Continuous Temperature Rise Research Articles

Proposal of a novel solar-driven thermochemical reactor for green hydrogen production using helical flow channels

The reactor is the core component of the hydrogen production system. Although hydrogen production using solar energy as the heat source can effectively reduce carbon emissions, the reactor faces the problem of uneven heating caused by the collector, and the uneven temperature distribution will significantly affect the hydrogen production process. A key characteristic of the heat collection in dish solar collectors is that the energy flux density is highest at the center and gradually decreases radially, resulting in an uneven heat distribution on the reactor surface. Therefore, the paper focuses on addressing the problem of the uneven distribution of solar concentrating temperature affecting the working efficiency of the reactor. In this study, the reactor’s flow channel is designed in a helical configuration to enable the reaction gas to enter at the edge, gradually flow inward along the helical channel, and exit at the central position. Through simulation studies of the reactor under various working conditions, it was found that the helical structure can effectively facilitate the continuous temperature rise of the reaction gas, with a methane conversion rate of 94.76 %, a hydrogen yield of 1.54 mol/mol, and a total energy conversion efficiency of 32.52 %. Thus, the design of the helical flow channels can effectively utilize the uneven solar heat distribution, allowing the reactor to operate efficiently. Previous studies have focused on enhancing the heat transfer performance of endothermic materials to achieve temperature uniformity; however, this paper adopts a novel approach by innovating the flow channel structure. This paper offers a new concept for the design of solar thermochemical reactors.

Optimal thermometry theory of three-channel wide spectrum based on three-directional difference.

The constant spectral emissivity decoupling method within current wide-spectrum thermometry theories stands as a primary factor contributing to accuracy degradation. This creates a deadlock in the current radiation thermometry framework, where the system's two-dimensional analytical capabilities and resolution accuracy cannot be concurrently achieved, becoming a major theoretical obstacle in the development of this technique. Consequently, based on the Taylor series de-integration method under the wide spectral framework, and taking the first and second derivative terms of spectral emissivity as the starting point, a wide spectral optimization temperature solution theory based on three-directional difference method is proposed. It ensures compatibility and stable solving conditions for imaging systems, while fundamentally removing the dependency on the constantization of spectral emissivity treatment, and realizing the decoupling and inversion of three-channel spectral emissivity. The handling effects of different cutoff precision differential methods on spectral emissivity derivatives are discussed, and the temperature and spectral emissivity solving capabilities of the method are theoretically validated under various spectral emissivity models. Furthermore, this method is used to monitor the continuous temperature rise processes of two different samples. Maximum average relative temperature calculation errors below 6% and 5% are achieved, and the target spectral emissivity variation rate and trend are well reproduced, yielding conclusions consistent with simulations.

A review of changes at the phenotypic, physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels of plants due to high temperatures.

This review summarizes the physiological, biochemical, and molecular regulatory network changes in plants in response to high temperature. With the continuous rise in temperature, high temperature has become an important issue limiting global plant growth and development, affecting the phenotype and physiological and biochemical processes of plants and seriously restricting crop yield and tree growth speed. As sessile organisms, plants inevitably encounter high temperatures and improve their heat tolerance by activating molecular networks related to heat stress, such as signal transduction, synthesis of metabolites, and gene expression. Heat tolerance is a polygenic trait regulated by a variety of genes, transcription factors, proteins, and metabolites. Therefore, this review summarizes the changes in physiological, biochemical and molecular regulatory networks in plants under high-temperature conditions to lay a foundation for an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms involved in plant heat tolerance responses.

A promising method for reducing the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers: Regulating foot temperature during walking

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) pose a significant challenge in the medical field, particularly with the rising prevalence of diabetes. Consequently, there’s a growing emphasis on devising effective prevention strategies to combat the high recurrence rate of these ulcers. Daily walking, while essential for maintaining a normal lifestyle and social interaction is also the primary source of external mechanical stress applied to the foot. Preserving the integrity of foot tissues during daily walking is critical for preventing foot ulcers. An increase in foot tissue temperature, a significant environmental factor induced by walking, can diminish the foot tissue’s resistance to external mechanical stimuli by affecting tissue metabolism and biomechanical properties (tensile and compressive properties) during walking. This could be a key factor contributing to the high recurrence rate of foot ulcers, despite the advancement in clinical unloading protection technology. We propose a hypothesis that managing foot temperature and preventing a continuous temperature rise caused by walking could help protect the integrity of diabetic foot tissue. Long-term adherence to this approach could potentially reduce the incidence of DFUs. A clinical randomized controlled trial has been designed to evaluate this hypothesis from the aspects of tissue metabolism and biomechanical properties. This study aims to offer a novel method for protecting against DFUs and guide the design of foot aids.

Self-thinning of Scots pine across Europe changes with solar radiation, precipitation and temperature but does not show trends in time

The effects of site and climate on the self-thinning line, a key characteristic that defines forest dynamics, have been the subject of research for decades. However, contrasting results have generally been found. To adapt management practices for widely distributed species, especially considering the impact of climate change, it is crucial to understand the variables and their effects on the self-thinning line. We conducted a systematic analysis based on 77 trial plots from 62 long-term experiments across Europe, covering the distribution range of Scots pine. Our focus was on unthinned conditions since 1975. Using a linear mixed model, we examined the effects of each statistically significant variable, separating the influences on the slope and the intercept. Our observations revealed that parameters enhancing species tolerance, such as shortwave solar radiation, flatten the slope of the self-thinning line. Conversely, temperature and precipitation, which reduce self-tolerance and increase intraspecific competition, lead to an increase in the slope. Balancing the effects between these aspects results in a maximum negative slope at mid-latitudes. In terms of the intercept, we found compensating effects among the analyzed factors, indicating a monotonic increase with decreasing latitude and increasing radiation. Although there were no significant changes in the self-thinning line since the 1990 s, we observed an increase in mortality, suggesting an accelerated self-thinning process. Site and climatic differences across the distribution range of Scots pine influenced the self-thinning line, whereas no trends with time could be observed. Therefore, management strategies and models based on self-thinning need to be adapted to different latitudes. While climate changes have not yet impacted the trajectory significantly, a continuous rise in temperature, coupled with high precipitation, may accelerate self-thinning and result in increased biomass accumulation.

Experimental evaluation on pre-swirling cold air for flue cooling

The operation of a diesel engine leads to the emission of a substantial amount of waste heat flue gas, resulting in a continuous increase in the wall temperature of the exhaust system. To mitigate this continuous rise in temperature, a pre-swirling device has been developed to enhance the heat exchange between cold air and the wall, thus averting heating wall by the hot air. In this study, an experimental system was devised and implemented to analyze the dynamic behavior of the wall temperature in an air duct. The system considered both with and without the pre-swirling device, incorporating different cold air temperatures and flow rates to examine its impact on the increase in wall temperature. The results revealed a gradual rise in wall temperature after reaching a steady state, particularly demonstrating lower wall temperatures at 19 measurement points in the presence of pre-swirl compared to without swirl. Notably, the maximum temperature rise in the air duct wall was reduced by 55.7 %, from 7.9 °C without pre-swirl to 3.5 °C with the inclusion of the pre-swirling device, highlighting the significant thermal protection it provides and suggesting potential applications in exhaust thermal protection engineering. Moreover, the experimental findings consistently indicate that the incorporation of a pre-swirling device effectively diminishes the increase in wall temperature across different cold air flow rates and temperatures.

Alloying reaction mechanism of shocked Ni/Al nanolaminates regulated via atomic diffusion

The Ni/Al nanolaminates represent cutting-edge functional materials that exhibit alloying reactions and release substantial energy when subjected to shock loading. However, the extremely short timeframes of the shock loading and the induced reactions surpass the resolving capability of state-of-the-art monitoring techniques, rendering the alloying reaction mechanism of Ni/Al nanolaminates a challenging multi-physical problem. To address this issue, we conducted extensive molecular dynamics simulations on large-scale models of Ni/Al nanolaminates at varying shock velocities to investigate their in situ thermodynamics response and shock-induced kinetic evolution related to phase transitions and chemical reactions. Our simulations revealed that atomic diffusion plays a pivotal role in accelerating the activation and intensifying the alloying reaction. For a self-sustaining reaction to occur, the shock-induced pressure must surpass a threshold, triggering global atomic diffusion that overcomes lattice trapping barriers or fluid viscosity, facilitating the formation of a sufficient number of Ni–Al intermetallic bonds to store energy. Subsequently, interfacial and bulk atomic diffusion becomes unstoppable, leading to a uniform distribution of mixed atoms and a steady energy release accompanied by continuous temperature rise, thereby triggering self-sustaining alloying reactions akin to an avalanche. Our findings not only offer a valuable baseline for understanding reactions in real defective composites but also establish a lower bound on the required shock intensity for future experiments using new high-quality samples.

Development of an Energetic Material Information Self-Destruction Microsystem Based on Bistable Off-On Actuator Composed of Fusible Alloy

The physical self-destruction of an information storage chip (ISC) driven by a detonation wave generated using energetic materials is an important method to ensure the security of key core information. To solve the related problems of high electrostatic sensitivity, poor overcurrent capability, and easy erroneous triggering, a bistable off-on actuator (BO-OA)-based energetic material information self-destruction microsystem is proposed based on a fusible alloy. First, the BO-OA model based on the fusible alloy is constructed. By performing a finite element numerical analysis and experimenting, the response time of the Bi-Sn alloy with a continuous temperature rise from 22°C to 138°C is obtained. Second, a model of the energetic material dose and detonation wave transmission in an air domain is constructed. An analysis using LS-DYNA software indicates that copper azide can produce GPa-level stress waves in a millimeter-level air domain to realize ISC physical self-destruction. Finally, through bulk silicon processing and in situ reaction of the energetic materials, self-destruction module preparation and functional integration are realized. Experiments and simulations show that when driven by a 12 V electromotive force, the BO-OA reaches the fusible alloy melting point of 138°C within 320 μs, and can realize electrical conduction within 33 μs. 0.45 mg of copper azide can generate a 3.27 GPa detonation wave within 5.9 μs at 0.3 mm in the air domain to realize the physical self-destruction of the ISC. This scheme can greatly improve the safety of the energetic materials and provides strong practical value for information self-destruction.

Glacier Change and Its Response to Climate Change in Western China

Given that glaciers are good indicators of climate change, it is of great scientific significance to study glacier change for regional environmental protection and water resource development and utilization. Using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, we obtained the distribution of glaciers in western China in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. Then, we analyzed the temporal and spatial evolutions of the glacier areas and their responses to climate change. The results showed that there were 52,384 glaciers in western China in 2020, with an area of 42,903.57 km2, among which those belonging to the headwater of the Tarim River are the largest, accounting for 35.25% of the total area. From 2000 to 2020, the glaciers indicated an overall trend of retreat, with the total area decreasing by 15,575.94 km2 at a change rate of 1.46%/a. From 2000 to 2010, glaciers in the southeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) and Qilian Mountains saw the fastest area loss (>4%/a), followed by the Tianshan Mountains (3.31%/a), while those in the Pamir-Karakoram-West Kunlun regions and the Qiangtang Plateau had the slowest loss. From 2010 to 2020, the glacier retreat rate exhibited an accelerating trend in southeast QTP and the western Himalayas, while it slowed down in the Tianshan Mountains. The change in glaciers was greatly attributed to the combination of snowfall and summer temperature trends. The glaciers in southeast QTP showed an accelerated retreat tendency, probably due to the accelerating snowfall decrease and continuous temperature rise. The decreasing temperature mitigated the loss of glacier area in the Pamir-Karakoram-West Kunlun regions with continuously decreasing snowfall.

Rainfall Wet Spells Variability Across Temperature Mean‐Change Years in the Northwestern Himalayan Region

AbstractTemperatures have risen at a faster rate across various mountainous regions around the world. A study of the changing rainfall patterns and their spatiotemporal variability is critical for agricultural, water resource, and hydrological planning and management. The goal of this research is twofold: first, using functional data analysis climate change hotspots are determined, which in turn identified most temperature increases in high elevations. Second, these hotspots are utilized to investigate the impact of temperature changes on the frequency of extreme rainfall events in this Northwestern Himalaya region. Our study observed that the frequency of rainfall extremes, such as, at the 90th, 95th, and 99.99th percentile values, is found to be increasing mostly in lower Himalayan regions. A warmer atmosphere leads to heavy precipitation events as the capacity of air to hold moisture increases with the increase in temperature. The continuous temperature rise possibly indicates an increase in extreme rainfall events in the region. Further, this study reports an interesting finding that can help us better understand the impact of climate change in the region: the frequency of shorter wet spells has increased around the recent mean‐change year, whereas the frequency of long spells has reduced. The frequency of longest wet spells shows a decrease across all seasons, leading to drought in the higher altitude region, whereas the short‐wet spell frequency has increased in the lower altitude regions. Insight into the changing patterns of rainfall is crucial for hydrological and agricultural management.

A Review of Recent Progress of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) in China

The continuous temperature rise has raised global concerns about CO2 emissions. As the country with the largest CO2 emissions, China is facing the challenge of achieving large CO2 emission reductions (or even net-zero CO2 emissions) in a short period. With the strong support and encouragement of the Chinese government, technological breakthroughs and practical applications of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) are being aggressively pursued, and some outstanding accomplishments have been realized. Based on the numerous information from a wide variety of sources including publications and news reports only available in Chinese, this paper highlights the latest CCUS progress in China after 2019 by providing an overview of known technologies and typical projects, aiming to provide theoretical and practical guidance for achieving net-zero CO2 emissions in the future.

Climate change and extremes: implications on city livability and associated health risks across the globe

PurposeAs global warming intensifies, climatic conditions are changing dramatically, potentially affecting specific businesses and cities’ livability. The temperature increase in cities significantly affects urban residents whose percentage is to reach about 70% by 2050. This paper aimed at highlighting the climate change risks in cities, particularly focusing on the threats to people’s health due to a continuous temperature increase.Design/methodology/approachThis study was conducted in three main steps. First, the literature review on the effects of climate change, particularly on the continuous temperature rise in cities, was conducted based on the publications retrieved from PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Research Gate. Second, the survey was conducted for the sample cities for one month. Third, the questionnaire was used to assess possible climate change threats to the livability of cities.FindingsThe findings showed that urban areas are usually warmer than the surrounding rural areas, mainly due to the urban heat island effect, causing more hot days in metropolitan areas compared to rural areas. This paper outlines some mitigation and adaptation measures, which can be implemented to improve the livability in cities, their sustainability and the well-being of their populations.Originality/valueThis study reports on the climate change impacts on the health and livability of 15 cities, in industrialized and developing countries. It examines the average and maximum temperature and relative humidity of each city and its correlation with their livability. It was complemented by a survey focused on 109 cities from Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, North America and Oceania.

The effect of prolonged laser activation on irrigation fluid temperature: an in vitro experimental study

To investigate the effect of prolonged laser activation on irrigation fluid temperature by varying the power settings flow rate (10-30ml/min). An experimental study using a 20ml syringe, 12/14 ureteral access sheath, a dual-lumen catheter and a thermocouple was performed. The laser was fired with 12W (0.3J × 40Hz), 40W (1J × 40Hz), 60W (1.5J × 40Hz) using Quanta Ho 150W (Quanta System, Samarate, Italy). All trials were performed with fluid outflow rate of 10, 20 and 30ml/min with the fixed fluid volume at 10ml. Continuous laser activation for 10min with the outflow rate of 10ml/min using only 12W resulted to continuous temperature rise to as high as 83°C. Similar rise of temperatures were observed for 40W and 60W with 10ml/min outflow rate with intermittent laser activation. With 20 and 30ml/min outflow rates the maximum temperatures for all power settings were below the threshold (< 43°C). However, the time to reach the same total emitted energy was 60% and 40% shorter 60W and 40W, respectively. Our study found that continuous laser activation with as less as 12W using 10ml/min outflow rate increased the irrigation fluid temperature above the threshold only after 1min. In the current experimental setup, with the fluid outflow rate of 20 and 30ml/min safe laser activation with 60W and 40W (temperature < 43°C) can be achieved reaching the same total emitted energy as with 12W in significantly shorter time period.

Will temperature change reduce stock returns? Evidence from China

The continuous rise in temperature, on the one hand, will increase the frequency of extreme weather events and disrupt a company's normal production order; on the other hand, it will cause changes in environmental protection policies, leading to increased production costs and even the suspension of business for rectification. Therefore, the continuous rise in temperature is a risk factor that listed companies cannot ignore. This paper uses temperature data at the locations of listed companies in China from 2007 to 2019, as well as stock price data and financial data of listed companies, to study the impact of the continuous rise in temperature on listed companies and the determinants and mechanism of the impact. The empirical results show that a continuous rise in the temperature where a listed company is located will cause a significant negative shock to the listed company, and when the company's size is smaller, the book-to-market ratio is higher, and the consequences of this negative shock are more obvious.

Rapid surface water expansion due to increasing artificial reservoirs and aquaculture ponds in North China Plain

Water shortage has severely threatened the North China Plain (NCP), a typical grain bowl and highly populated and urbanized area in China. As surface water body area (SWA) is a critical variable for measuring regional water resources, understanding its changes and driving mechanisms is important for sustainable water management. Here, we examine the interannual variations and trends of SWA in the NCP during 1987–2020 by using all the available Landsat imagery, the water indices- and threshold-based water mapping algorithm, and cloud computing platform Google Earth Engine (GEE). The results show that SWA of the NCP significantly (p < 0.05) expanded by 68.0% (from 4740.0 km2 in 1987 to 7963.7 km2 in 2020) at a rate of 101.9 km2/yr. The most remarkable expansion of SWA happened in Shandong Province (75.0 km2/yr), which is an increasingly important aquaculture production region. We find that the increasing artificial reservoirs/lakes due to the implementation of water projects, together with aquaculture development, are the main drivers for the expansion of SWA in the NCP. The expansion of SWA caused a significant increase in water evaporation (0.09 km3/yr) in the NCP as the shallow nature of these artificial reservoirs/lakes and aquaculture ponds could lead to excess evaporation because of the frequent heating and cooling cycles due to their limited abilities to store energy. Similarly, Shandong Province experienced the most rapid increase in water evaporation (0.03 km3/yr), which could accelerate the loss of water storage at a rate of 8.4–14.4 mm/yr in the regions covered by surface water bodies. Continuous temperature rise (0.02–0.06 °C/yr) in the future, as predicted by the climate models (CMIP5) under the two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios of medium (RCP 4.5) and high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas emission, could further increase water evaporation, which may add more pressure to regional water shortage. This study warns that, despite an observed significant SWA expansion, water shortage remains a major concern in the NCP.

Synthesis and Study of Thermal Degradation Process of 2,4-Dihydroxyacetophenone-Guanidine-Formaldehyde Copolymer

The resin DAPGF-III, in a molar ratio of 3: 1: 5 was made by heating in the presence of 2M hydrochloric acid for 5h by polycondensation of Guanidine hydrochloride and 2,4-Dihydroxyacetophenone in the presence of formaldehyde. The preliminary structure of the copolymer was evaluated by spectral methods such as elemental analysis, 1H-NMR, FTIR and UV-Visible techniques. The molecular weight of the copolymer was determined by non-aqueous conductivity titration performed by using alcoholic KOH. TGA analysis of the synthesized copolymer is carried out by non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis, where the sample is exposed to continuous temperature rise at a heating rate of 20°C / min in an air atmosphere and is used to study the rate, decomposition and thermal stability analysis of newly synthesized copolymer at which it was executed. Thermal parameters such as apparent entropy (ΔS), frequency factor (A), change in free energy (ΔG), and rate of reaction were determined according to the methods of Freeman Carroll (FC) and Sharp Wentworth (SW). The activation energy measured by the FC method was confirmed by the SW method.

Late to bed, late to rise-Warmer autumn temperatures delay spring phenology by delaying dormancy.

Spring phenology of temperate forest trees has advanced substantially over the last decades due to climate warming, but this advancement is slowing down despite continuous temperature rise. The decline in spring advancement is often attributed to winter warming, which could reduce chilling and thus delay dormancy release. However, mechanistic evidence of a phenological response to warmer winter temperatures is missing. We aimed to understand the contrasting effects of warming on plants leaf phenology and to disentangle temperature effects during different seasons. With a series of monthly experimental warming by ca. 2.4°C from late summer until spring, we quantified phenological responses of forest tree to warming for each month separately, using seedlings of four common European tree species. To reveal the underlying mechanism, we tracked the development of dormancy depth under ambient conditions as well as directly after each experimental warming. In addition, we quantified the temperature response of leaf senescence. As expected, warmer spring temperatures led to earlier leaf-out. The advancing effect of warming started already in January and increased towards the time of flushing, reaching 2.5days/°C. Most interestingly, however, warming in October had the opposite effect and delayed spring phenology by 2.4days/°C on average; despite six months between the warming and the flushing. The switch between the delaying and advancing effect occurred already in December. We conclude that not warmer winters but rather the shortening of winter, i.e., warming in autumn, is a major reason for the decline in spring phenology.

Adaptative Cover to Achieve Thermal Comfort in Open Spaces of Buildings: Experimental Assessment and Modelling

The global need for healthy and safe open spaces faces continuous temperature rise due to the heat island phenomenon and climate change. This problem requires new strategies for improving the habitability of open spaces (indoor and outdoor conditions in buildings). These techniques include reducing solar radiation, reducing the temperature of surrounding surfaces, and reducing the air temperature. The radiant solutions are essential for outdoor comfort, both in summer and in winter. They are easy to integrate into open spaces. This study explores a new concept of radiant solutions adapted for outdoor spaces. The solution was evaluated in a test cell to obtain its thermal behaviour in different operation conditions. Solutions were optimised for operating in a cooling regimen since it has been identified that the demands for comfort in open spaces in hot climates during the most severe summer months are more pronounced. Experimental results have allowed getting an inverse model to analyse the thermal behaviour of the solution. The inverse model achieved high precision in its estimations. Also, it facilitated knowing the radiant and convective effects. Only the radiant heat flux is relevant in open spaces with a low level of air confinement. Finally, the discussion describes the application of the proposed model. The model allows the replicability of the solution—creating new designs (integration) or evaluating into different operating conditions of the system. This discussion demonstrates the high level of knowledge acquired in the characterisation of the solution studied.

A quasi-isentropic model of a cylinder driven by aluminized explosives based on characteristic line analysis

A quasi-isentropic study on the process of driving a cylinder with aluminized explosives was carried out to examine the influence of the aluminum (Al) reaction rate on cylinder expansion and the physical parameters of the detonation products. Based on the proposed quasi-isentropic hypothesis and relevant isentropic theories, the characteristic lines of aluminized explosives driving a cylinder were analyzed, and a quasi-isentropic model was established. This model includes the variation of the cylinder wall velocity and the physical parameters of the detonation products with the Al reaction degree. Using previously reported experimental results, the quasi-isentropic model was verified to be applicative and accurate. This model was used to calculate the physical parameters for cylinder experiments with aluminized cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine explosives with 15.0 % and 30.0 % Al content. The results show that this quasi-isentropic model can be used not only to calculate the cylinder expansion rule or Al reaction degree, but also to calculate the physical parameters of the detonation products in the process of cylinder expansion. For explosives with 15.0 % and 30.0 % Al, 24.3 % and 18.5 % of the Al was found to have reacted at 33.9 μs and 34.0 μs, respectively. The difference in Al content results in different reaction intensity, occurrence time, and duration of two forms of reaction (diffusion and kinetic) between the Al powder and the detonation products; the post-detonation burning reaction between the Al powder and the detonation products prolongs the positive pressure action time, resulting in a continuous rise in temperature after detonation.

Application of POMOF composites for CO2 fixation into cyclic carbonates

The problem of global warming is one of the major concerns in the world today as there has been continuous rise in temperature resulting from increase in the emission of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2). Recently, carbon dioxide is considered as an abundant C1 feed-stock for organic transformations, due to its free availability, non-toxicity, and simplicity in handling. The synthesis of metal-organic framework/polyoxometalates supported composites (POM@MOF), were prepared by incorporation of Keggin type-polyoxometalate groups via impregnation method. The as-synthesized composites were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), which confirm the presence of the polyoxometalates group after formation of the composites. The composites were employed as catalyst for the conversion of CO2 and epichlorohydrin into cyclic chloropropylene carbonate. The reaction was carried out under mild condition of atmospheric pressure in a schlenk tube without addition of any co-catalyst or solvent and the yield have shown progressive increase over time as indicated by GC results from 30% at 6 h duration to 87% over a period of 48 h of continuous siring.