Contractual Capacity Research Articles

A hybrid control strategy for frequency regulation with variable refrigerant flow air conditioning system

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems of buildings are abundant sources for the Frequency Regulation (FR) ancillary service, whose actuating devices are controlled to follow the real-time power reference signals with the contractual capacity. For HVAC practice, model-based FR controls are hindered by expensive model acquisition. This paper presents a two-layer control strategy for HVAC systems to perform energy efficient FR service, with a rather low model requirement. At the lower level, the FR operation with a selected actuator is realized with a sliding mode control which is robust to power map variation. At the higher level, system efficiency is optimized in real time via a model-free constrained extremum seeking control (CESC). A conceptual variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system is used as the illustrative application, for which the outdoor unit fan offers the FR power reference tracking with SMC. At the outer loop, the compressor discharge pressure is adjusted by a CESC to minimize the total power consumption while the zonal temperature regulation is reinforced as equality constraint. The proposed strategy is evaluated with simulations on a Modelica simulation, and the results validate its effectiveness. The Net Energy Cost can reduce by 15% to 23% under different load levels.

Changing Electricity Tariff—An Empirical Analysis Based on Commercial Customers’ Data from Poland

Nearly 60% of commercial customers are connected to a low-voltage network in Poland with a contractual capacity of more than 40 kW and are assigned a fixed tariff with flat prices for the whole year, no matter the usage volume. With smart meters, more data about how businesses use energy are becoming available to both energy providers and customers. This enables innovation in the structure and type of tariffs on offer in the energy market. Customers can explore their usage patterns to choose the most suitable tariff to benefit from lower prices and thus generate savings. In this paper, we analyzed whether customers’ electricity usage matched their optimal tariff and further investigated which of them could benefit or lose from switching the tariff based on the real dataset with the hourly energy readings of 1212 commercial entities in Poland recorded between 2016 and 2019. Three modelling approaches, i.e., the k-nearest neighbors, classification tree and random forest, were tested for optimal tariff classification, while for the benchmark, we used a simple approach, in which the tariff was proposed based on the customers’ previous electricity usage. The main findings from the research are threefold: (1) out of all the analyzed entities, on average, 76% of them could have benefited from the tariff switching, which suggests that customers may not be aware of the tariff change benefits, or they had chosen a tariff plan that was not tailored to them; (2) a random forest model offers a viable approach to accurate tariff classification; (3) the policy implication from the research is the need to increase the customers’ awareness about the tariffs and propose reliable tools for selecting the optimal tariff.

The optimality of public–private partnerships under financial and fiscal constraints

AbstractThe government may delegate two sequential tasks (e.g., building and operating an infrastructure) to the same or different agents (i.e., partnership vs. sequential contracts). Agents are risk‐neutral but face financial constraints, whereas the government's contractual capacity may be limited by the renegotiation‐proofness and fiscal constraints. By relying on history‐dependent incentives, the partnership contract corrects moral hazard more effectively than sequential contracts. Thus, it is socially preferred unless bundling different tasks deteriorates the agent's financial conditions. Our results shed new light on the role of firms' financial and government's fiscal conditions in driving the cost–benefit analysis of public–private partnerships.

Determination of the Electricity Storage Power and Capacity for Cooperation with the Microgrid Implementing the Peak Shaving Strategy in Selected Industrial Enterprises

The capacity limitations of distribution networks, the increasing demands for electricity installation in terms of electricity quality parameters, and the development of electromobility all increase the need to implement systems in order to stabilize and regulate loads for end users. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs), that operate in internal microgrids of enterprises, allow smoothing of electrical power consumption profiles by actively reducing peak demand power. By using BESSs to implement a peak shaving strategy to reduce the peak power consumption of a company in an external network, energy efficiency can be improved by reducing contractual capacity. The aim of this study is to determine the conditions for the use of energy storage, in order to implement a peak shaving strategy for which the installation of the enterprise microgrid is economically efficient. The analysis of the operating conditions of the BESS should take into account the size of the energy storage, the characteristics of the demand profile for the demand systems, the charges related to electricity, and the costs of electricity storage. In the study, the size of the energy storage was related to the power and electrical capacity of the BESS that was used to implement the peak shaving strategy. The article presents the results of research on the method for determining an effective capacity and power of BESSs for enterprise microgrid systems. The technical and cost limitations of the actual microgrid system, which affected the decrease in economic efficiency of the peak shaving strategy in the company research, were taken into account. The simulations of the operation of the electricity storage system, based on real data of the demand of production companies, were based on the rules and market conditions in Poland.

Проблемы экономической устойчивости нефтесервисных компаний в условиях высокотурбулентной среды.

The article discusses specific features of oilfield services company functioning as a part of Russian oilfield services which are the driver of Russian oil-and-gas industry. The key features of the formation of the Russian oilfield services market are noted as follows: a short time of formation in comparison with evolution of the worldwide oilfield services market and high turbulence of the business environment together with characteristic sighs of the oilfield services companies such as high degree of innovation and advanced management. The purpose of study is justification of influence factors and key risks for sustainable economic development of oilfield services company under dynamically changing external conditions. The main theoretical ideas about the construction of business models of the company are analyzed and the definitions of such basic terms as sustainability and sustainable development are considered. The oilfield services company definition as an open complicated industrial and economic system with multilevel internal links was done. The possibility of applying classical concepts of the theory of stability of economic systems to oilfield services market objects is estimated. The key factors are identified and the effects of the external economic environment are generalized, the assessment of the possibility of using various types of well-known business models for the oilfield services company is given. The characteristic features of the oilfield services business are analyzed as follows: advanced technological level of production, innovation and unique competencies of staff from the view of ensuring competitive advantages between the oil-and-gas industry and identified risk-factors of the sustainable development. It’s identified that the economical efficiency of the oilfield services company business models is provided by its opportunities in the external environment and the internal unique production resources, ability to adapt for changes, flexibility of management systems, dynamic information integrity, contractual capacity and high level of management responsibility.

A REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND TREATY RELATIONSHIP IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

This work reviewed the reality of treaty relationship in International relations. As a notable tool in organization and community, law has directed and regulated relation among states especially in their pursuit of interests’ in the International arena. International law has been the rules put in place to guide these relationships. It is International law that has continued to set out principles and frame works that moderates and harmonizes State interests. International law is likened to customary law because it is a product of the conscience of State as there is a general repetition of similar acts that maintains international relations. International law has developed in accordance with the unfolding trends in International relations, notable among which is treaty relationships. A treaty is an agreement, formal or informal between States, governed by International law. The law of treaty according Umuozurike 1999, is more or less a codification of existing customary law on which International law is based upon. Treaty relationships in International law creates rights and obligations that give Parties contractual capacity in International law. To justify the importance of treaty in International relations, the work examined the element of Statehood as the major actor in International relations. The history of International relations traced back to the 1648 Peace of WestPhalia that ended the 30 years war gave States sovereign rights in International law. In the International system, the existence of sovereign authority is universally recognized as the essential qualification of its membership in the International community, where the United Nations has played very notable role. International Institution building has remained the most important transformation in the development of International relations. The establishment of the United Nations in 1945 marked a significant milestone in the history of International relations that this study made a slight analysis on. The laws governing treaty relationships was on the initiative of the United Nations in her quest to fulfil her aims and purpose to maintain International Peace and Security. States are bound by treaties duly entered into. From the definition of treaty, to the formalities in signing, to the ratification, reservation, registration and deposit, application and operations, to termination as reviewed, shows that treaties are very fundamental in the formation of International Law and International relations.

Zdolność do czynności prawnych a zdolność procesowa – na wybranych przykładach w sprawach z zakresu prawa osobowego i rodzinnego

In doctrine it is accepted that capacity to sue or be sued is a counterpart of contractual capacity, which means that a natural person has got capacity to sue or be sued in the same respect as it is equipped with contractual capacity. There are, however, persons who despite not having contractual capacity or having limited contractual capacity, have got capacity to sue or be sued. Establishing correlation between contractual capacity and capacity to sue or be sued requires considering the following: 1) whether the capacity to sue or be sued covers the contractual capacity or they are only interrelated, 2) whether it is possible to have capacity to sue or be sued without having contractual capacity, 3) whether a person not having contractual capacity or having it limited have the capacity to sue or be sued in civil proceedings and if it does whether it is full or limited. Presuming directly contractual capacity for capacity to sue or be sued is not in every respect correct. Since the Code of Civil Procedure does not designate persons having capacity to sue or be sued, it is necessary to refer in that respect to provisions of material law. The Code of Civil Procedure, however, gives exceptions to the rule according to which provisions of material law on contractual capacity prescribe the capacity to sue or be sued. However, some persons with limited contractual capacity (partially incapacitated or minors from articles 4531 and 573 of the Code of Civil Procedure) have full capacity to sue or be sued not only in cases deriving from legal activities that they are capable to perform but also in cases concerning their incapacitation as well as some cases of family and custody law. Exceptionally, it is possible for a person certified as being mentally unsound, thus a person without contractual capacity to perform procedural activities, but only in cases referring to its incapacitation (articles 559§3 and 560 of the Code of Civil Procedure). There is no express dependence between contractual capacity and capacity to sue or be sued. Therefore, capacity to sue or be sued cannot be said to be a counterpart of contractual capacity; nevertheless it can be said that they are strictly connected.

CONTRACTUAL CAPACITY OF MINORS

Capability is one of the essential factors that the validity of contract stipulates the existence of it. Contractual capability means capacity and competency of parties. Individuals, legal entities, as well as states and municipalities may act as a party in concluding a contract. In general, it is important for individuals to have full active legal capacity in order to enter into a contract without someone's approval. As a legal matter, there are certain groups of people who are presumed to have no or limited contractual capacity to make an agreement. Minors included in this group must comply with the requirements established by the civil legislation for validity of contracts concluded by them. This article clarifies invalidity issues of contracts concluded by a minor party, necessity of consent and approval of legal representatives for validity of contracts and emancipation of minors. Key words: active legal capacity, minors, contractual capacity, children, approval of legal representatives, invalidity of contracts concluded by minors, emancipation

Whiteness as Contract

The year 2020 forced scholars, policymakers, and activists alike to grapple with the impact of “twin pandemics”—the COVID-19 pandemic, which has devastated Black and Indigenous communities, and the scourge of structural and physical state violence against those same communities—upon American society. As atrocious acts of anti-Black violence and harassment by law enforcement officers and white civilians are captured on recording devices, the gap between the human and civil rights to which Black people are entitled and their living conditions has become readily apparent. Less visible human rights abuses, too, camouflaged as private commercial matters, and thus out of the reach of the state, are also increasingly exposed as social and financial inequalities have become ever starker. These abuses are not effectively reached by anti-discrimination law, leaving Black and Indigenous people with rights, but no remedies, as they are forced to navigate a degraded existence suspended somewhere citizen and foreigner, and more importantly, between life and death. In analyzing the persistence, resilience, and agility of white supremacy in the United States, the Article proposes a departure from reliance upon the extant antidiscrimination legal frameworks in the United States. The Article offers up a theory as whiteness as contract, providing scholars, activists, and movement lawyers with a new prism of analysis for the structural and physical violence that those raced as Black endure at the express direction of the state. Despite federal law establishing formal racial equality with respect to citizenship, and with citizenship, the rights to contract and to property, an invisible common law sets forth that Black people are not in privity with the State and lack contractual capacity with the white body politic or its individual members. Under the terms of this contract for whiteness for which those raced as white have bargained, Black people lack the capacity to negotiate, occupy, or exercise a reliable authority over property. Moreover, whenever Black people are found to be in trespass on white property, they have no expectation of physical integrity, liberty, or life—or of remedies for breaches thereof. An end to anti-Black state violence requires the revocation of the terms of whiteness and the institution of a new social contract in which Black people are accorded full political personhood, and full citizenship, complete with full contracting capacity and authority and full protection of their contracts and proprietorship. Scholars and advocates committed to ending structural and physical anti-Black brutality may use the new analytical prism proposed in this Article to explore new advocacy strategies and to consider meaningful racial justice remedies.

Essentials of a Valid Contract: A Comparative Study of Islamic Law and the Contract Act, 1872

Islamic Law and Pakistani Law have identical basic ingredients to conclude the contract. This term paper will explore the comparison of the ingredients of contract in Islamic Law and the essential requirements of contract in the Contract Act, 1872. The concept of Sighah is identical to the concept of agreement but major difference is the free consent. Sighah includes free consent of the parties but in the Contract Act, 1872 the free consent is treated as an independent ingredient of contract. Contracting parties is the other ingredient in Islamic Law of Contract, Islamic Law provides that a person who is competent to understand the risk and liability. There are some impediments imposed by Islamic Law upon the contracting capacity i.e minority, lunacy, insanity, death illness, insolvency, coercion and forgetfulness. The Contract Act, 1872 also put some exception to the contracting capacity. Minor, person of unsound mind and person disqualified by law is incompetent. Classical Islamic Law only honor the contractual capacity of a natural capacity but Pakistani Law also recognizes the separate corporate personality of companies and corporations. In Islamic Law it is either an offer or not but no otherwise but there is an exception to this general rule that is the case of auctions. Islam law recognize auctions in which one invites others to offer some bid. Invitation to treat is not recognized in Islamic Law. Pakistani Law give room to invitation to treat. Pakistani Law honor auctions, transfer of share etc by invitation of offer.

ADOPTION OF SUPPLY CHAIN DRIVERS ON SUSTAINABLE PERFORMANCE OF CONSTITUENCY DEVELOPMENT FUNDED PROJECTS IN THE COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF BUNGOMA

Purpose: The focus of the study was to analyze the influence of supply chain drivers on performance of National Government Constituency Development funded projects in Bungoma County.
 Methodology: Based on pragmatic worldview the study employed descriptive research design. The target population of the study consisted of five prequalified accredited service providers’ contractors in Bungoma County with a total composition of 293 staff from which a sample size of 169 was drawn from the entire population.The data collection tool was the questionnaire which was subjected to pre testing through piloting before actual data collection. The data was analyzed descriptively and inferentially with the aid of SPSS tool and presented by use of tables. Correlation analysis was performed to establish the relationship between variables and multiple regressions to determine the cause effect of the variables.
 Findings: Result of multiple regressions revealed that supply chain drivers jointly and independently influence performance of NGCDF funded projects in Bungoma County, Kenya. The study findings showed that all study variables (ICT β=0.136, p<0.05, material management β=0.140, p<0.05, supplier selection β=0.317, p<0.05 and contract β=0.280, p<0.05 were significant to performance of NGCDF funded projects in Bungoma county. Therefore the study concluded that supply chain practices of ICT, material flow, supplier selection and contractual capacity affects the performance of funded projects.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends that the county government management in Kenya need to invest in constant training of their employees on effective supply chain practices to enhance their performance and appropriate measures put in place that ensure that potential risks regarding contract management and detected in advance and mitigated to enhance operational performance

ADOPTION OF SUPPLY CHAIN DRIVERS ON SUSTAINABLE PERFORMANCE OF CONSTITUENCY DEVELOPMENT FUNDED PROJECTS IN THE COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF BUNGOMA

Purpose: The focus of the study was to analyze the influence of supply chain drivers on performance of National Government Constituency Development funded projects in Bungoma County.
 Methodology: Based on pragmatic worldview the study employed descriptive research design. The target population of the study consisted of five prequalified accredited service providers’ contractors in Bungoma County with a total composition of 293 staff from which a sample size of 169 was drawn from the entire population.The data collection tool was the questionnaire which was subjected to pre testing through piloting before actual data collection. The data was analyzed descriptively and inferentially with the aid of SPSS tool and presented by use of tables. Correlation analysis was performed to establish the relationship between variables and multiple regressions to determine the cause effect of the variables.
 Findings: Result of multiple regressions revealed that supply chain drivers jointly and independently influence performance of NGCDF funded projects in Bungoma County, Kenya. The study findings showed that all study variables (ICT β=0.136, p<0.05, material management β=0.140, p<0.05, supplier selection β=0.317, p<0.05 and contract β=0.280, p<0.05 were significant to performance of NGCDF funded projects in Bungoma county. Therefore the study concluded that supply chain practices of ICT, material flow, supplier selection and contractual capacity affects the performance of funded projects.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends that the county government management in Kenya need to invest in constant training of their employees on effective supply chain practices to enhance their performance and appropriate measures put in place that ensure that potential risks regarding contract management and detected in advance and mitigated to enhance operational performance.

Coming to Terms: Applying Contract Theory to the Detroit Water Shutoffs

After the City of Detroit underwent financial takeover and filed the largest municipal bankruptcy in American history in 2013, the city’s emergency manager encouraged mass water shutoffs as a way of making the city’s water utility a more attractive asset for sale. The sale never took place, but the water shutoff, too, became the largest ever in American history, with over 141,000 homes subjected to water disconnections over a period of over six years. The governor of the State of Michigan ordered that the shutoffs be temporarily suspended for the duration of the COVID-19 health emergency in March 2020, and that water be restored to homes that had been disconnected from water services. Human and civil rights activists and health officials have long sought the end of the shutoff campaign based on its disproportionate impact upon Black people, its subjection of people to sub-human living conditions and serious health risks, and its ineffectiveness. Pleading violations of civil and human rights laws, however, has proven unavailing; even condemnations from the United Nations have not sufficed to convince the City of Detroit or the State of Michigan to put a permanent end to the water shutoffs, their lack of success and high human cost notwithstanding. This Essay uses contract theory to clarify the relationships between the people of Detroit and the local, state, and federal governmental bodies exercising jurisdiction over them, and to explain why the shutoffs persist. A racial contract exists amongst Michigan’s white body politic which seeks the exploitation of Black people and resources—including Detroit’s water. Performance of the contract requires the dehumanization and exclusion of Black Detroiters in order to establish and maintain a rent-seeking order in which Black people effectively subsidize the delivery of water and sewage services to white suburbanites who view Black governance and Black proprietorship as a breach of the social order for which they bargained. The City of Detroit has been able to rely on anti-Black narratives and beliefs to create the mirage of a contractual relationship with Detroit residents that Detroiters have breached; in reality, however, Black people lack contractual capacity under the terms of the racial contract, and the City of Detroit and the regional water authority treat Black people’s use of water as an externality resolved through taxation.

Contractual Capacity and the Conflict of Laws in Common-Law Jurisdictions (Part 2): Australasia, North America, Asia and Africa

This series of two articles provides a comparative overview of the position in common-law jurisdictions on the conflict of laws in respect of the contractual capacity of natural persons. The comparative study is undertaken in order to provide guidelines for the future development of South African private international law. Reference is primarily made to case law and the opinions of academic authors. The legal position in the law of the United Kingdom, as the mother jurisdiction in Europe, was investigated in part 1.1 Although Scotland is a mixed civil/common-law jurisdiction, the situation in that part of the United Kingdom was also discussed.Part 2 deals with the rules and principles of private international law in respect of contractual capacity in Australasia (Australia and New Zealand), North America (the common-law provinces of Canada and the United States of America), Asia (India, Malaysia and Singapore) and Africa (Ghana and Nigeria). This part also contains a comprehensive summary of the legal position in the common-law countries, followed by ideas for the reform of South African private international law in this regard.

Lišenje poslovne sposobnosti u svetlu koncepta poslovne sposobnosti kao ljudskog prava

In the legal system of the Republic of Serbia, every individual is is guaranteed the right to legal personality (Article 37, para. 1 of the Constitution). Thus, the most important features of legal capacity (its universal character, permanence and unconditional application) have obtained their constitutional dimension. Contractual capacity does not comprise these features. It is not universal because it does not pertain to every single person, nor does it imply the same degree (scope) of capacity for those who have it. This distinction between the legal capacity and the contractual capacity is a consequence of their different functions. The former provides a new legal quality to every person as a biological being; one becomes a person in law thanks to the legal capacity. One of the many functions of contractual capacity is the protective one, in terms of safeguarding both the individual who is being recognized as a person in law and all other participants in legal affairs. Hence, it is preconditioned by the sufficient development of intellectual, willful and emotional processes, which are used as criteria for grading the scope of contractual capacity as well as for depriving an individual of this capacity and possibly re-instating it during one's lifetime. Yet, this prevailing approach, based on the paradigm that the scope of one's contractual capacity is subjected to one's mental capacity, has been criticized as obsolete. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) establishes the right to legal capacity as a basic human right, and as a necessary condition for attaining full equality of all human beings before the law. It seems that legal capacity comprises contractual capacity as well; thus, instead of assessing whether their intellectual disabilities are an obstacle to attaining contractual capacity, persons with intellectual disabilities should be supported to exercise their legal (and contractual) capacity, they should be assisted in making the decision and expressing it. In light of this fundamental change in understanding the concept of contractual capacity, the author analyzes the validity of the conclusion that the distinction between the legal capacity and the contractual capacity is gradually being abandoned. If this hypothesis seems too bold, the author will assess the validity of the proposal (already accepted in some countries) to abandon the institutes of grading contractual capacity and depriving a person of contractual capacity, and replacing them with different tailor-made forms of assistance and support, adapted to the specific needs of the person with intellectual disabilities.

Politika pravosudnog sistema i sistema socijalne zaštite prema pitanju poslovne sposobnosti - prikaz istraživanja na teritoriji grada Beograda

Contractual capacity is the starting point for exercising most human rights. It entails the capacity to sign contracts and enter into the legal transactions, and it is a gateway to exercising a range of labour, voting, family, property, succession (etc.) rights envisaged by the law. The full deprivation of contractual capacity leads to the deprivation of most other capacities. Thus, a person is de iure and de facto excluded from societal life. The mechanism for deprivation of contractual capacity exists in both domestic and foreign jurisprudence, as a way of protecting individual rights. The deprivation of contractual capacity in adults is applicable when the competent authority determines one's mental or intellectual impairment. In the past, the prevailing approach to establishing such disability was the medical approach, which is largely the same today, while the social model is seldom applied. The issue of protection of the right to contractual capacity has seldom been comprehensively analyzed, either from the standpoint of social care services or from the standpoint of jurisprudence. Yet, they are both equally relevant in the process of assessing contractual capacity. This paper presents the results of research conducted in social care centers and courts in the territory of the City of Belgrade (Serbia). The research was aimed at establishing whether the status and position of social care service users has improved after introducing the legal mechanism authorizing the courts to assess (within a specific time limit) if there are reasons for continuing the imposed measure of deprivation of contractual capacity, as well as to analyze the major reasons for initiating the legal action for reassessment of contractual capacity.

Istorijski razvoj Instituta starateljstva nad osobama kojima je oduzeta ili ograničena poslovna sposobnost s posebnim osvrtom na Bosnu i Hercegovinu

Istorijski razvoj Instituta starateljstva nad osobama kojima je oduzeta ili ograničena poslovna sposobnost s posebnim osvrtom na Bosnu i Hercegovinu

CIVIL LIABILITY OF MINORS

Damage caused to another person assumes tort liability, providing that all the conditions specified by the law are met. National law stipulates that children under 7 years of age are not liable for damage they have caused, while minors over 7 years of age, if capable of reasoning, can be held liable for damage compensation. A minor attains general tort liability at the age of 14. Considering the fact that minors can be held liable for damage caused to another, the Serbian Obligations Act (“Law on Contracts and Torts”) makes a justifiable distinction between minors of different age regarding their individual liability. This distinction is not common in other European legal systems. Yet, the author concludes that it would be sensible to postpone the process of establishing tort liability of a minor for a later period, when the minor attains full contractual capacity. The conclusion is based on two main reasons. The first one is the fact that parental right, which last until the said age, implies the parents’ obligation to take care of their underage child. The second reason is the financial situation of the child that prevents him/her from compensating the damage s/he has caused to another person.

CONTRACTUAL CAPACITY AND THE CONFLICT OF LAWS IN COMMON-LAW JURISDICTIONS (PART 1): THE UNITED KINGDOM

This series of two articles provides a comparative overview of the position in the common-law conflict of laws in respect of the contractual capacity of natural persons. The comparative study is undertaken in order to provide guidelines for the future development of South African private international law. Reference is primarily made to case law and the opinions of academic authors. The legal position in the law of the United Kingdom, as the mother jurisdiction in Europe, is investigated in part I. Although Scotland is a mixed civil/common-law jurisdiction, the situation in that part of the United Kingdom is also discussed.Part II will deal with the rules and principles of private international law in respect of contractual capacity in Australasia (Australia and New Zealand), North America (the common-law provinces of Canada and the United States of America), Asia (India, Malaysia and Singapore) and Africa (Ghana and Nigeria). Part II also contains a comprehensive summary of the legal position in the common-law countries, followed by ideas for the reform of South African private international law in this regard.

Impact of Contractual Capacity of Minor

Impact of Contractual Capacity of Minor