first time, an intersubjective value.

Linguistic Dominants of Grammar and Lexis

The editorial describes the principles of selection of the issues material and its continuity with already published research. The articles of the issue are devoted to new trends in the study of lexis and grammar in modern languages. Such tendencies of synchronic linguistics as comparative studies of the linguistic picture of the world, the axiological aspect in linguistics of word, text and discourse, as well as contrastive lexicography, translation studies, corpus linguistics, discourse practices and text studies are noted.

Discourse markers in academic and non-academic writings of Thai EFL learners

The ability to use discourse markers (DMs) to create cohesion and coherence of a text is essential for EFL learners at the university level to express ideas and thoughts in various types of writing assignments, such as academic papers and reflections. Hence, this study attempted to shed more light on the use of DMs in academic and non-academic writings of Thai EFL learners. The main objective was to investigate the types, overall frequency, and differences, and similarities of discourse markers in both styles of writing. Sixty essays, consisting of 20 academic essays and 40 non-academic ones, were selected as the primary data. Academic essays were selected from the Critical Reading and Writing course of Xavier Learning Community (XLC), Thailand, while the non-academic ones were selected from the XLC English Newsletter. The data were analyzed based on Fraser’s taxonomy (2009). The results showed that 2.521 DMs distributed in five types, namely contrastive discourse, elaborative discourse, inferential discourse, temporal discourse, and spoken discourse markers, were identified in the 20 academic and 40 non-academic essays. The most frequently used DM was elaborative discourse markers (EDM), F=1,703. This study concluded that raising awareness of DMs would assist Thai EFL learners in producing an effective and coherent piece of writing.

Discourses of fact-checking in Swedish news media

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how contemporary fact-checking is discursively constructed in Swedish news media; this serves to gain insight into how this practice is understood in society.Design/methodology/approachA selection of texts on the topic of fact-checking published by two of Sweden’s largest morning newspapers is analyzed through the lens of Fairclough’s discourse theoretical framework.FindingsThree key discourses of fact-checking were identified, each of which included multiple sub-discourses. First, a discourse that has been labeled as “the affirmative discourse,” representing fact-checking as something positive, was identified. This discourse embraces ideas about fact-checking as something that, for example, strengthens democracy. Second, a contrasting discourse that has been labeled “the adverse discourse” was identified. This discourse represents fact-checking as something precarious that, for example, poses a risk to democracy. Third, a discourse labeled “the agency discourse” was identified. This discourse conveys ideas on whose responsibility it is to conduct fact-checking.Originality/valueA better understanding of the discursive construction of fact-checking provides insights into social practices pertaining to it and the expectations of its role in contemporary society. The results are relevant for journalists and professionals who engage in fact-checking and for others who have a particular interest in fact-checking, e.g. librarians and educators engaged in media and information literacy projects.

The Crisis in Discourse: As an Event, aDiscursive Semantics, and aCulture.

»La crise sanitaire« (›the health crisis‹) that began in 2020 has had an impact on all levels of society, notably in the linguistic realm, where it has generated an abundance of discourse and lexical creations. The present article is based on a corpus from French print news corpus drawn from the databases Factiva and Europresse. The concept of »crisis«, a core notion in the underlying reflection, has brought in its wake many linguistic issues, including the gender of »covid-19«, the various different names for the so-called crisis (»pandemic«, »health crisis«, etc.), and the competition between »social distancing« and »physical distancing«. To begin, I use some of the many concepts available in the domain of discourse analysis to analyze the event itself and the naming process, and I make some proposals in the framework of discursive semantics. Next, I tackle the issue of lexical creativity while distinguishing two linguistic spheres, that of institutional discourse and that of the discourse of ordinary people. I study some of these neologisms by noting their spread throughout the current discourse and their inclusion in common French dictionaries. Lastly, I pave the way toward a contrastive discourse analysis that takes languages and cultures into account.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Use of Metaphor in Online Car Advertisements

The objectives of the current study are threefold: a) to investigate what types of metaphors are used in Arab and Western car advertisements and why they use them, b) to explore how metaphors are used in Arab and Western car advertisements, and c) to explore how cultural attributes are used along with metaphors in Arab and Western car advertisements. The study adopted a descriptive approach through content analysis using three models: cultural (Hofstede, 2005), metaphorical (Lankoff &amp; Johnson, 1980), and contrastive discourse analysis (Farclough's, 2001), approaches to analyze the data. The study sample comprised 30 car advertisements from Holland, France, Germany, Italy, the US, and Arab countries, each with five advertisements published online in 2016. The findings of the study show that car advertisements frequently use metaphorical strategies. In addition, the study revealed differences between Arab and Western advertisements in terms of the employment of cultural attributes. Finally, the study also indicated that even within the Western context, there is a different use of metaphorical strategies with subtle differences.

Comparison of the Use of Discourse Markers in English Speeches between Non-Native and Native Speakers of English

This study revealed the comparison of the use of discourse markers in English speeches between non-native and native speakers of English. The study focused on the types of discourse markers, the similarities and the differences between non-native and native speakers in using discourse markers. This study employed a qualitative research design with the data from the spoken discourse. The findings of the study showed that there were ten sub-categories of discourse markers that are practiced by non-native speakers, namely: assessment marker, manner of a speaking marker, evidential markers, hearsay markers, contrastive discourse markers, elaborative discourse markers, inferential discourse markers, discourse management markers, topic orientation markers, and attention markers. On the contrary, there were nine sub-categories of discourse markers that existed in English speeches, especially delivered by the native speakers such as assessment marker, manner of a speaking marker, evidential markers, hearsay markers, contrastive discourse markers, elaborative discourse markers, inferential discourse markers, topic orientation markers, and attention markers. The total of discourse markers produced by the non-native speakers was 301 utterances while native speakers of English were 269 utterances. Therefore, it is concluded that discourse markers were useful in English speeches either by non-native speakers or native speakers