Contradictory Decisions Research Articles

Understanding Turkey’s attitude towards the dispute in Palestine from late 1947 to early 1949

Turkey was among the countries that refused the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine which was put to vote on 29 November 1947, and this was celebrated by many Arab governments. Nevertheless, Turkey would be also the first Muslim-majority country to recognize the State of Israel on March 1949. This article explores these two seemingly contradictory decisions and the various aspects of the government’s attitude throughout the process that stretches from late 1947 to early 1949. Using predominantly Turkish primary sources, including some recently declassified diplomatic correspondences, we indicate that Turkish policy was formed by considering several factors simultaneously. These factors include the efforts to maintain friendly relations with the Arab countries, growing integration with Western countries, as well as fear of Soviet expansionism and of an eventual communist Jewish state. Through this perspective and exploring relevant documents of the period, we argue that the change which occurred in less than sixteen months does not really mean a major policy shift, that Turkey never fully supported the Arab thesis, and that it always avoided being at odds with the USA and Britain.

The analysis of the models performance indicators by cloud and post-cloud computing paradigms

The work describes cloud and post-cloud computing paradigms, on the basis of which it is possible to model and build intelligent video surveillance systems. Based on the analysis of literary sources, it was concluded that performance indicators largely depend on the paradigm of the computational model, but the degree of importance of each performance indicator is different for different paradigms. Taking into account the peculiarities of different paradigms, the performance indicators characteristic of each of them are described. It has been found that the common indicators for evaluating all models developed on the basis of cloud and post-cloud computing paradigms (with varying degrees of importance) are: Throughput, Network Congestion, SLA Violation, Fault Tolerance, Statistical Analysis Measurements, The Number of Orchestration Decisions, The number of Contradictory Decisions, Time to Adaptation, Competition Ratio, Cache Hit Ratio, The number of Contradictory Actions, Oscillation Mitigation, Cost, Technique’s Overhead, Privacy. Based on the analysis of cloud and post-cloud computing simulators, it is established that the metrics of resource usage, energy, response time, and latency are those that can be used by researchers when conducting a comparative analysis of models built on the basis of the following paradigms: fog, edge, fog, and cloud computing. The practical significance of the conducted research is that, depending on the tasks that will be set before the future video surveillance system, researchers will be able to evaluate the effectiveness of using different architectures (Cloud, FOG, Mist, etc.) with the help of certain simulators. In the future, it is advisable to conduct a study of the degree of importance of common metrics for evaluating all models developed on the basis of cloud and post-cloud computing paradigms, and conduct their normalization for the possibility of conducting an adequate comparative analysis. It is also relevant in future research that it is advisable to conduct research using different types of sensor devices (surveillance cameras with different technical characteristics, unmanned aerial vehicles, etc.).

SIMPLIFICATION OF TRADEMARK DISPUTE RESOLUTION BETWEEN STATE ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS AND COMMERCIAL COURTS IN ACHIEVING JUSTICE

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="388"><p class="TableParagraph"><em>Trademarks are valuable assets for businesses that are legally protected, yet trademark disputes involving various parties often occur. The settlement of trademark disputes in Indonesia involves two different judicial institutions, namely the State Administrative Court (PTUN) and the Commercial Court, which have the potential to cause disparities in decisions, necessitating simplification efforts to achieve legal certainty and justice. The purpose of this study is to identify the problems that arise in the settlement of trademark disputes between the PTUN and the Commercial Court that hinder the realization of legal certainty and justice, as well as to formulate simplification efforts that can be carried out to achieve legal certainty and justice in the settlement of these trademark disputes. This research uses a normative legal research method with a statutory and conceptual approach, as well as using primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials collected through literature and document studies. The data analysis technique used is a qualitative analysis of the legal materials obtained systematically and logically to answer the problem formulation and produce recommendations for simplifying dispute resolution. The research results explain that the main problem in the settlement of trademark disputes between the PTUN and the Commercial Court that hinders the realization of legal certainty and justice is the potential for different or contradictory decisions from the two judicial institutions in the same trademark case. This is due to the unclear division of authority, as well as the absence of clear rules regarding the authority of each judicial institution in handling trademark disputes. To achieve legal certainty and justice, efforts that can be made include revising the Trademark Law to clarify the authority of the judicial institutions, regulating alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, increasing coordination and synergy between relevant institutions, increasing the capacity of judges, and establishing an independent and integrated special trademark court.</em><em></em></p></td></tr></tbody></table>

Economic impacts of regulatory decisions on reit dividend distribution

Real estate investment trusts (REITs) have recently gained prominence in the capital market. From an accounting point of view, the Maxi Renda Trust (MXRF11) has been the subject of recent discussions and contradictory decisions within the scope of the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM) regarding the calculation basis for the dividend distribution. In this context, we sought to investigate the economic impacts of fair value measurement under the framework of CVM’s decisions in the Maxi Renda Trust and to verify how the theory of regulation can explain regulatory body decisions. The trust income for the period from 2015 to 2021 was restated based on the cash basis, used by the trust, and the accrual method, determined by the CVM, in order to identify differences in the amount of income that would be distributed with the change in the methodology issued by the regulatory agency. Also, an analysis of CVM’s decisions and the trust’s administrator’s arguments was also conducted, to identify elements that could be correlated with the regulatory body’s performance under the aspects of the theory of regulation. As a result, it was demonstrated that there is an economic impact on the minimum income calculated to be distributed by the trust between the two methodologies (cash and accrual), with smaller amounts for distribution considering the accrual basis, which exclude revenues and expenses that do not transit through cash, as is the case of fair value measurement. CVM’s decisions may have resonance in the public interest theory so that the regulatory body’s performance was aimed at protecting the investor, even though it may have suffered pressures exerted by interest groups or even captured by the regulated parties since it changed the initial understanding of the case. Besides the theoretical contribution, with the possibility of expanding studies on the applicability of accounting standards related to the measurement of fair value in investment trusts and their economic impacts, the study applied to the Maxi Renda Trust provides a better understanding of the topic to subsidize investors regarding decision making on investments in this type of trust.

A ‘grave miscarriage of justice’: marriage and divorce in Jewish immigrant families in England, 1870-1940

ABSTRACT This essay analyses disputed marriages/divorces involving Jewish immigrants to England between 1870 and 1940. English courts came to contradictory decisions in these cases due to the difference between religiously-based systems in Eastern Europe and Britain’s secular, centralised approach. The result was split decisions. In civil courts, magistrates upheld religious marriages by awarding maintenance to wives, but the same evidence proved insufficient in the criminal courts to convict for bigamy. Unfortunately, whatever the outcome, these cases fed into anti-alienist rhetoric at the turn of the twentieth century, associating ‘alien’ Jewish immigrants with wife desertion, criminal behaviour, and even polygamy.

Доклад генерал-майора Д. П. Струкова о постановке военной цензуры в Петрограде и Петроградском военном округе. 1915 г.

The article publishes the report of the chairman of the Petrograd Military Censorship Commission, General D. P. Strukov, to the Chief of the Petrograd Military District on the organization of military censorship in the capital (July 9, 1915). By this time military censorship in Petrograd was a complex and multilevel structure, covering not only the press and correspondence, but also theater, cinema, public speeches and reports. Under the "Provisional Regulations on Military Censorship," adopted with the outbreak of World War I, censors had broad powers and could ban virtually any printed material, stop the forwarding of any correspondence, and prohibit any speech or theatrical production. However, this did not avoid numerous mistakes and contradictory decisions when censoring newspapers and magazines. It was not uncommon for one censor to authorize an article for publication and another to prohibit it. Significant difficulties also arose in the censorship of postal and telegraphic correspondence. Due to the widespread and chronic shortage of qualified personnel, postal and telegraph offices and post offices did not have time to review thousands of letters and telegrams, both internal and external. The "backlogs" of correspondence that had already formed in the first month of the war attracted the attention of the command and the censorship leadership. Meetings were held, censors were transferred to the "problem" areas, but the problem was solved slowly, and the "backlogs" generally increased. Letters and telegrams were delayed for months and often did not reach their addressees, which caused great irritation in the society and in the army. Representatives of the censorship called for a multiple increase in the funding of censorship offices and increase in the staff to solve the problem of "deposits" and complete control of internal and external correspondence. The supporter of such a campaign was General Strukov, who proposed in his report of July 9, 1915, to increase the number of censors by 450 people, to raise their salaries, and to establish a full review of all letters and telegrams. In addition, Strukov proposed to change the structure of military censorship in the capital: to subordinate all military censorship commissions of the Petrograd Military District to a single head, subordinate in his turn to the commander of the VI Army. With the help of such "unity of command" the General intended to eliminate the problem of contradictory decisions, unnecessary correspondence and conflicts between departments. Strukov's proposals were realized only partially: in 1915-1916 the number of censors was practically doubled, the maintenance of military censorship venues was improved. However, the problems of censorship - inconsistency, unjustified rigidity, selectivity and constant delay of correspondence - remained for the whole period of the First World War.

On the Principle of Unity of Interpretation of Treaty Norms in International Law

The principle of unity of interpretation is one of the fundamental but at the same time one of the ambiguous principles of interpretation of treaty norms in international law. Deviation from compliance with this principle entails consequences in the form of a different understanding and further application of the norms of international law, which in turn creates the possibility of contradictory decisions by international judicial and quasi-judicial bodies. The importance of legal analysis of this issue is evidenced by the fact that the "arbitrary" interpretation of the norms of international law casts doubt on the effectiveness of the principles and rules of interpretation of treaty norms enshrined in international law. Despite the fact that the rules and basic principles of interpretation are regulated by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, each interpreter can apply them in a peculiar way. The purpose of this study is a comprehensive analysis of the practice of interpreting the norms of international law by international judicial and quasi-judicial bodies, and to determine the reasons for the different approach of interpretation of the same rule of law. This goal can be achieved in 2 ways: by analyzing the legal nature of the principle of unity, and its law enforcement practice. This article does not analyze the observance of the principle of unity in interpretation by arbitration courts, since this is an issue that requires separate research.

Judicial Inconsistency and Citizen Anti-Corruption Demobilization: Evidence from Brazil

Abstract This study examines the impact of judicial inconsistency in high-profile corruption cases on citizens' willingness to combat corruption. Based on evidence from an unexpected event during a survey in Brazil, the study demonstrates that contradictory decisions by different judges within a single day erode trust in courts and citizens' inclination to report corruption. Notably, perceptions of corruption and trust in other institutions remain unaffected. The findings support the argument that citizens can be discouraged from engaging in anti-corruption efforts not only by exposure to information about corruption but also by forming negative evaluations of anti-corruption performance. Building on previous research and the perspective of corruption as a collective-action problem, the article proposes that judicial inconsistency is perceived as a sign of insincere commitment to fighting corruption. These findings contribute to understanding the public opinion consequences of anti-corruption initiatives and the politicization of courts.

Challenges in Applying Saudi Arabian Tax Treaties: Digitalization, Withholding Tax, and Permanent Establishment of Non-residents

As part of Vision 2030, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has begun implementing broad economic and legal reforms to improve its tax environment and create an amicable setting for international investors. However, there are challenges to this endeavour, which are not limited to Saudi rules. Digitalization is one such challenge in income taxation at the global level. This study investigates the challenges in taxation arising from digitalization that can potentially affect base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) mechanisms both internationally and in Saudi Arabia. One major problem in the Saudi tax judiciary is the interpretation of international tax treaties to determine the existence of a permanent establishment (PE) for the purpose of Saudi income tax for a non-resident providing remote services within Saudi territory. By examining contradictory decisions related to two typical digital services, namely online travel companies (OTCs) and international telecommunication, this study highlights the complexity involved in digitalization, withholding tax, and PE. By analysing Saudi practices against the context of international rules, this research also highlights the need to clearly define the meaning of a ‘permanent digital establishment’. Finally, it underscores the necessity of establishing a permanent higher chamber in the tax judiciary, which will make decisions on stable judicial tax principles. This will improve the Saudi legal tax environment and ensure its consistency with international practices. Saudi tax law, foreign income, digitalization, withholding tax, permanent establishment

Sustainable Development of Territories during the Period of Post-War Environmental Restoration

The aim of the article was to substantiate the transformations of the conceptual foundations of sustainable development of territories during the period of post-war ecological restoration of states. The main methodological tools were the methods of modelling, experiment, and morphological analysis. The research showed that countries faced a globally important task in the ecological restoration of territories in the post-war period. The destruction of the environment and its pollution caused by military actions sharply reduce the positive indicators of the state of the environment. It was proved that sustainable development goals act as effective vectors for improving the state of the environment in the period of post-war ecological recovery. The implementation of ecologically significant actions during the post-war ecological recovery in Bosnia and Herzegovina shows that this process is complex and difficult. The problems of contradictory decisions, corruption, and lack of transparency should be considered. The environmental strategy of BiH ESAP 2030+ of Bosnia and Herzegovina, developed by the SDG, can be an example of the corresponding legislative regulation in Ukraine. The UNDP’s project Sustainability of Protected Areas (SPA) implemented in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the context of popularizing ecotourism is also worth noting. A similar project can be implemented in Ukraine in the context of sustainable development of the country during the period of post-war ecological restoration. The main long-term problem in the territory of Ukraine is the demining of regions, which will also determine the terms of implementation of recovery procedures.

Explainable AI: The Effect of Contradictory Decisions and Explanations on Users’ Acceptance of AI Systems

Providing explanations of an artificial intelligence (AI) system has been suggested as a means to increase users’ acceptance during the decision-making process. However, little research has been done to examine the psychological mechanism of how these explanations cause a positive or negative reaction in the user. To address this gap, we investigate the effect on user acceptance if decisions and the associated provided explanations contradict between an AI system and the user. An interdisciplinary research model was derived and validated by an experiment with 78 participants. Findings suggest that in decision situations with cognitive misfit users experience negative mood significantly more often and have a negative evaluation of the AI system’s support. Therefore, the following article provides further guidance regarding new interdisciplinary approaches for dealing with human-AI interaction during the decision-making process and sheds some light on how explainable AI can increase users’ acceptance of such systems.

Effects of Organizational Structure on Management of Public Hospitals in St. Vincent and the Grenadines

This study explored the effects of organizational structure on the management of hospitals in St. Vincent and the Grenadines. The study sought to answer the question: What effects does the existing organizational structure have on the management of hospitals in St. Vincent and the Grenadines? The study took a qualitative approach. The participants consisted of a purposively selected sample of forty-five (45) top level and senior managers in the health care system, assigned to the four public hospitals on the island of St. Vincent and managers within the administrative arm of the Ministry of Health, Wellness and the Environment in St. Vincent and the Grenadines. The findings revealed that poor problem-solving strategies and the lack of or inadequate input from middle managers as it relates to operations of the organization were some of the ways in which the existing organizational structure affected hospital management. The results also highlighted challenges which included inadequate communication, poor distribution, and management of resources as well as poorly defined and inflexible roles. Lack of support from top level managers, contradictory decisions made by the managers and poor accountability measures, were also stated as challenges of the existing structure. The results of this study have informed the conclusion that the organizational structure of Hospital Services impacts performance, prompting a call for review of the existing organizational structure of hospital services in St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Keywords: Hospital services, Management, Organizational structure, public hospitals.

Court Decisions in the Republic of Korea on Japan's Accountability for Sexual Slavery of the Comfort Women

Abstract On January and April of 2021, two contradictory decisions on the comfort women issue were ruled by two courts in the Republic of Korea (ROK), stirring much controversy on the various legal issues concerning the comfort women. In the January decision, the court held Japan accountable for the acts committed against the comfort women and denied Japan’s immunity in the courts of the ROK because these atrocities constitute crimes against humanity when Japan illegally occupied Korea. On the other hand, the April decision, which was a case for another group of comfort women victims, dismissed the suit by ruling that Japan was rather immune on this issue in ROK courts because state immunity is considered to be part of customary international law. The court specifically referred to the Jurisdictional Immunities case before the International Court of Justice which found that violations of jus cogens as a substantive norm could not trump over procedural matters such as state immunity. As the April case has been appealed by the victims, this article aims to examine the historical background of the issue of comfort women and the main legal issues of these domestic decisions. The first issue concerns whether Japan is immune in ROK courts for even alleged violations of jus cogens, and the second issue is whether the individual claims of the comfort women are still valid today or whether they have been, as a matter of law, extinguished or waived through the 1965 Claims Agreement and the 2015 Agreement signed by both the ROK and Japan.

Інфляційні наслідки кризи коронавірусу та реакція центральних банків

Economic and financial crises are accompanied by rising inflation, especially in developing economies. The economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and resulted in a deep recession in the world and national economies, was no exception. To restore economic growth, the country’s central banks have developed and implemented monetary easing programs, which has provoked a trend of accelerating inflation. Inflation is considered a negative phenomenon, and its high level is a threat to economic growth. Realizing the devastating effects of inflation, states take measures to control their growth rate. The most common in the world is the establishment of inflation targeting. The international practice has shown the effectiveness of this regime for many years. Even during the financial and economic crisis of 2007–2008 and the debt crisis of 2012, inflation was low in the developed world, despite the implementation by the Central Banks of monetary programs for quantitative easing. The crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has become one of the deepest in modern history. To overcome the recession and recover quickly, the Central Banks resumed monetary easing programs on a much larger scale. Implementing these programs has resulted in rising inflation in both developed countries and those developing and transforming their economies. At the same time, inflation has reached values not seen in the last 10 years in developed countries. A significant contribution to provoking inflation is the rise in food prices, which occurred due to increased demand after the lockdown and higher energy prices. The increase in food prices in Ukraine made a particularly significant contribution to inflation compared to the introduction of the NBU’s monetary program. The trend of accelerating inflation causes the Central Banks to respond to it by adjusting their interest rates. However, interest rates have not risen in all countries, but only in those where the economy is less intense, and the financial sector is more vulnerable. As inflation rates in almost all countries exceeded the set inflation targets, discussions began on whether to change the target value or the inexpediency of the inflation targeting regime itself and return to exchange rate control. The article presents arguments for the inexpediency of such measures. The conclusion is substantiated that the monetary policy and its implementation is a complex process, and every time the Central Banks are faced with a choice of contradictory decisions.

Contested Hierarchies

Abstract Early modern cities often harbored several different religious communities. To date, few studies of religion and history have focused on the ranking of religious communities in premodern cities with special regard to social order and the concept of heterarchy. This article focuses on a conflict of precedence between the monasteries of Kreuzlingen and Petershausen in the 17th and 18th centuries, relating especially to religious processions in the city of Constance. Efforts by courts to rank the monasteries displayed hierarchical as well as heterarchical elements. The spatial conditions of the processions made it necessary that monastic communities processed successively. This gave the impression of a clear hierarchical monastic order in the city and stimulated competition between the different communities. However, as this article argues, based on an analysis of lawsuits and related materials, in practice a clear ranking could not be achieved. Courts made contradictory decisions regarding the ranking. The monasteries derived their authority from different conflicting sources such as constitutional status, customary rights, institutional history, and religious lifestyle. Urbanity helped create the need for monasteries to compete with each other and at the same time contributed to a situation characterized by both hierarchy and heterarchy simultaneously.

Problems of Practical Implementation of the Procedure of Special Pre-Trial Investigation (in Absentia) in Ukraine

The article reveals the development and functioning of the institute of special pre-trial investigation in Ukraine. The genesis of the origin and implementation of a special pre-trial investigation in the current Criminal Procedure Code is determined. The changes from April 21, 2021 to the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine are analyzed in order to improve the functioning of this institution in terms of grounds for execution, delivery of subpoenas, obtaining a permit for detention in absentia, etc. The aspect of delivery of subpoenas is considered, which is related to the difficulty of proving the fact of receiving subpoenas by person and the practice of the ECHR and international conventions, which partially contradict the existing procedure. The decisions of the European Court of Human Rights are described, which indicate a violation of the person’s right to defense in connection with the implementation of a special pre-trial investigation. Negative aspects of the experience regarding the interaction of investigative units with the Interpol NCB have been identified, as well as the reasons for the latter’s refusal to include persons in the Interpol NCB databases and to declare persons internationally wanted. The unresolved issues with the subject and the moment of appointment of a defense counsel during the special pre-trial investigation procedure are described, which causes difficulties and contradictory decisions of national courts in this regard. The existing issues concerning the inconsistency of legal acts, which indicate the grounds for a special pre-trial investigation and the need to determine these grounds only in the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. The need to enshrine the legal obligation of the investigator or prosecutor to reopen criminal proceedings at the time of consideration of a request for a special pre-trial investigation in order to avoid the return of these requests by the investigating judge has been revealed. The positive changes in the aspect of obtaining an indefinite detention order in respect of persons subject to a special pre-trial investigation have been analyzed, which will simplify international legal assistance regarding their extradition.

A Pragmatist Constructivism Framework (PCF) to understand the undetermined policy process: three policy solutions for shale gas problem

ABSTRACT If most of the traditional policy approaches propose a causal and deterministic framework to explain policy change, they fail to clarify how, in the same context and over a brief period, a government can successively take different and contradictory decisions. In order to understand this phenomenon and to better consider the importance of uncertainty in the policy process, this article develops a pragmatist constructivist framework (PCF) to study the indeterminacy of the struggles that unfold within many public and discrete spaces of debate in the politico-bureaucratic world. It also analyzes the unpredictable flows between these different spaces. Developing a pragmatist approach, the article highlights the uncertain conditions of success of several solution proposals by insisting on the importance of the definitional changes adopted by their spokespersons to facilitate the enlistment of new supporters and resist the various tests in the form of critical arguments and power relations. Drawing on a large qualitative study, the PCF relies on the meticulous empirical reconstitution of interactions and scenes of action to understand the complex and unexpected sequence of events that led to a given solution and to propose a specific analysis attentive to the complex relationship between power, knowledge, meaning and ownership struggles.

Policy Swings of a Centralized Government: A Dynamic Optimizing Decision-Making Model and a Case of China

The Chinese government made dramatic changes in its policies concerning economic development and social stability several times in the past 70 years. This paper tries to explain the decision-making swings of a centralized government, by using a dynamic optimization model and the Chinese government as an example. The focus is on a government’s contradictory decisions between economic development and social stability. Simulations are carried out to analyze the effects of different factors on the government’s policy choice. The paper finds that the fluctuation of policies can lead to equilibrium with certain constraints, if the government is patient enough, if a feedback mechanism is effective, or if the government does not mandatorily change the policies periodically. Otherwise, the policy fluctuation cannot reach equilibrium and the policy will be out of control.

Об определении предмета доказывания по делам о защите неприкосновенности частной жизни гражданина

Relevance. The article considers the problems of the subject of evidence in cases of protecting the privacy of a citizen in accordance with Art. 152.2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The jurisprudence shows the short-comings in the resolution of this category of cases related to the process of evidence, and in connection with this con-tradictory decisions and the formation of non-uniform judicial practice. In this regard, the study of the means of proce-dural protection of the right to protect human privacy becomes relevant. The purpose of the study is to supplement the theoretical provisions aimed at deepening scientific knowledge about the protection of the right to privacy of a citizen, the subject of evidence in this category of cases for uniform application of Art. 152.2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Objectives: analyze the judicial practice in cases on the protection of the right to privacy of a citizen with the identification of the actual subject of evidence, scientific positions on this problem; Clarify the existing legal gaps pre-venting the proper protection of this right; update the previously formulated proposals regarding the subject of evidence in cases of this category. Methodology. The study was conducted using methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, description, formal-legal, system-analytical and system-structural methods, as well as the method of analysis and generalization of judicial practice. The results of the study were formulated proposals for solving theoretical and practical problems related to the peculiarities of the subject of evidence in cases of protecting the privacy of a citizen to improve the quality and achieve uniformity of decisions when considering claims for his protection. Conclusion. The rule on the protection of the right to privacy of a citizen requires clarification in terms of termi-nology and the elimination of other gaps that require the attention of the legislator. To overcome the contradictory interpretation of the meaning of the article itself and the non-unity of judicial practice, it is necessary to explain the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in the terminology of Art. 152.2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the mechanism for forming the subject of evidence.

Confidence Level Estimation for Advanced Decision-Making in Transformer Short-circuit Fault Diagnosis

Frequency response analysis (FRA) is almost certainly the most efficient and well-established method for evaluating the mechanical integrity of transformer active part. FRA has a solid background in both industrial practice and academic research. Besides conventional visual analysis, a statistical analysis has been applied to the FRA data interpretation. The existing standards and recent studies have considered different statistical indicators (SIs) on an individual basis. However, the utility of each SI in its “silo” may lead to different and possibly contradictory decisions. Inspired by the bolstered error estimation technique used in pattern recognition, this article presents a new method that can utilize multiple SIs obtained from the FRA data to classify transformer operating conditions and estimate the level of confidence in decisions made. The probabilistic method proposed herein is an attempt to bridge the gap between these decision-making silos. The practical implementation of the proposed technique on distribution and power transformers revealed a reliable interpretation and classification results. At the same time, having an estimate for the level of confidence in the decision made by the method further helps engineers and utility operators make informed decisions and have a better understanding of the level of the transformer fault severity.