Contrary Assumption Research Articles

Health Students Perception of Online Learning Environment during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Survey on Quality of Online Learning in Indonesian University

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the teaching and learning process at various universities, especially for health science students. Electronic learning (E-Learning) is applied as a core learning method to carry out learning during the pandemic. This study aimed at investigating health science students’ perception about the quality of their online learning during the pandemic. A mixed method research design was implemented in this current study. The modified version of Online Learning Environment Survey (OLES) was used as the main instrument to collect data from 390 health science students at 'Aisyiyah University in Yogyakarta consisting of seven study programs such as nursing, anesthesiology, midwifery, physiotherapy, nutrition, medical lab technology and radiology. Contrary assumption from the previous research, this study found that there were only slight differences between students from the seven study programs with regard to their perception of online learning. Majority of students agreed that during pandemic they have studied real cases and considered to be relevant to issues that occur outside the classroom. However, in health science education system where many courses are practical oriented, students confirmed that shifting completely to online mode may not be possible to enhance their skill to become a professional medical in the future. Therefore, it is prominent to design an effective curriculum for health science education system for the new normal.

Meaning beyond Molecules and Hubris: A Gross Case Supporting the General Religious Belief Package and Some Critical Perspectives

Any meaningful investigation into the potential validity of religious beliefs—including God—should prominently include their innate presence in children. That presence offers an enormous challenge to the scientific perspective and appears to be more relevant than established arguments. As an initial backdrop to discussions here, I begin with some quotes conveying the import of the contemporary scientific vision of life, as well as quotes conferring that vision’s underlying DNA reliance. The article will then briefly argue that that confident vision—and in particular, its DNA reliance—is clearly flawed. The main discussions then consider the mysterious phenomenon of terminal lucidity before moving on to a focus on the plausibility of a DNA-based evolutionary explanation for the fact that “[t]he universal themes of religion are not learned” since they arrive as our natural religion. As an example of our increasingly secular era, the paper pauses to note Western Buddhism’s divorce from religious and/or deeper perspectives. Subsequent closing discussions critically consider the questionable state of neuroscience and the limitations of the existing approaches to supporting religious perspectives. For those wondering about deeper aspects of life—with or without an affiliation to an official religion—then I suggest digging in for yourself. Hubris aside, the natural sciences do not have a monopoly on understanding life, and the contrary assumption has caused big problems.

Finding Appropriated Practice of the Pilgrimage Space: Ideological Contestation on the Sacred Site in Surowiti Gresik, East Java


 This paper examines how pesugihan (seeking wealth through spirit assistance) contests with pilgrimage discourse ideologically. In specific, to trace more about the grounds of the rise of contrary assumption of the pesugihan, this study focusses on how the ideological view, as the essential thinking of people, develops identity, practice, and its spirituality matter. The identity is constructed from the single view in responding to the phenomena and creating a sameness of collective joy created into the group, as Edith Turner examines about communitas and false communitas to see how the contestation is crystallized. Furthermore, this paper reviews the various pilgrimage practices to see how the communitas applied what they believe in the context of the pilgrimage. Lastly, it discusses how the visitors find their spirituality on pilgrimage, to see the reconciliation of the communitas conflict through gaze in visiting the pesugihan site. The paper argues that pesugihan is contested due to the contrary assumption of the practice rather than to see it as being religious with the traditional matter of context.

Method to Estimate Mechanical Properties of Glulam on Flexure Testing Based on Its Laminae Characteristics and Position

Glulam strength is affected by its laminae characteristics and position. Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rupture of layer system (including glulam) is usually estimated by Transformed cross section (TCS) method recently. But, TCS does not follow the principal due to its contrary assumption related with the reduction of material’s plane area for laminae with lower E value and the extension of its plane area for laminae with higher E value. In fact the material properties are independent from its shape and size. Therefore, new calculation method is required. As the relevance, this paper discusses the formulation of a new method to determine the E and SR for glulam based on its laminae properties and position. E and SR calculated by TCS and new method give identical values. The new method confirms the independence of E and SR which could not be fulfilled by TCS. According to this fact, TCS could be replaced by new method. The theoretical E value was higher than its coresponding empirical value, but it has high correlation (R2=68.53%). On the contrary, the theoretical SR value was not significantly different from its coresponding empirical values, but they have poor correlation (R2=27.93%). This condition happened because of finger joint effect on the compression and tension side of the sample. Incorporating the finger joint effect into regression analysis, the equation provides very good prediction. The coefficients of determination were 99.58% and 97.19%, for E and SR respectively.

Planetary health: a new science for exceptional action

Planetary health: a new science for exceptional action

Justiciability of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Human Rights are natural rights that nature has given to all human beings and are inseparable, undividable and inalienable from human beings. They are vital, necessary and indispensable to a modern society, which without them would be unable to function and cannot be developed. From another perspective, “human rights are indivisible rights on individuals, based on their nature as human beings; they protect these potential attributes and holdings that are essential for a worthy life of human beings”. Human Rights in general and especially ESCR would be just illusory if they wouldn’t be justiciable. In relation to civil and political rights, it is generally taken for granted that judicial remedies for violations are essential. Regrettably, the contrary assumption is too often made in relation to ESCR. This discrepancy is not warranted either by the nature of the rights or by the relevant Covenant provisions, but is rather a result of states’ attempts to justify their failure to perform their obligations under ICESCR.

The relative native

The relative native

Public Filing with Regard to Non-possessory Security Rights in Tangible Assets as Contemplated by the DCFR: Of No Benefit to Unsecured (Trade) Creditors

Abstract: The public filing system as proposed by the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) will not benefit unsecured (trade) creditors. The contrary assumption, from which some legal scholars would seem to proceed, would appear to be fostered by an understanding of how banks provide credit and how suppliers behave, which is not consistent with reality. In addition, there would seem to be a broadly felt sympathy for the position of unsecured creditors (in or outside bankruptcy). In this article, I will argue that no matter how pitiful the position of unsecured (trade) creditors may seem to be, it is a mistake to think that their position would be enhanced by the introduction of a public filing system. When considering the need to introduce such system, the position of (unsecured) trade creditors should, therefore, not put any weight in the scale. Résumé: Le système de classement public tel que proposé par le DCFR ne bénéficiera pas les créanciers commerciaux (non sécurisé). L'hypothèse contraire à partir de laquelle différents juristes semblent procéder, semble être basée sur une mauvaise compréhension à propos du processus des décisions de crédit par les banques et de la manière dont se comportent les fournisseurs. En outre, il semble qu'il y a une sympathie pour la position des créanciers non sécurisé (en ou en dehors de faillite) qui est largement ressenti. Dans cet article, je soutient que peu importe à quel point la situation des créanciers commerciaux (non sécurisé) peut sembler être pitoyable, c'est une erreur de penser que leur position serait renforcée par l'introduction d'un système de classement public. En considérant la nécessité d'introduire un tel système, la position des créanciers commerciaux (non sécurisé) ne devrait conséquemment pas être d'importance. Zusammenfassung: Ungesicherte (Lieferanten)gläubiger werden aus dem vom DCFR vorgeschlagenen öffentlichen Archivierungssystem keinen Nutzen ziehen. Die gegenteilige Annahme von welcher manche Rechtswissenschaftler auszugehen scheinen, basiert demnach auf einem Mißverständnis bezüglich des Kreditentscheidungsprozesses von Banken und wie Lieferanten agieren. Außerdem scheint eine allgemeine Sympathie gegenüber der Position von ungesicherten Gläubigern zu herrschen (innerhalb und außerhalb der Insolvenz). In diesem Artikel möchte ich zeigen, daß ganz gleich wie mitleidig die Position von ungesicherten (Lieferanten)gläubigern scheint, es ein Irrtum ist anzunehmen, daß ihre Position durch die Einführung eines öffentlichen Archivierungssystems gestärkt werden könnte. Die Position von ungesicherten Lieferantengläubigern sollte daher nicht ins Gewicht fallen, wenn die Notwendigkeit eines solchen Systems abgewägt wird.

Does wave function collapse cause gravity?

We give a twist to the assumption – discussed in various earlier works – that gravity plays a role in the collapse of the wave function. This time we discuss the contrary assumption that the collapse of the wave function plays a role in the emergence of the gravitational field. We start from the mathematical framework of a particular Newtonian gravitational collapse theory proposed by the author longtime ago, and we reconciliate it with the classical equivalence principle.

The Arch of Titus at Rome and the Fate of the God of Israel

There is perhaps no more iconic image in Roman art than the spoils of Jerusalem panel on the arch of Titus at Rome, which memorialises a key moment in Vespasian and Titus’ triumphal parade of 71: the display of cultic vessels from the destroyed Jewish temple. In this paper I suggest that in the eyes of the Romans, the cultic vessels displayed in the spoils panel on the arch of Titus represented the God of Israel, captive and paraded through the streets of Rome. From the Roman point of view the destruction of the Jerusalem temple marked the end of the cult of the Jewish God, who was subjugated to Capitoline Jupiter. Hadrian’s reconstruction and dedication of Jerusalem to Capitoline Jupiter sixty years later represent the culmination of this process. In contrast, Josephus’ writings reaffirm a belief in the continued existence of the God of Israel and the anticipation of an eventual reestablishment of a sacrificial cult in the face of the contrary assumption among the Romans.

Learning How to Believe: Epistemic Development in Cultural Context

Abstract Over the last decade, researchers have become increasingly interested in students' beliefs about the nature of knowledge and how these beliefs develop. Although initial psychological accounts portrayed epistemic development as a domain-independent process of cognitive maturation, recent studies have found trajectories of epistemic development to vary considerably across contexts. However, few studies have focused on cultural context. This article examines the role community values and practices play in fostering particular epistemological orientations by comparing the epistemological beliefs of 5th, 8th, and 12th graders (N = 200) from General and Religious schools in Israel regarding 2 controversies: belief in God and punishment of children. In both controversies, older participants were less likely than younger participants to consider the controversy rationally decidable. However, this shift emerged earlier in the God controversy than in the punishment controversy. In the God controversy, Gene...

Learning How to Believe: Epistemic Development in Cultural Context

Learning How to Believe: Epistemic Development in Cultural Context

Zu Englischen und Ungarischen Äquivalenzen der Deutschen Abtönungspartikel ja

Illocutive particles have a predominantly communicative, interactive function. The objective of our confrontative investigation is the representative German multifunctional particle ja with its equivalents in English and in Hungarian. The investigation of the English equivalents for ja points to a predominance of communicative equivalences expressed by a variety of lexical realizations. Despite the widespread contrary assumption in the literature, we can prove the existence of numerous functional-communicative Hungarian equivalents for the particle ja.

Taking money seriously David Laidler Cambridge: The MIT press, 1990, xiv, 226 pp.

In Taking Money Seriously and Other Essays, Davis Laidler argues that Walrasian models and new-classical business cycle theories, where transactions occur at equilibrium prices, cannot describe real world economies, where uncertain traders hold "buffer-stocks" of precautionary money balances. Imperfect information leads traders to set prices endogenously and to acquire market information from inflows and outflows of money. Traders adjust prices when cash balances persistently differ from targeted precautionary balances. Unlike standard monetarist and Keynesian models, the buffer-stock theory implies that in the short run actual money holdings frequently differ from desired holdings (unlike the contrary assumption of many money demand studies), that, even when money is endogenous, real balance effects occur, and that the loanable funds theory is the best explanation of interest rates.

Reduction of a square matrix to triangular form

Given a square matrix A with real or complex entries, there may not exist an invertible matrix S such that S-lAS is diagonal. For instance,cannot be diagonalised in this way (the contrary assumption leads by easy direct calculation, to a contradition); however, this matrix is already upper-triangular.

Multivariate Regression of Dummy Variates under Normality Assumptions

Abstract The most frequently used practical regression model is that in which it is supposed that the dependent variate is normal for given values of the independent variate. In this paper it is pointed out that another regression model of wide applicability may be furnished by the contrary assumption—that the independent variate is normal for given values of the dependent variate. The particular case where the dependent variate is a vector of dummy variables is explored in detail.

Multivariate Regression of Dummy Variates Under Normality Assumptions

Abstract The most frequently used practical regression model is that in which it is supposed that the dependent variate is normal for given values of the independent variate. In this paper it is pointed out that another regression model of wide applicability may be furnished by the contrary assumption—that the independent variate is normal for given values of the dependent variate. The particular case where the dependent variate is a vector of dummy variables is explored in detail.

Furneaux's discussion of extraversion and neuroticism with regard to suggestibility.

Abstract Hypotheses suggested by Fumeaux (1961) are criticized as they are based on an assumption that extraverts attend more closely in an interpersonal situation. With the contrary assumption, it is shown that the data published by Fumeaux and Gibson (1961) accord with a theoretical model derived from Spence. A model alternative to that of Spence is also discussed. F'urneaux's treatment of scorea of “neuroticism” and “lying” ia slso criticized. While such treatment gives figurea favorable to his interpretation of one test of ideomotor suggestibility, it ia damaging to his case concerning a similar test.

The limiting information capacity of a neuronal link

The maximum rate at which a synaptic link could theoretically transmit information depends on the type of coding used. In a binary modulation system it depends chiefly on the relaxation time, and the limiting capacity equals the maximum attainable impulse rate. In a system using pulse-interval modulation, temporal precision may be a more important limiting factor. It is shown that in a number of typical cases a system of the second type could transmit several times more information per second through a synaptic link than a binary system, and the relation between relative efficiency, relaxation-time, and temporal resolving power is generalized in graphical form. It is concluded, not that interval modulation rather than binary modulation “ought” to be the mode of action of the central nervous system, but that the contrary assumption is unsupported by considerations of efficiency.

Biosynthesis of Asymmetric Citric Acid: a Substantiation of the Ogston Concept

A. G. OGSTON1, in a recent note in Nature on the “Interpretation of Experiments on Metabolic Processes, using Isotopic Tracer Elements", introduced the important concept that an enzyme might be able to distinguish between the chemically ‘identical’ groups of a symmetrical compound. Ogston pointed to the dangers of the contrary assumption, and as one example he questioned the conclusion that citric acid was not an intermediate in the Krebs cycle of oxidations in so far as this conclusion was based upon the finding that the fixation of isotopically labelled carbon dioxide led to the formation of asymmetrically labelled α-keto-glutaric acid. It had been assumed2,3,4 that if citric acid were on the pathway leading to α-ketoglutaric acid, the latter would have had isotopic carbon equally distributed between the two carboxylic acid groups.