Contour Curve Research Articles

An industrial robot based sawing method for natural stone sculpture

Abstract The advancement of industrial robot technology has opened up a new direction for stone sculpture machining. However, whether through traditional hand carving or modern industrial robotic grinding, a significant amount of natural stone must be removed, typically in the form of stone powder. This process not only decreases machining efficiency but also results in the wastage of stone resources due to the generation of stone powder, which can negatively impact the ecological environment. In order to enhance the efficiency of stone sculpture machining while reducing natural stone waste and environmental pollution, a method for the efficient and green sawing of natural stone sculptures using industrial robots is proposed. First, based on the processing characteristics of diamond wire saw, a mathematical model is developed for the ruled surface generated by the saw's movement and its corresponding compensated surface. Second, with the contour curve of the model as the directrix, an enveloping ruled surface is generated. Next, the minimum volume ruled surface model is generated by Boolean operation using the enveloping ruled surface and the model bounding box. Then, the contour curve corresponding to the minimum volume ruled surface model (the directrix of the envelope ruled surface) is utilized as the machining path for an integrated robotic diamond wire cutting system. A ruled surface model of Stanford Bunny was obtained by sawing a marble block using the robotic diamond wire cutting system. The experimental results show that the material removal rate of the robotic diamond wire cutting is 1.37 times that of saw blade cutting and 2.30 times that of grinding. The volume of stone powder generated during the processing was 0.16 × 10⁷mm³, accounting for only 1.47% of the total stone powder produced during the grinding process. In summary, the proposed method not only enhances processing efficiency but also reduces natural stone waste and mitigates environmental pollution.

Improving mechanical properties of 3D printed products through honeycomb structure and deep learning optimization

The use of three-dimensional (3D) Printing has rapidly grown due to its various applications in daily life. However, products made with this technology are not widely adopted because their quality is not yet seen as equal to that of products made with traditional materials. To address this issue, a honeycomb structure model was developed to improve the mechanical properties of the items created using 3D printing technology. This model not only saves materials, but also reduces printing time compared to previous models. The honeycomb structure was designed using a theoretical model, and its components were modified to ensure compatibility with the 3D printing extrusion method. Moreover, deep learning was used to optimise the honeycomb structure model’s boundary conditions by generating contour curves through linear interpolation. This process significantly improved the mechanical strength of the honeycomb structure model compared to structures made using 3D printing technology. The theoretical findings were validated through various material tensile tests conducted under different scenarios. As a result, this model can be used in various industries and products that use 3D printing technology, thanks to the critical role that deep learning in improving its mechanical properties.

Vocal cord anomaly detection based on Local Fine-Grained Contour Features

Laryngoscopy is a popular examination for vocal cord disease diagnosis. The conventional screening of laryngoscopic images is labor-intensive and depends heavily on the experience of the medical specialists. Automatic detection of vocal cord diseases from laryngoscopic images is highly sought to assist regular image reading. In laryngoscopic images, the symptoms of vocal cord diseases are concentrated in the inner vocal cord contour, which is often characterized as vegetation and small protuberances. The existing classification methods pay little, if any, attention to the role of vocal cord contour in the diagnosis of vocal cord diseases and fail to effectively capture the fine-grained features. In this paper, we propose a novel Local Fine-grained Contour Feature extraction method for vocal cord anomaly detection. Our proposed method consists of four stages: image segmentation to obtain the overall vocal cord contour, inner vocal cord contour isolation to obtain the inner contour curve by comparing the changes of adjacent pixel values, extraction of the latent feature in the inner vocal cord contour by taking the tangent inclination angle of each point on the contour as the latent feature, and the classification module. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method improves the detection performance of vocal cord anomaly and achieves an accuracy of 97.21%.

Reconstruction of geometrical structure of claw of Marmota and research of soil-claw interaction

The Himalayan marmot can excavate soil efficiently, and the geometric structure of its claw and its movement during excavation can provide a reference for the design of soil tillage components. In this paper, the geometric model of the claw is reconstructed using reverse engineering methods, and its contour curves are fitted and curvature analyzed. It is found that the marmot's claw can break the soil with high efficiency and excellent sliding-cutting action. The interaction relationship between the soil and claw was simulated using the discrete element method, and the effects of working depth and rake angle on the horizontal force, soil disturbance area, and soil particle velocity were analyzed. The results showed that the horizontal force increased with the increase of working depth, and first increased and then decreased with the increase of rake angle. The optimal working effect was achieved when the rake angle was 75°.

Thermodynamic manipulation of the particle size in the synthesis of spherical silica from a new aspect of interface wettability

In the stöber synthesis of spherical silica, the alcohol/water ratio is normally regarded as the major factor that determines the final particle size of the products, but a solid relationship between the alcohol/water ratio and the particle size is hard to be deduced, and the thermodynamic mechanism behind this phenomenon has not been fully discussed yet. In this paper, the methanol/ethanol/isopropanol-H2O solvents with different alcohol/water ratio are used to prepare spherical silica particles via a classic stöber synthesis. It is found that not only the surface tension of the reaction system, but also the interface contact angle can effectively influence the final particle size of the silica products, and an interfacial wetting effect could be deduced for the thermodynamic analysis of this phenomenon. In this interfacial wetting mode for the particle size manipulation, the particle size is proportional to the surface tension of the reaction system when the interface contact angle is below 90⁰, but an inverse proportional relationship will be applicable when the interface contact angle is above 90⁰. Assisted with this new mechanism, the iso-particle size contour curves based on pairs of surface tension and the interface contact angle could be deduced, and the controllable stöber synthesis of spherical silica particles could be reached in a more facile and accurate way.

Modeling process for full forming sports underwear

Abstract Most of the sports underwear available is sewn using cutting and sewing techniques. During the exercise process, it is easy to cause discomfort to the skin due to repeated friction at the seam, and at the same time, it is also a waste of manpower and raw material costs. In order to address these issues present in existing sports underwear, during its design and development, combined with fully forming knitting technology, construction process model, so as to realize the integrated knitting of sports underwear. First of all, through the characteristics of the local style of sports underwear, the key points of its prototype were probed. Second, on this basis, its process model was established, including the forming methods and knitting rules of the body, shoulder collar, and bottom circumference. Finally, the feasibility of the technological model is proved by the braiding of a fully formed sports underwear. The change in the body size can be achieved by using the two-side braiding transfer method. The curve contour of the shoulder and neck can be obtained by using the triangular polyline segmentation method. The bottom part is divided into a cylinder part and a supporting part. The local braiding method is used to achieve the knitting. This study puts forward a process model and application method of fully formed sports underwear, which provides a certain method and reference for the design and production of fully formed sports underwear.

基于弓背蚁上颚切-锯运动机理的农业仿生刀开发研究

Aiming at issues such as low instantaneous grasping ability, unsatisfactory cutting quality, and proneness to damage of the blades for existing harvesters, by observing the physiological structure and movement characteristics of the ant's mandible and by bionic design theory, a bionic blade was designed to optimize its performance. In this paper, Camponotus was selected as the research object to observe the movement of the right mandibular teeth. It was concluded that the movement of the ant's mandibular teeth was a cutting-sawing motion. A comparative analysis was carried out using the flat blade and the mandibular teeth blade, uncovering that the mandibular teeth movement formed a sliding cut with a variable sliding cutting angle. The mandibular teeth were beneficial for clamping the target and boosting the instantaneous grasping force. The fourth tooth of the mandible was selected as the bionic prototype. from which the contour curve was extracted and analyzed, followed by the design of the bionic blade. Through the finite element method, the influence laws of parameters such as the tooth pitch, structural angle, and blade inclination angle on the stress field and deformation of the bionic blade were analyzed under two force application circumstances: along the inclination direction of the tooth edge and the blade face direction. The results showed that when the applied force was along the tooth edge inclination, the total deformation of the bionic blade initially decreased and then increased with the tooth pitch increase. The maximum equivalent stress of the bionic blade rose gradually with the tooth pitch increase, and the total deformation decreased with the increase of the inclination angle of the tooth. The equivalent stress diminished with the rise in the inclination angle. With the increase of the structural edge angle, the total deformation of the bionic blade rose gradually. When the force was applied along the blade face direction, the deformation and stress values of the blade were significantly lower than those when the force was along the tooth edge inclination. The research findings can offer theoretical references for the design of bionic blades for harvesters.

Measurement and machining error assessment method for cycloid pump rotor profile based on STEP

Abstract The contour shape and machining precision of the rotor of an cycloid pump directly determine the sealing performance of the pump cavity. Precise measurement of contour machining errors is a crucial step in the manufacturing process. However, rotor contour curves are often designed by enterprises based on actual engineering needs, leading to inconsistency between the measured baseline contour and the designed contour, thus failing to accurately reflect the actual machining condition of the rotor. Therefore, this paper proposes a method for measuring the contour of the cycloid pump rotor and evaluating machining errors based on the standard for the exchange of product (STEP) files necessary for product design in manufacturing. Firstly, utilizing NX/OPEN API functions, contour coordinate points and unit normal vectors are obtained from the rotor’s STEP design data. Subsequently, by planning the process of measuring the closed continuous contour of the rotor, the transformation between the workpiece coordinate system and the measurement coordinate system is achieved to position the tested rotor, followed by analyzing the influence of different starting points on error measurement and evaluation determines the optimal starting point. Finally, a measurement sampling point strategy is established to collect data points of the actual machining contour of the rotor. By achieving the best matching between the actual machining contour and the measured baseline contour, a contour deviation calculation model is established. Utilizing gauge blocks enables accurate assessment of pitch deviation, radial runout, and tooth-to-tooth distance deviation, resulting in assessment results that better fit the actual meshing situation of the rotor. Experimental results verifies consistency between the measurements of the one-dimensional probe and Gleason measurements. This theory and method not only expand the measurement range of the one-dimensional probe but also provide more accurate and efficient guidance for the flexible machining of the rotor.

Geometric Amplitude Accompanying Local Responses: Spinor Phase Information from the Amplitudes of Spin-Polarized STM Measurements.

Solving the Hamiltonian of a system yields the energy dispersion and eigenstates. The geometric phase of the eigenstates generates many novel effects and potential applications. However, the geometric properties of the energy dispersion go unheeded. Here, we provide geometric insight into energy dispersion and introduce a geometric amplitude, namely, the geometric density of states (GDOS) determined by the Riemann curvature of the constant-energy contour. The geometric amplitude should accompany various local responses, which are generally formulated by the real-space Green's function. Under the stationary phase approximation, the GDOS simplifies the Green's function into its ultimate form. In particular, the amplitude factor embodies the spinor phase information of the eigenstates, favoring the extraction of the spin texture for topological surface states under an in-plane magnetic field through spin-polarized STM measurements. This work opens a new avenue for exploring the geometric properties of electronic structures and excavates the unexplored potential of spin-polarized STM measurements to probe the spinor phase information of eigenstates from their amplitudes.

Surgical robot open surgery trajectory planning based on machine vision and improved genetic algorithm

Aiming at the difficulty of trajectory planning for open surgery of surgical robot, a method based on machine vision and improved genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the trajectory planning of open surgery of surgical robot. This method extracts the contour curve of the incision site of human open surgery from the image through the feature recognition algorithm, and discretizes it into the trajectory planning stage. Based on the discretized model, the optimal surgical incision trajectory is obtained. Combined with the biological characteristics of the human abdomen and the improved genetic algorithm (GA), the spline curve is segmented trajectory planning, and the minimum number of segments is optimized. Finally, the trajectory planning results are converted to Cartesian space for programming according to the spatial pose relationship, and the optimal surgical trajectory is obtained to realize the preoperative planning of the content of open surgery.

A Measurement Method for Body Parameters of Mongolian Horses Based on Deep Learning and Machine Vision

The traditional manual methods for measuring Mongolian horse body parameters are not very safe, have low levels of automation, and cannot effectively ensure animal welfare. This research proposes a method for extracting target Mongolian horse body parameters based on deep learning and machine vision technology. Firstly, Swin Transformer is used as the backbone feature extraction network of Mask R-CNN model, and the CNN-based differentiated feature clustering model is added to minimize the loss of similarity and spatial continuity between pixels, thereby improving the robustness of the model while reducing error pixels and optimizing the rough mask boundary output. Secondly, an improved Harris algorithm and a polynomial fitting method based on contour curves are applied to determine the positions of various measurement points on the horse mask and calculate various body parameters. The accuracy of the proposed method was tested using 20 Mongolian horses. The experimental results show that compared with the original Mask R-CNN network, the PA (pixel accuracy) and MIoU (mean intersection over union) of the optimized model results increased from 91.46% and 84.72% to 98.72% and 95.36%, respectively. The average relative errors of shoulder height, withers height, chest depth, body length, croup height, shoulder angle, and croup angle were 4.01%, 2.98%, 4.86%, 2.97%, 3.06%, 4.91%, and 5.21%, respectively. The research results can provide technical support for assessing body parameters related to the performance of horses under natural conditions, which is of great significance for improving the refinement and welfare of Mongolian horse breeding techniques.

A Comparative Study of Machining Property in Inconel 718 Superalloy Grinding with Al2O3- and CBN/Fe-Based Spherical Magnetic Abrasives

A comparative analysis was studied on the finishing performance of spherical CBN/Fe-based magnetic abrasive particles (MAPs) and Al2O3/Fe-based magnetic abrasive particles (MAPs) prepared by the gas atomization method in the magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) of the Inconel 718 superalloy. In the MAF, it was found that compared with Al2O3/Fe-based MAPs, CBN/Fe-based MAPs have a lower grinding temperature and generate less heat during the grinding of the Inconel 718 superalloy. The grinding pressure generated on the workpiece is relatively stable (Al2O3/Fe-based MAPs have a larger fluctuation range of grinding pressure on the workpiece surface during the grinding process). The surface roughness of the workpiece rapidly drops from Ra 0.57 μm to Ra 0.039 μm, and the material removal reaches 42 mg within 20 min. After finishing, the scratches on the surface of the workpiece basically disappear, the contour curve is relatively flat, and there is almost no adhesion on the surface of the workpiece. The mirror effect of the superalloy surface is good, and ultimately a better surface quality can be obtained.

Numerical and experimental study on effect of induction heating parameters on the coating of Zn layer on mild steel

The objective of the study is to determine the most effective induction heating parameters for melting pure zinc selectively over the mild steel substrate surface. The numerical simulation on effect of induction heating parameters on the mild steel substrate is studied using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6 software. The optimised effective parameters are used for the experimental analysis for the validation. Variables such as coil configuration, stand-off distance (SOD), coil current and frequency were systematically changed, and optimal settings were chosen on the basis of time temperature contour curve and the heating rate within the material. Results of the numerical analysis portrayed that a pancake coil geometrical configuration, SOD of 2 mm, coil current of 300 A and alternating frequency of 300 kHz were found as the optimum set of parameters for the effective surface repair. An experimental investigation was carried out by depositing a thin layer of zinc on mild steel substrate using the optimized parameters. The surface integrity of the coated specimen was examined through the high-resolution optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) techniques. The hardness property of the coated specimen was examined with a Vickers microhardness tester. The microstructure analysis and hardness measurement showed that consistent coating is achieved without affecting the base metal/substrate properties. The experimental results very much coincide with the numerical simulation.

Vision-based algorithm for online TIG welding deviation detection of stainless steel welded pipes

Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding is the main welding process in the production of stainless steel welded pipe. According to the morphological characteristics of the welding molten pool image during the TIG welding process of stainless steel welded pipes, the exact position of the tungsten needle tip is calculated using image moments. Extract the weld region in the contour of the molten pool, interpolate the contour curve based on the cubic B-spline curve interpolation method, utilize the characteristics of the S-G filter, remove the interference coordinates in the contour curve through the detrending of the contour curve, extract the weld feature points, and realize the accurate identification of weld seams. The experimental results show that the method can accurately calculate the welding deviation in the welding process.

Design Method of Cam Steering Mechanism Based on Path Fitting

In order to improve the accuracy of a solar-powered punch card car’s movement on a designated route and reduce positional deviations during its operation, a solar-powered punch card car with a single cam as the steering guidance mechanism was designed. The car adopts a three-wheel structure. The transmission mechanism, steering mechanism, driving mechanism, and regulating mechanism of the car were analyzed. The kinematics model of the car was established and the motion characteristics of the car were obtained. By analyzing the relationship between the steering angle of the car and the curvature radius of its travel route, the front wheel angle of the car at each position was calculated using MATLAB R2020a. This allowed us to establish the relationship between the front wheel angle and the displacement of the steering push rod, which was further converted into the theoretical contour line of the cam. Subsequently, the theoretical contour line of the cam was completed and envelope correction was performed. Finally, through mechanical analysis and experimental verification using a prototype, the results indicated that the single-cam steering guidance mechanism calculated using this fast path fitting method exhibited excellent mechanical performance and a smooth and accurate trajectory, and the traveling path of the theoretical cam contour curve was basically consistent with the actual trajectory route.

Distributed Multiband Synthetic Aperture Radar Image Fusion Based on Wavelet Transform in the Internet of Things Environment

Abstract In order to improve the detection and recognition capabilities of distributed multiband synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images in the Internet of Things environment, a distributed multiband SAR image fusion algorithm based on wavelet transform is proposed for the Internet of Things environment. The multispectral/hyperspectral imager is used to detect and process the distributed multiband SAR image. The feature extraction method of fast spatial geographic water target range radar signal source is used to extract and segment the distributed multiband SAR image. The wavelet multiscale transform method is used to segment the SAR image, and the linear filtering and nonlinear filtering methods are used to detect the edge contour features. Using the distributed multiband SAR image fusion technology based on the calculation of high-frequency subband edge function and the segmentation of regional gray contour curve, the splitting and broadening of the peak spectrum of the target image of the radar signal source in the fast spatial geographical waters, as well as the radar target positioning parameters, the noise filtering, and anti-jamming detection of the distributed multiband SAR image are realized, and the distributed multiband SAR image fusion is realized combined with wavelet transform. The test results show that the output peak signal-to-noise ratio of distributed multiband SAR image fusion using this method is high, and the performance of detection and recognition of SAR imaging targets and the ability of edge contour feature extraction are good.

An integrated method for compensating and correcting nonlinear error in five-axis machining utilizing cutter contacting point data

In current five-axis computer numerical control (CNC) machining, the use of minute linear path segments as an approximation for the ideal cutter contacting (CC) point trajectory is still prevalent. However, introducing rotation axes leads to a deviation of the actual CC point trajectory from the ideal, resulting in nonlinear errors. An integrated method is proposed in this paper for compensating and correcting both the contour error, associated with the approximation of the part surface by the ideal CC point trajectory and the nonlinear error of the CC point trajectory based on the information in the CC point data. By analyzing the spatial relationship between the tool posture and the CC point path during the five-axis linear interpolation process, two adjacent machining tool positions containing CC point data information are selected as the starting and ending points of the five-axis linear interpolation machining. The ideal tool center point and the actual CC point are calculated during the interpolation process, as well as the distance and the unit vector in the perpendicular direction between the actual CC point and the ideal CC point trajectory segment. In the comprehensive error compensation and correction phase, the obtained unit vectors are used as direction vectors for error compensation, and the tool center point during interpolation is first compensated and corrected. This ensures the actual CC point and the contour curve are on the same plane. The compensation direction for contour error is calculated using the start/end tool axis vectors and the ideal CC point trajectory vectors. The size of the contour error approximating the contour curve is calculated through the chord error. A second compensation and correction are applied to the tool center point for interpolation, ultimately achieving comprehensive compensation and correction of nonlinear errors. The data calculations were conducted in the MATLAB environment using actual machining data. After compensation and correction, the contour error was reduced by 76%, the nonlinear error of the CC point trajectory decreased to below 0.88 μm, and the comprehensive nonlinear error of the CC point trajectory was reduced from 19 to 1.5 μm, a reduction of 93%. This demonstrates significant practical value in enhancing the accuracy of five-axis CNC machining. Through actual machining verification, after using the method described in this paper, the average surface roughness decreased from 1.133 to 0.220 μm, and the maximum surface roughness decreased from 6.667 to 1.240 μm. This significantly demonstrates that the compensation and correction method proposed in this paper can significantly improve the surface quality of machined parts.

Visualized Experimental Study of Soil Temperature Distribution around Submarine Buried Offshore Pipeline Based on Transparent Soil

The temperature distribution around the offshore burial pipeline is an important factor affecting its safety design and economic operation. The traditional test method cannot obtain the continuous temperature distribution of soil owing to the constraints of placing measurement sensors in soil. The transparent soil model test is an alternative method to realize the visualization research of soil temperature. In this paper, a relationship between the temperature of transparent soil and pixel intensity was first established. Then, the transparent soil test and numerical simulation, considering the natural convection, were carried out to study the temperature distribution around the submarine pipeline during start-up and stable operation. The influence of buried depth and pipeline diameter was analyzed. The results suggest that the continuous temperature distribution can be obtained visually by using a transparent soil test, and the observed heating zone of influence extended to a radial distance of 2.6 pipe diameters. The numerical analysis results show that the influence zone of the temperature of pipeline is a distance of four pipeline diameters at a temperature difference of 45 °C. The buried depth and pipeline diameter have little influence on the influence zone. In addition, the contour curves of soil temperature around the pipeline with different diameter are similar in shape. With the decrease in the buried depth of pipeline, the temperature gradient of soil around the pipeline decreases, which is caused by the natural convection.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ГЕОМЕТРІЄЮ ПЕРЕХІДНОЇ КРИВОЇ ПРОФІЛЮ ТА ВЕЛИЧИНОЮ ГРАНИЧНОГО ДІАМЕТРА ЦИЛІНДРИЧНОГО ЗУБЧАСТОГО КОЛЕСА

Information is given on the use of cylindrical gears. The influence of the geometry of the transition curve on other parameters is considered. With the development of numerically controlled machines and 3D printing, it becomes possible to manufacture gears with any geometry, in particular, it is possible to manufacture a transition surface with any parameters of the transition curve. The formula for determining the limit diameter is presented. The above formula is valid for gears that do not have undercutting. As can be seen from the obtained formula, the maximum diameter depends on the module, the number of teeth, the angle of the profile, the offset and other parameters of the initial contour. An example of a formed depression of a gear wheel is presented. The results of calculation and modeling of the value of the limit diameter depending on different values of the radius of curvature of the output contour were obtained.

Energy optimization method for variable curvature contour machining

Energy optimization method for variable curvature contour machining