Contractual Arrangements Research Articles

Determining Appropriate Number of Labors in Yellow Noodle SMEs Using K-Means Clustering Method: Meeting Demand While Minimizing Company Costs

Yellow noodle SMEs face the challenge of aligning their workforce with the fluctuating customer demand. Addressing this issue involves scaling up production staffing during peak yellow noodle demand. This study aimed to determine when and how much production labor should be added. Workforce expansion occurred through contractual arrangements during demand surges. This study used the K-Means clustering method to determine demand clusters. Each cluster underwent detailed analysis to calculate the precise number of required production workers. The study used the noodle sales in 2021–2022. Results showed that yellow noodle SMEs had eight permanent workers. Demand clusters were categorized into three classes. High-demand periods were observed in May and December, while moderate demand occurred in January, February, March, April, June, July, and August. September, October, and November constituted the low-demand cluster. Based on these findings, the study recommended adding one worker during high-demand and moderate-demand periods to maintain operational efficiency. Remarkably, no workforce additions were advised during the low-demand phase to optimize resource allocation and cost-effectiveness. In summary, this research addresses labor management challenges for yellow noodle SMEs. Leveraging data-driven approaches and cluster analysis offers SMEs a strategic framework to enhance workforce planning thereby improving operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Keywords: yellow noodle SMEs, workforce demand clustering, operational efficiency

Strategic decision-making of competitive manufacturers: Assessing the role of product substitutability in energy performance contracting

Maximizing benefits through optimized strategic decisions is a crucial concern in Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) arrangements among competing manufacturers, yet this area remains underexplored. This paper develops a model to examine EPC cooperation between two manufacturers producing substitutable products in a duopoly market. By applying game theory, the study investigates the strategic decision-making processes of these manufacturers, with a particular focus on product substitutability. The analysis of equilibrium outcomes reveals that when both manufacturers engage in EPC, total market output increases. Although EPC results in lower prices, it enhances overall consumer surplus due to the price reduction. Additionally, EPC contributes to a decrease in total energy consumption as the cost of energy-saving service rises. The study find that as product substitutability increases, the sharing ratio determined by the client in the EPC arrangement gradually decreases. Concurrently, the level of energy-saving service provided by the Energy Service Company (ESCO) increases. However, when the cost coefficient of energy-saving retrofitting services is relatively high and the sharing ratio falls within a certain range, the service level initially decreases before rising again. This research offers novel insights into the impact of product substitutability on EPC engagements between two competing manufacturers, providing valuable perspectives on strategic decision-making within a competitive market environment.

‘Workers using foodbanks’: the embedding of food insecurity at the nexus of welfare and employment laws

In this first UK study of ‘Workers using foodbanks’, 65 per cent of research participants, including 76 per cent of those of working age, identified poor-quality employment as the root cause of their food insecurity. This primary problem of the deficient quality of jobs was characterised by insecure work, low wages, and excessive mental stress. Data revealed an environment in which workers are required to claim benefits because available employment cannot sustain their needs. A contemporary generation of ‘in-and-out-of-work[ers]’ are food insecure because of a secondary problem of inadequate welfare support. Post-pandemic welfare laws are interacting with ineffective employment rights protection to scaffold a low-wage labour market in which jobs are stripped of qualities that meet workers’ basic needs. There is an urgent need to respond to the UKs record high incidence of food insecurity by improving the quality of available employment so that all jobs deliver adequate income, security of working arrangements, and support for good mental and physical health. ‘Workers using foodbanks’ is an aphorism that captures a contemporary reality in which the risk of food insecurity is embedded in contractual arrangements for work that are forged at the nexus of welfare and employment laws.

The Role of Working Commission Transactions in Afghanistan's Legal System

A commission agent is an individual who conducts business transactions in their own name on behalf of the transaction owner, earning a fee for their services. This contractual arrangement between the transaction owner and the commission agent is referred to as a working commission. It is important to differentiate working commission from representation and advocacy; in traditional representation or advocacy, the representative or advocate acts on behalf of the principal or client, whereas a commission agent often conceals the identity of their principal. Consequently, the party involved in the transaction may only recognize the commission agent’s right and not the identity of the principal. This research highlights the significance of working commission transactions within the Afghan legal framework by thoroughly examining their legal implications. The importance of this discussion is paramount, as it addresses a critical issue impacting Afghan society. The objectives of this research can be viewed from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Theoretically, the primary aim is to expand the academic understanding of commission transactions. Practically, the research seeks to analyze the position of commission work within Afghanistan's legal system, which constitutes a fundamental legal concern. The investigation was conducted using library resources and existing legal texts from Afghanistan. Insights and definitions pertaining to this topic were derived from relevant books and legal documents. Through this research, I have concluded that a commission agent is a businessman who operates in their own name while acting on behalf of others. In this context, entities that establish and manage property dealer offices serve as pertinent examples of working commission practices.

Implementation of Good Faith Principles in Trade Contracts in Indonesia

The principle of good faith is a fundamental basis for establishing contractual relationships, including trade contracts in Indonesia. The application of this principle is important to create a conducive, fair and transparent business climate. The purpose of this study is to examine the application of the principle of good faith in trade contracts in Indonesia. This research uses qualitative research methods by collecting data using literature review techniques. then after the data is collected, it is analyzed using steps such as selecting data, presenting data and finally making conclusions. The research findings show that the implementation of the principle of good faith in trade contracts in Indonesia is regulated in Article 1338 paragraph (3) of the Civil Code, which emphasizes the importance of the principle of good faith and fair dealing in the entire contract process, starting from negotiation, contract arrangement, contract implementation, to dissolution. contract. In Indonesian law, good faith is applied not only during contract implementation but also in the pre-contract stage, namely before the contract is signed. This is important to protect the parties involved in the transaction from losses. The use of the good faith principle in commercial contracts in Indonesia has also been applied in several judicial cases, such as in life insurance contracts, where the court ensured that the good faith principle was applied to protect the rights of the parties involved. Apart from that, the principle of good faith is also applied in the choice of law for foreign direct investment contracts Indonesia.

Private sector led multi-stakeholder platforms positively influence certified common bean seed supply in Malawi

Common bean yields in Malawi remain low, primarily due to the use of low-yielding, recycled local seeds by most smallholder farmers. The low uptake of certified bean seed is attributed to limited incentives from the private sector. This study hypothesizes that the sustainable adoption of market-preferred varieties can be achieved by synchronizing and linking seed production to the grain market through committed value chain actors in a private sector-led multi-stakeholder platform. This paper examines the role of private sector-led multi-stakeholder platforms in the supply of certified common bean seed in Malawi. The research draws on both qualitative and quantitative primary data collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and interviews with key informants. Data were analyzed using an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model. The results indicate that several variables representing membership in multi-stakeholder platforms (MSPs) significantly affect the supply of certified common bean seed. Participation in MSPs, contractual arrangements, market structure, extension services, and seed demonstrations positively influenced seed supply. The findings underscore the need for a well-coordinated multi-stakeholder platform to enhance the supply of certified common bean seed, supported by effective policies and incentives from policymakers.

Contract preference of an online intermediary in the presence of online reviews and cross‐channel spillover

AbstractIn e‐commerce, online intermediaries give suppliers ready access to consumers and have thereby become an important distribution channel. They can operate as resellers (under a reselling contract) or marketplaces (under an agency contract) for suppliers. This study analyzes the most effective contract arrangement between an online intermediary and two competing suppliers. The suppliers receive online reviews of their products and also be affected by the spillover effect of the intermediary's channel on their own direct sales channels. The intermediary can offer a reselling contract to one supplier and an agency contract to the other or offer the same contract type to both suppliers. We find that when the cross‐channel spillover is positive or only moderately negative, the intermediary offers different contract types if the difference in the review ratings of the two suppliers' products is considerable; otherwise, a reselling contract is offered to both. However, when the cross‐channel spillover is highly negative, the intermediary may offer an agency contract to both suppliers. Our research provides practical guidance for intermediaries on the most effective contract strategies to use when collaborating with suppliers who receive varied online reviews, depending on the cross‐channel spillover scenarios.

Flexicurity and employment inflows in the EU28 countries: a panel data analysis

PurposeThis paper examines the relationship between flexicurity and employment inflows in the EU28 countries over the 2007–2019 period. Flexicurity is defined as the mix of flexible contractual arrangements, social security systems, active labor market policies and lifelong learning strategies.Design/methodology/approachUsing two-way fixed effects two-stage least squares, we estimate the employment inflows as a function of an equal-weighted flexicurity composite indicator and other labor market, economic and business environment characteristics. To ensure the robustness of results, in additional specifications, we test the sensitivity of the flexicurity’s coefficient to: (1) the change of instruments; (2) the removal of different non-core variables and (3) the consideration of recessionary periods European regions. In addition, we estimate regressions with separate flexicurity components and with differently constructed flexicurity indices.FindingsIn all the estimations, increased flexicurity efforts are positively related to employment inflows. Increased flexicurity efforts benefit Eastern European countries more than the Northern and Anglo-Saxon groups. Not only a synergistic policy action that uses an equal combination of the four pillars of flexicurity has a positive impact on the employment inflow rate. Strategies that give more weight to the formation of skills seem to favor the labor market reinsertion most.Originality/valueTo our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study in the flexicurity–employment inflows literature since it: (1) follows all the European Union countries over more than a decade; (2) brings some tentative findings on the socio-cultural moderation of flexicurity’s impact on employment inflows and (3) explores different country-level flexicurity indices.

Do outgrower schemes enhance technology adoption and productivity? Evidence from maize farmers in Northern Ghana

AbstractNucleus outgrower schemes are contractual arrangements where well‐resourced large‐scale farmers (nucleus farmers) are empowered by development support agencies to take charge of smallholder farmers, by providing them with market access and the necessary training on agronomic practices and farm inputs for production. In this study, we examine the impact of participation in outgrower scheme on technology adoption and farm productivity, using data from 634 smallholder maize farmers in Northern Ghana. We use the linear regression with endogenous treatment effects model to account for both observable and unobservable selection bias. The results reveal positive and significant marginal effects of outgrower scheme participation on technology adoption and maize yields. Outgrower scheme participants applied 6% and 82% more inorganic fertilizer and weedicides, respectively, than nonparticipants. Maize yield increased by about 3% for the participants more than nonparticipants. The findings also show that factors such as distance to market, distance to nucleus farmers' satellite office, nucleus outgrower scheme awareness, input price, and farmer‐based organization significantly influence outgrower scheme participation decisions, as well as technology adoption and maize yields.

Illicit Financial Flows and the Petroleum Sector in Cameroon: Hitches and Policy Considerations

Cameroon depends to a large extent on the extraction of petroleum resources for their exports and tax revenue. However, this sector has been prone to generate illicit financial outflows over the years, causing the State to lose billions of dollars to this activity. In 2019, it was estimated that Cameroon lost over 7 billion US dollars which was approximately 4,200 billion XAF to IFFs. The loss was attributed to multinational companies operating in the oil, mining and gas sector in Cameroon. This study therefore aims at examining how the regulatory frameworks in the petroleum sector have been able to curtail the rise of IFFs in this sector. The paper also sheds light on the role of transparency in curtailing illicit financial flows, the catalysts of IFFs, the effects of and the hitches faced in curtailing IFFs in petroleum sector in Cameroon. The study underscores the fact that though the Cameroonian government has made laudable efforts through enactment of laws and putting in place regulatory structures to curtail this activity, lack of transparency, limited State participation in petroleum contractual arrangements, corruption, weak regulatory frameworks, tax evasion, trade mispricing and tax heavens remained the principal hitches to IFFs. Based on these findings, this study recommends strengthening of transparency mechanisms for oil licenses and contract awards, increased in State participation in oil contractual arrangements, citizen’s inclusivity during the negotiation processes and signing of oil contracts, regular publication of oil data and revenue to the public amongst others.

Silver diamine fluoride for the management of dental caries in children in primary dental care: protocol for a feasibility study

BackgroundDental caries remains a significant problem in England, affecting 11% of 3-year-olds and 23% of 5-year-olds. While current approaches have been extensively investigated, their ability to (1) control pain and infection; (2) prevent hospital admissions, and (3) be implemented within the National Health Service (NHS) contractual arrangements, remains unsatisfactory. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is an alternative, non-invasive approach that has proven efficacy in arresting caries progression in primary teeth, principally from studies conducted outside of Europe. Its use in primary dental care in the UK is limited, despite the acknowledged need.The clinical and cost-effectiveness of SDF has not been compared to usual care in the UK. Before a pragmatic randomised controlled trial (RCT) can be conducted to compare SDF to usual care for caries management in young children, there are several uncertainties that require investigation. This study aims to establish whether such an RCT is feasible.MethodsThis mixed-method parallel design study is a feasibility study with an embedded process evaluation, to compare SDF with usual treatment in primary dental care in the UK. It will be individually randomised, with 13 dentists and therapists, in 8 different dental primary care sites with a sample size of 80 child participants aged 1–8 years old. The aim will be to recruit ten participants per site with equal arm allocation. Follow-up will be for 1 year. The study will inform whether an RCT is feasible by resolving several key uncertainties. The acceptability and implementation of SDF and the research processes will be explored. Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement representatives will be involved throughout recruitment and retention strategies, participant documentation, analysis, engagement and dissemination.DiscussionThe ability to conduct an RCT will be evaluated. If feasible, this RCT has the potential to evaluate the effectiveness of a non-invasive approach for the management of untreated caries in young children. A feasibility study also offers the opportunity to consider factors associated with the implementation of SDF at an early stage through a process evaluation that will inform the definitive trial and an implementation strategy for SDF by identifying relevant barriers and facilitators.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06092151. Date: 19/10/2023.

Mírové smlouvy v mezinárodních vztazích. (K problematice kritérií a systematizace)

The subject of this study is the issue of peace treaties, which are among the most important diplomatic acts and documents in international relations. Peace treaties represent one of the most important types of international treaties. They are an integral part of the couple relationship of peace and war. Their basic specificity is the fact that, on the one hand, they confirm the end of the war conflict and, on the other hand, establish measures and rules for the subsequent relations between the participants in the conflict. In contrast to the prevailing approach, which deals with this issue from the point of view of international law, the author approached the issue on the basis of historical analysis and comparison. His goal was to establish criteria and, based on this, systematize the most important peace treaties concluded in the course of the history of international relations. The author came to determine a total of six intertwining main models of peace treaties: 1. victory of one side over the other, 2. parties exhausted each other and none won, 3. only one of the stages of the war was ended, 4. participation in the conflict ended with a peace treaty only some parties, 5. number of parties involved, 6. content aspect of the treaty. Following this, the author also paid attention to other related problems. Specifically, these are the ratification and observance of peace treaties, accompanying and follow-up contractual arrangements, the extent and degree of punishment of the defeated party, and treaties intended to prevent conflict. The purpose of the study was to create a conceptual and systematically anchored framework for further research on this important part of international relations and diplomacy.

Motherhood Penalty Revisited: Impacts of Maternity Leave Mandates on Nature of Employment Contracts

In this paper we study the extension of paid maternity leave from 12 weeks to 26 weeks in India to estimate its effect on the contractual arrangements of working women. To identify causal effects, we exploit the variation generated by the institutional features of the policy mandate in India, which applies only to establishments employing 10 workers or more. We find that women are 4.3 percentage points less likely to be employed as regular salaried workers in the establishments as a result of this policy. We also show that there is an increase in the employment of women as unpaid and wage labourers in establishments, but no change takes place in women entrepreneurship. The effects appear to be driven by married and younger women confirming that the extension of maternity leave imposes a motherhood penalty in terms of women’s labor market opportunities.

A Comparative Analysis of Donation Contract in Albanian and Italian Contract Law

Abstract The donation contract, as delineated in the Albanian Civil Code, symbolizes the altruistic and compassionate ethos upon which is founded. Its primary aim is to embody acts of generosity and selflessness, reflecting the donor’s relinquishment of ownership for the benefit of the recipient. The motivation behind entering this legal relationship is rooted in the donor’s desire to enhance the recipient’s assets, a sentiment essential for the contract’s efficacy. The transition in Albania’s political landscape has brought forth a new legislative ethos, prompting adaptations to legal provisions in alignment with contemporary requirements. As property relations evolve, influenced by political and historical shifts, so too does the donation contract. Addressing the challenges encountered in donation contracts, Albanian legal scholars have sought solutions that align with evolving social dynamics. While current legislation offers broader provisions for donation contracts compared to previous iterations, ambiguities persist. Thus, there’s a recognized need for enhancements and clarifications, achieved through comparative analysis of Albanian and Italian legislation on donations. This comparison aims to elucidate critical yet ambiguous aspects of donation contracts for readers and scholars. One such issue pertains to categorizing donations accurately, determining whether they stem from unilateral acts or real contracts. The Civil Code unequivocally designates donation as a contractual arrangement. Regarding the grounds for revoking donation contracts, Albanian law delineates only two cases wherein donors can revoke donations, in contrast to Italian law, which affords donors this right in numerous circumstances. Italian jurisprudence and the previous Albanian Civil Code, unlike the current one, recognize another ground for revocation: the birth of the donor’s children. This provision aims to safeguard donors who, had they known about impending births at the time of donation, might have reconsidered their decision.

Mazovian Interglacial sites in the Sosnowica Depression and the Parczew-Kodeń Heights (Western Polesie, SE Poland), and their stratigraphic, palaeogeographic and palaeoenvironmental significance

We describe the geological context of the Pleistocene strata in the Sosnowica Depression and the Parczew-Kodeń Heights, as well as the main geological processes taking place in that area during the Middle Pleistocene. The stratigraphy of the Pleistocene succession is based on the analysis of new sites with Mazovian Interglacial deposits (MIS 11c) with age determinations obtained from palaeobotanical and palaeofaunal proxies, at Zahajki, Wygnanka, and Sytyta in the Sosnowica Depression, and Podedwórze and Gęś 3 in the Parczew-Kodeń Heights. The interglacial deposits documented occur in the direct subsurface and are not overlain by glacial deposits, which indicates that the study area was not covered by the ice-sheet of the Middle Polish Glaciations (Saalian, MIS 6). They are overlain by Early Liviecian (Fuhne, MIS 11b) lacustrine and bog deposits, or upper Vistulian (MIS 2) clastic and bog deposits. Holocene strata lie above. Therefore, the glacial deposits building the Parczew-Kodeń Heights are considered to derive from the Sanian 2 (Elsterian, MIS 12) Glaciation and not from the Saalian (MIS 6) Glaciation as previously thought. Palaeolakes formed in the late part of the Sanian 2 (Elsterian, MIS 12) Glaciation and remained open during the Mazovian Interglacial (Holsteinian, MIS 11c), with some still existing until the Early Liviecian (Fuhne, MIS 11b) Glaciation. The palaeolakes described were part of an extensive palaeolakeland of the Mazovian Interglacial, stretching from the southern part of Podlasie to the northern part of Western Polesie. The last ice-sheet in Western Polesie represented the Sanian 2 Glaciation. Downloads pdf Published 2024-07-20 — Updated on 2024-07-23 Issue Vol. 68 No. 2 (2024) Section Articles License Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as this can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and more frequent citation of the published work (See The Effect of Open Access).

Blockchain in Real Estate: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract: This review paper meticulously examines the transformative impact of blockchain technology within the real estate sector. The investigation focuses on the revolutionary changes instigated by blockchain, particularly concerning property ownership and title management. Noteworthy aspects include the establishment of secure ledgers for titles and the integration of smart contracts as pivotal instruments for automating and securing transactions. The insightful examination amplifies to the investigation of tokenization as a component to democratize genuine domain speculations, permitting for fragmentary proprietorship and extending the range of venture opportunities. Critical consideration is devoted to dismembering the productivity picks up characteristic in genuine domain exchanges encouraged by the arrangement of smart contracts. This key execution diminishes dependence on ordinary mediators, streamlining the generally exchange lifecycle. The permanent characteristics of property records on the blockchain are unpredictably inspected, highlighting their urgent part in upgrading information judgment, moderating extortion dangers, and building up an faithful store of solid data. The scholastic investigation amplifies to the application of blockchain in optimizing property administration forms, particularly through the computerized execution of rental understandings.

공동주택의 AI IoT의 하자로 인한 민사책임에 대한 소고

In contemporary South Korea, the ubiquitous presence of smartphones has become ingrained in the daily lives of its populace. With artificial intelligence permeating various aspects of modern living, from smart vehicles to interconnected homes, the integration of IoT devices has become the norm. Initially conceived for security purposes, entrance keypads now serve as pivotal nodes within home networks, interconnected with the broader Internet of Things ecosystem. However, these keypads, while designed to enhance convenience, also harbor significant volumes of personal data, raising concerns over potential breaches and leaks. Indeed, instances of personal data exposure on the dark web, stemming from IoT hacking incidents, underscore the critical imperative for robust security measures. To fortify the security framework surrounding these keypads and mitigate potential risks within residential complexes, a comprehensive legislative review is warranted. This examination encompasses the classification of keypad-related disputes as 'defects' and the subsequent application of pertinent statutes such as the 'Housing Act.' Given the intricate interplay between various legal frameworks governing housing complexes, scrutiny of relevant articles within the 'Civil Code' and the 'Act on Ownership and Management of Condominium Buildings,' particularly Articles 667 and 668, is essential to establish a coherent legal foundation. Moreover, the regulatory landscape must extend to encompass the 'Personal Information Protection Act,' addressing the ramifications of personal data exposure through IoT vulnerabilities. Furthermore, in light of IoT's alignment with the 'Installation and Technical Standards for Intelligent Home Networks,' delineating precise definitions and standards governing home networks becomes imperative. This necessitates a thorough appraisal of existing legislation pertaining to cybersecurity and hacking incidents, with a specific focus on enhancing security protocols surrounding keypad systems in residential settings. Proposals for legislative amendments, such as revisions to select provisions within the 'Enforcement Decree of the Information and Communication Business Act,' aim to codify stringent standards and safeguards within our legal framework. Additionally, recognizing the global nature of IoT technology standards and the inherent challenges posed by its rapid evolution, proactive measures are requisite. This includes advocating for amendments enabling management bodies to engage specialized supervisors through contractual arrangements or direct employment, thereby ensuring adept oversight and compliance in an ever-evolving technological landscape.

К вопросу о конструкциях, производных от трудового договора

The current labor legislation establishes the construction of an employment contract as one of the key institutions. However, there are other documents regulating the interaction of subjects in this area. This study addresses the intricate relationship between the employment contract and derivative constructions within labor relations. By examining the formalization of apprenticeship relations and employee material responsibility within legislative frameworks, the research highlights the complexities inherent in regulating these dynamics through contractual arrangements. The findings suggest that while these constructions are intertwined with the employment contract, there remains a discrepancy between their formalization and the inherent nature of these relationships. Furthermore, the absence of comprehensive norms and rules dedicated to such agreements within current labor legislation underscores a limitation in the existing legal framework. Moving forward, there is a need for a nuanced approach to the regulation of derivative constructions within labor relations, one that recognizes the interplay between contractual arrangements and the substantive essence of these relationships. Addressing this discrepancy will be crucial in ensuring the efficacy and coherence of labor legislation, thereby fostering a more equitable and transparent employment environment.

Exploring preferences for contractual terms in a scenario of ecological transition for the agri-food sector: a latent class approach

Governance mechanisms along the agri-food supply chains are increasingly important in a scenario of ecological transition. Under the conceptual and analytical lens of the Transaction Cost Economics, we explored farmers’ preferences towards a variety of clauses usually adopted in production contracts. To this purpose, a discrete choice experiment among 190 durum wheat producers in Italy was conducted. Results from a latent class model showed that producers were mainly interested in fixed prices formula and to join shared rules of production but revealed little or no interest for compelling sustainable cultivation techniques and the provision of technical assistance. However, these preferences are heterogeneous across farmers and vary depending on their level of education and previous use of contractual arrangements, with relevant implications for contract design and management. Governance mechanisms along the agri-food supply chains are increasingly important in a scenario of ecological transition. Under the conceptual and analytical lens of the Neo Institutional Economics, we explored farmers’ preferences towards a variety of clauses usually adopted in production contracts. To this purpose, a discrete choice experiment among 190 durum wheat producers in Italy was conducted. Results from a latent class model showed that that producers were mainly interested in fixed prices formula and to join shared rules of production but revealed little or no interest for compelling sustainable cultivation techniques and the provision of technical assistance. However, these preferences are heterogenous across farmers and vary depending on their level of education and previous use of contractual arrangements, with relevant implications for contract design and management.

Contractual Diversification Advantage: A Relational View of the Link Between Supplier Diversification and Performance

Contractual Diversification Advantage: A Relational View of the Link Between Supplier Diversification and Performance