Continuous Subglottic Suctioning Research Articles

Data-Driven Multicriteria Decision Analysis of Bundles of Care for Patients with Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

Objective. The study focused on the nursing strategies of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) in nursing supervision, so as to improve the survival rate and prognosis of patients with VAP. Methods. 200 patients of the database in the ICU who required mechanical ventilation were selected as research subjects. They were divided into control group and intervention group according to different nursing measures. The incidence of VAP was compared between the two groups, and 15 experts were consulted on the prevention measures of VAP. On the basis of ARIMA-GARCH mathematical modeling, using the method of multicriteria decision analysis, the cluster nursing strategy for ventilator-associated pneumonia patients was developed and verified. Results. In the control group, of the 34 patients infected with VAP, Gram-positive bacteria were detected in 11 cases, including 6 cases of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 3 cases of Escherichia coli, and 2 cases of golden yellow Staphylococcus. Gram-negative bacteria were detected in 10 cases, including 5 (50%) cases of Acinetobacter baumannii, 2 cases of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 2 cases of Brucella Bacillus, and 1 case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the intervention group, 18 cases were diagnosed with VAP, including 4 (44.4%) cases of bacterial infection, 3 (44.4%) cases of virus infection, and 2 (22.2%) cases of fungal infection. According to the opinions of the 15 experts, a total of 6 bundled measures were adopted to prevent VAP, including 0.1% chlorhexidine for oral care; strict implementation of hand hygiene; the daily wake-up for spontaneous breath training and extubation assessment; continuous subglottic suction; raising the bed head by 30°–45°; and nasal feeding through the nasal tube without special condition. Conclusion. There are many factors that affect the occurrence of VAP in mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU, and the imperfect measures of bundles of care are the main one. The implementation rates of distinct intervention strategies are different. The implementation rate of 2 measures is lower than 95%, which are the continuous subglottic suction and daily wake-up for spontaneous breath training and extubation assessment.

Effect of the improved continuous subglottic approach in patients with mechanical ventilation

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of the improved continuous subglottic approach in patients with mechanical ventilation. Methods A total of 90 ICU patients with mechanical ventilation, were divided into observation group and control group 1 and control group 2 by random digits table method,each group was 30 cases.The observation group used the improved continuous subglottic suction. The control group 1 used the way of continuous 24 h suction under glottis. The control group 2 used the way of every 2 h suction under glottis combined with subglottic. The incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), the rate of tube blockage, the amount of subglottic secretion and the damage of airway mucosa were observed. Results The incidence of 7 d VAP in the observation group was 3.33%(1/30), which was not significantly different from that in the control group 1 and the control group 2 (P>0.05), but it was lower than the incidence of VAP at home and abroad. The rate of plugging in the observation group was 6.67%(2/30), and that in the control group 1 was 23.33%(7/30), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=4.320, P<0.05). The daily flow rate of subglottic secretion was (30.93 ± 8.01) ml/d in the observation group, and (19.75 ± 6.52) ml/d in the control group 2, the difference was statistically significant (t=7.542, P<0.05). The injury rate of airway mucosa in the observation group was 10.00% (3/30), and 33.33%(10/30) in the control group 1, the difference was statistically significant (χ2=4.812, P<0.05). Conclusions The improvement suction under glottis method can be widely applied in clinical practice,which can effectively reduce the incidence of VAP, subglottic tube plugging rate, fully drainage of subglottic secretions, the degree of airway mucosa damage, reduce nursing workload compared with intermittent subglottic. Key words: Respiration, artificial; Improvement; Subglottic aspiration

Comparative Evaluation of the Incidence of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Intermittent Oral Suction Vs Continuous Subglottic Suction in Adult Neurosurgical Patient Requiring Mechanical Ventilation: A Randomized Control Trial

Comparative Evaluation of the Incidence of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Intermittent Oral Suction Vs Continuous Subglottic Suction in Adult Neurosurgical Patient Requiring Mechanical Ventilation: A Randomized Control Trial

The value of subglottic secretion drainage in the prevention of the late-onset ventilator associated pneumonia

Objective To explore the value of subglottic secretion drainage in the prevention of the late -onset ventilator associated pneumonia. Methods Clinical data of 273 patients which were treated for longterm mechanical ventilation and tracheotomy were retrospectively analyzed.Based on continued subglottic suction,the patients were divided into the subglottic suction group(132 cases)and control group(141 cases),the late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia incidence of two groups were compared. Results The ventilator -associated pneumonia rate of the subglottic suction group was 25.8%(34/132),and the ventilator-associated pneumonia rate of the control group was 22.7%(32/141),the difference between the two groups was not significant(χ2=0.345,P>0.05). Conclusion In the prevention of late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia,the effect of continuous subglottic suction is unclear. Key words: Pneumonia,Ventilator-Associated; Universal Precautions; Treatment Outcome

Ventilator-associated pneumonia as a model for approaching cost-effectiveness and infection prevention in the ICU

Nosocomial infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In the ICU, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) represents the most prevalent and visible hospital-acquired infection (HAI). Although some evidence-based strategies reduce the incidence of VAP, despite a recent policy drive toward zero VAP rates, no evidence supports feasibility of VAP eradication. Furthermore, in the era of resource constraints, cost-effectiveness of various strategies is critical to consider. Recent approaches to VAP prevention conglomerate single maneuvers into bundles. Although the cost-effectiveness of some VAP-preventive interventions, such as continuous subglottic suctioning and silver-coated endotracheal tube, has been evaluated singly, less is known about the investments needed to implement the recommended bundled approaches in the context of their ability to prevent VAP and such important downstream implications as the use of antibiotics and other hospital resources. A well designed model from Australia examining the cost-effectiveness of a catheter-related blood stream infection bundle can serve as robust scaffolding for building a credible value proposition for the VAP bundles. Cost-effectiveness of VAP prevention bundles is not known. This is a critical piece of information, particularly as it relates to such important downstream outcomes of VAP prevention as the use of antibiotics and hospital length of stay. Understanding the incremental cost-effectiveness of VAP bundles can help prioritize efforts to minimize the associated morbidity.

Is Continuous Subglottic Suctioning Cost-Effective for the Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia?

To establish whether continuous subglottic suctioning (CSS) could be cost-effective. Cost-benefit analysis, based on a hypothetical replacement of conventional ventilation (CV) with CSS. A surgical intensive care unit (SICU) of a tertiary care university hospital in France. All consecutive patients receiving ventilation in the SICU in 2006. Efficacy data for CSS were obtained from the literature and applied to the SICU of our hospital. Costs for CV and CSS were provided by the hospital pharmacy; costs for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) were obtained from the literature. The cost per averted VAP episode was calculated, and a sensitivity analysis was performed on VAP incidence and on the number of tubes required for each patient. At our SICU in 2006, 416 patients received mechanical ventilation for 3,487 ventilation-days, and 32 VAP episodes were observed (7.9 episodes per 100 ventilated patients; incidence density, 9.2 episodes per 10,000 ventilation-days). Based on the hypothesis of a 29% reduction in the risk of VAP with CSS than CV, 9 VAP episodes could have been averted. The additional cost of CSS for 2006 was estimated to be €10,585.34. The cost per averted VAP episode was €1,176.15. Assuming a VAP cost of €4,387, a total of 3 averted VAP episodes would neutralize the additional cost. For a low VAP incidence of 6.6%, the cost per averted VAP would be €1,323. If each patient required 2 tubes during ventilation, the cost would be €1,383.69 per averted VAP episode. Replacement of CV with CSS was cost-effective even when assuming the most pessimistic scenario of VAP incidence and costs.

Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: The Potential Critical Role of Emergency Medicine in Prevention

BackgroundDelivery of critical care within a certain window of opportunity is paramount in many disease states, and providing the right care to these patients at the right time in the Emergency Department (ED) can significantly reduce mortality. However, aggressive treatment of these patients often requires endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation either in the pre-hospital or ED phase of care. Care of mechanically ventilated patients in the ED is not trivial or without potential complications, including ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Objective/DiscussionThis article summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and specific risk factors associated with VAP and provides evidence-based recommendations for its prevention. We emphasize practices that are particularly important in the early stages of care of intubated, mechanically ventilated patients; thus, they should be instituted in the ED. ConclusionSpecifically, we recommend continuous backrest elevation of 30–45°, chlorhexidine application to the oral cavity after intubation and every 12h thereafter, orotracheal intubation with a tube that enables continuous subglottic suctioning, and cuff pressure assessments after intubation and every 4h thereafter to maintain pressure between 20 and 30cm H2O.

Ventilator-Associated Tracheobronchitis

Purpose of Review: This review focuses on the pathophysiology of proximal airway infection in the ventilated patient. Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT) is increasingly recognized as an important entity not only as an essential step in the pathway from oral colonization to deep lung infection but also as an infection associated with its own morbidity. Recent Findings: Multiple recent clinical trials have focused on the effects of new devices and treatment protocols on the morbidity associated with the progression of airway colonization to VAT or with the progression of VAT to VAP. Continuous subglottic secretion suctioning (CASS), innovative types of endotracheal tubes, and targeted therapy for VAT in recent investigations have shown promise in improving clinical outcomes in the critically ill patient. However, even with diligent attention to all the modifiable risk factors for respiratory infection, complete elimination of VAT and VAP remains unlikely. As long as a patient requires an endotracheal tube which disturbs airway integrity, host defenses will be impaired, and resistant virulent organisms which result from our liberal use of systemic antibiotics will continue to challenge critical care specialists. Summary: This review will focus on: 1) the current understanding of the pathogenesis of VAT, 2) modifiable risk factors, and 3) new approaches to treatment and bacterial resistance challenges. Keywords: Ventilator-associated pneumonia, ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis, endotracheal tube complications, bacterial resistance

Ventilator-associated infection

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most serious and controversial of the infections of the critically ill patient. The accuracy of standard methods of diagnosis remains under constant scrutiny, and at the same time there is increasing debate about whether it is a preventable disease. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of respiratory tract infection in the ventilated patient, and how the latest advances have grown from our current understanding of its pathogenesis. Data from many recent investigations have focused on the role of proximal airway infection, ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT), in respiratory tract infection. The goals of recent trials include reducing the morbidity associated with the progression of airway colonization to VAT or with the progression of VAT to VAP. Continuous subglottic secretion suctioning, innovative types of endotracheal tubes and targeted therapy for VAT in recent investigations have shown promise in improving clinical outcomes in the critically ill patient. However, even with diligent attention to all the modifiable risk factors for respiratory infection, complete elimination of VAT and VAP remains unlikely. As long as a patient requires an endotracheal tube that disturbs airway integrity, host defenses will be impaired, and resistant virulent organisms that result from our liberal use of systemic antibiotics will continue to challenge critical care specialists. This review will focus on: the current understanding of the pathogenesis of VAT and VAP, modifiable risk factors and new approaches to treatment, and bacterial resistance challenges.

Use of continuous subglottic suction in established ventilator associated pneumonia

Background. Pneumonia is the most common nosocomial infection in intensive care units. Most of ICU­acquired pneumonias occur during mechanical ventilation; about half of them develop in the first four days after intubation. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) can be a lethal complication as it carries a mortality that may approach 50%. Methods. Continuous subglottic suction was utilized in seventeen post cardiac surgery patients with established VAP as part of the management protocol. These patients were compared with a group of 12 patients who did not have continuous subglottic suction part of their management. Results. Institution of continuous subglottic suction in patients with established ventilator associated pneumonia is of value in reducing the number of ventilator dependent days. It also decreases the likelihood of further deterioration in the pulmonary function and reduces the need for antimicrobial agents. Conclusion. Continuous subglottic suction is beneficial in case of established VAP. It prevents further soilage of the airways, speeds up convalescence and shortens the ICU stay. Ideally, it should be instituted early on in case of prolonged mechanical ventilation as one of the effective measures for the prevention of this kind of pneumonia.

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

Postoperative infections after major heart surgery and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a one-day European prevalence study (ESGNI-008)

Few data have been published on the prevalence of postoperative infection in patients undergoing major heart surgery (MHS). The degree of compliance with standard measures used to prevent them is unknown. This study assessed the prevalence of infections, particularly ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), in patients undergoing MHS in 42 institutions from 13 European countries. On the study day, there were 321 postoperative MHS patients, of whom 164 (51%) were mechanically ventilated. The overall prevalence of infection was 26.8%. Lower respiratory tract infections represented 57% of all the infections present on the study day. Other infections included intravenous-catheter-related bloodstream infections (2.8%), surgical site infections (2.2%), urinary tract infections (0.9%) and postoperative mediastinitis (0.9%). Of the mechanically ventilated patients, 55 (33.5%) were not being nursed in a semi-recumbent position, 36 (22%) had heat-moisture exchangers with no antibacterial filters, and intracuff pressure was not monitored in 78 patients (47.6%). Only 13 patients (8%) were given continuous subglottic suctioning, 64 patients (39%) did not receive postural oscillation, and gastric overdistension was not actively prevented in 23 patients (14%). In conclusion, these data from intensive care units across Europe provide information on postoperative infections in an important subset of the patient population, and stress the need for active interventions to prevent VAP in patients undergoing MHS.

Continuous subglottic suction is effective for prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia

A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was whether subglottic suction is an effective preventative measure for ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) after cardiac surgery. Altogether 457 papers were found using the reported search, of which 13 presented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The author, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results, and study weaknesses of these papers are tabulated. We conclude Subglottic suction significantly reduces the incidence of VAP in high risk patients (NNT of 8 if ventilated over 3 days), although the benefit is lower in elective cardiac patients. Subglottic suction is currently not commonly used, but even with marginal benefits, its use is likely to be highly cost effective.

Methods for decreasing risk of aspiration pneumonia in critically ill patients.

Pneumonia is a significant clinical concern in critically ill hospitalized patients, leading to increase in the use of antibiotics, length of hospital stay, and the risk of mortality. Pneumonia caused by aspiration of gastric contents is of particular concern in patients who need mechanical ventilation and feeding through a nasogastric tube. Therefore, methods for decreasing the risk of aspiration are very important. This review article summarizes factors that might influence the development of aspiration pneumonia, such as the position of the patient's body or type of hospital bed, methods of feeding, medications administered, suctioning of subglottic secretions, and bacterial decontamination. Elevating the head of the bed (45 degrees), continuous subglottic suctioning, and oral decontamination seem to be effective in the prevention of aspiration pneumonia.

Continuous Subglottic Suctioning for the Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Potential Economic Implications

To determine the cost-effectiveness of continuous subglottic suctioning (CSS) as a strategy to decrease the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Decision-model analysis of the cost and efficacy of endotracheal tubes that allow CSS at preventing VAP. The primary outcome was cases of VAP averted. Model estimates were based on data from published prospective trials of CSS and other prospective studies of the incidence of VAP. Hypothetical cohort of 100 patients requiring nonelective endotracheal intubation and management in an ICU. In the model, patients were managed with either traditional endotracheal tubes (ETs) or ETs capable of CSS. The marginal cost-effectiveness of CSS was calculated as the savings resulting from cases of VAP averted minus the additional costs of CSS-ETs, and expressed as cost (or savings) per episode of VAP prevented. Sensitivity analysis of the impact of the major clinical inputs on the cost-effectiveness was performed. The base case assumed that the incidence of VAP in patients requiring > 72 h of mechanical ventilation (MV) was 25%, that CSS-ETs had no impact on patients requiring MV for < 72 h, and that CSS-ETs resulted in a relative risk reduction of VAP of 30%. Despite the higher costs of ETs capable of CSS, this tactic yielded a net savings of $4,992 per case of VAP prevented. For sensitivity analysis, model inputs were adjusted by 50% individually and then simultaneously. This demonstrated the model to be only moderately sensitive to the calculated cost of VAP. With the relative risk reduction at 50% of the base-case estimate, CSS resulted in $1,924 saved per case of VAP prevented. When all variables were skewed against CSS, total outlays were trivial (approximately $14 per patient in the cohort). CSS represents a strategy for the prevention of VAP that may result in savings. Further studies are warranted to confirm the efficacy of CSS.