Continuous Ring Research Articles

In-plane and out-of-plane domain orientation dispersions in 1 to 3 monolayers epitaxial WS2 and MoS2 films on GaN(0001) film/sapphire(0001)

Transition-metal dichalcogenides and their heterostructures have attractive potential applications in electronics and optoelectronics. Wafer scale 1 to 3 monolayers WS2 and MoS2 ultrathin films on GaN/sapphire substrates were grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. Azimuthal reflection high-energy electron diffraction (ARHEED) was used to characterize the long-range order of these TMDC ultrathin films. The RHEED patterns of WS2 and MoS2 show stripes and arcs but the MoS2 on GaN shows sharp spots in addition to stripes and arcs. The 2D map constructed from ARHEED patterns shows that WS2 is epitaxial and has an in-plane domain orientation dispersion. For the MoS2 on GaN/sapphire substrate, the 2D map shows concentric continuous rings for each diffraction order of MoS2 and GaN indicating that the in-plane MoS2 domain orientation and GaN nanocrystals are random. The out-of-plane orientation dispersion of MoS2 on the GaN substrate is larger than that of WS2 on the GaN substrate. The observations of stripes, arcs, and spots from RHEED patterns and the 2D maps reveal the deviation of ultrathin epitaxial films from its perfect epitaxy, especially the TMDC domain orientation dispersion over a large area. These rich findings from 2D maps broaden the application of ARHEED in more than one monolayer thick 2D materials.

Semiconductor Effect from Pd(II) Porphyrin Metal to Its Ligand in Photocatalytic N-Dealkylation.

In this work, four saddled Pd(II) porphyrins were developed as photocatalyst for N-dealkylation of triethyl Rhodamine (TER) under visible light, and their catalytic ability was found to be negatively related to the out-of-plane of their macrocycles. Two important relationships involving the metalloporphyrins as catalyst were revealed: (1) a photoexcitative semiconductor effect between the 4dx 2-γ 2(Pd) and a2u(π) orbitals of Pd(II) porphyrin on the dealkylation. (2) a domino process from strap length, ring geometry, core deformation, d-π gap variation, to photocatalytic activity. Two revelations imply a unidirectional electron transfer route from axial ligand, to central metal, to porphyrin ring based on photoexcitation and guide the design and development of complex photocatalysts, and their revelation is attributed to the acquisition of a series of Pd(II) porphyrins with continuous ring distortion. The findings help to understand the photocatalytic single electron transfer (SET)-first mechanism based on metallic complex.

Development of implantable electrode based on bioresorbable Mg alloy for tissue welding application

An implantable electrode based on bioresorbable Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy was developed for next-generation radiofrequency (RF) tissue welding application, aiming to reduce thermal damage and enhance anastomotic strength. The Mg alloy electrode was designed with different structural features of cylindrical surface (CS) and continuous long ring (LR) in the welding area, and the electrothermal simulations were studied by finite element analysis (FEA). Meanwhile, the temperature variation during tissue welding was monitored and the anastomotic strength of welded tissue was assessed by measuring the avulsion force and burst pressure. FEA results showed that the mean temperature in the welding area and the proportion of necrotic tissue were significantly reduced when applying an alternating current of 110 V for 10 s to the LR electrode. In the experiment of tissue welding ex vivo, the maximum and mean temperatures of tissues welded by the LR electrode were also significantly reduced and the anastomotic strength of welded tissue could be obviously improved. Overall, an ideal welding temperature and anastomotic strength which meet the clinical requirement can be obtained after applying the LR electrode, suggesting that Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy with optimal structure design shows great potential to develop implantable electrode for next-generation RF tissue welding application.

Ring-Embedded Finger Over Proximal Interphalangeal Joint with Preserved Neurovascularization: A Case Report and Literature Review.

We present a unique case of a 45-year-old man with his right middle finger embedded with rings. Limited finger flexion was noted because of flexor tendon injury caused by the dorsal migration of the embedded ring through joint. The rings were removed under anesthesia, resulting in the resolution of swelling and recover of osseous structure. Follow-up examinations revealed no residual edema or numbness, indicating preserved neurovascularization, despite the dorsal migration of the ring. Our unique case reveals continuous finger ring migration without compromising neurovascular bundles, with review of 30 cases emphasizing the importance of psychiatric consultation. Timely intervention yielded nearly half of patients achieving full recovery.

Analytical model for concrete crack width of steel lined reinforced concrete penstock

Cracking in steel lined reinforced concrete penstock (SLRCP) poses substantial challenges to both serviceability and safety, particularly when crack width exceeds specified limits. Despite its critical implications, accurately calculating crack width remains a persistent challenge. To address this issue, a multi-layer steel-concrete ring analytical model is derived through the concept of orthotropic and thick-walled cylinder theories. In this model, the cracked concrete is assumed to be an orthotropic material incorporating both elastic modulus reduction and tensile softening behavior based on its cracking characteristic of radial penetrating cracks uniformly distributed on the circumference. The steel liner and reinforcing steel bar are modeled as continuous steel rings using equivalent stress theory, while thick-walled cylinder theory is applied due to geometric features and bearing characteristics. Crack width is determined through equilibrium of force and compatibility of deformations at steel-concrete interfaces, utilizing these assumptions and the developed calculation model. To validate the proposed model, data from prototype observations and large-scale model tests of SLRCPs were systematically collected. The crack width results obtained from the proposed model exhibit strong agreement with the collected data, confirming its accuracy and reliability. In conclusion, the proposed analytical model provides an effective solution for calculating the crack width of SLRCP and offers valuable insights for durability evaluation.

Pengaturan Hukum Terkait Penggunaan Telepon pada Penagihan Peer to Peer Lending

Peer to peer lending (P2PL) is an online-based money lending platform. P2PL billing is very diverse even though it has been regulated in several regulations in Indonesia but still requires continuous study. The objectives of this study are (1) To find out the reasons for the need for more detailed legal rules related to debt collection procedures in P2PL and (2) To find out the future legal rules regarding P2PL debt collection procedures that have not been regulated in Indonesian laws and regulations. This research uses normative juridical research using statutory, conceptual and comparative legal approaches. The result of this research is the reason for the need for more detailed legal arrangements related to debt collection procedures in P2PL is to achieve justice in the form of balance for the parties involved in P2PL and the detailing of billing arrangements by telephone means which are explicitly stated in the legislation by categorizing continuous telephone ringing and conducting telephone conversations repeatedly with the intention of disturbing, abusing, or harassing someone at the intended number in the category of violence and the obligation to disclose the identity of P2PL debt collectors in every collection in any form.

High adherence to intermittent and continuous use of a contraceptive vaginal ring among women in a randomized controlled trial in Kigali, Rwanda.

The introduction of female-initiated drug-delivery methods, including vaginal rings, have proven to be a promising avenue to address sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancies, which disproportionally affects women and girls in sub-Saharan Africa. Efficient uptake of existing and new technologies such as vaginal rings requires in depth understanding of product adherence. This remains a major challenge as data on adherence to vaginal rings from African countries is limited. In this study, we explored adherence of contraceptive vaginal ring (NuvaRing®) use in Kigali, Rwanda using a mixed methods approach. We collected quantitative and qualitative data at multiple time points from women participating in a clinical trial exploring the safety and acceptability of either intermittent or continuous use of the NuvaRing®. Various adherence categories were used including monthly and cumulative adherence measurement. The quantitative data were analysed using R and the qualitative data were analysed using a deductive, content-analytical approach based on categories related to the quantitative adherence measures. All data were compared and triangulated. Data from 120 enrolled participants showed that self-reported adherence was high at every study visit in both study groups. At first study visit 80% of the intermittent ring users and 79.7% of the continuous ring users reported perfect adherence (assessed as "the ring was never out"). Reporting of ring expulsions and removals were highest (28.3%) at the beginning of the trial. Self-reported perfect ring adherence increased during the study and reports of ring expulsions and removals declined as familiarity with this contraceptive method increased. The percentage of women with perfect cumulative adherence was non-significantly higher in the intermittent (61.7%) than in the continuous use group (54.3%). The low rate of discrepant adherence data after triangulation (6%) is in line with the perception of the participants as adherent throughout the study. Self-reported adherence in both study groups was high with removals and expulsions being within the expected product range. Comprehensive adherence data triangulation allowed for a deeper understanding of context-driven behaviour that shaped adherence patterns and challenges. Our data categorisation and triangulation approach has shown potential for implementation in future vaginal ring studies aiming to better understand and measure adherence.

All‐metal wide‐angle and polarization‐independent microwave metamaterial absorber

AbstractAn innovative all‐metal self‐support microwave metamaterial absorber (MMA) based on a continuous complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) array frequency selective surface (FSS) is constructed. The CSRR‐based FSS has a selected frequency of 23 GHz and is proved to be polarization insensitive. And the all‐metal MMA has the same response frequency as the FSS, showing convenience in the geometrical scaling process. Additionally, in both transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes, the all‐metal MMA shows stable response at oblique incidences with an incident angle as large as 50°. Along with lightweight, easy fabrication and high cost‐performance ratio, the new proposed all‐metal FSS‐based MMA has good potential to serve in many practical applications.

Intentional Blade Mistuning to Emulate the Dynamic Influence of Split Ring Damper

Abstract A novel methodology to predict responses of bladed disks incorporated with a split ring damper is proposed. To account for the dynamic characteristics of a split ring damper, intentional blade stiffness mistuning is presented. It is assumed that the mistuning is proportional to the blade stiffness matrix and uniformly distributed to all blades. Therefore, responses of bladed disks integrated with a split ring damper are captured by the detuned bladed disk integrated with a continuous ring damper. The proposed method is demonstrated through a lumped parameter model and validated using a complete finite element model. A key advantage of the proposed approach is that the dynamic characteristics of a split ring damper are emulated by a continuous ring damper in the detuned bladed disk. Moreover, the approach holds the potential to facilitate reduced-order modeling (ROM) by employing sector-level calculations. This results in substantial reductions in computational efforts while maintaining accurate predictions of forced responses.

Structural analysis of nanocrystals by pair distribution function combining electron diffraction with crystal tilting.

As an important characterization method, pair distribution function (PDF) has been extensively used in structural analysis of nanomaterials, providing key insights into the degree of crystallinity, atomic structure, local disorder etc. The collection of scattering signals with good statistics is necessary for a reliable structural analysis. However, current conventional electron diffraction experiments using PDF (ePDF) are limited in their ability to acquire continuous diffraction rings for large nanoparticles. Herein, a new method - tilt-ePDF - is proposed to improve the data quality and compatibility of ePDF by a combination of electron diffraction and specimen tilting. In the present work, a tilt-series of electron diffraction patterns was collected from gold nanoparticles with three different sizes and a standard sample polycrystalline aluminium film for ePDF analysis. The results show that tilt-ePDF can not only enhance the continuity of diffraction rings, but can also improve the signal-to-noise ratio in the high scattering angle range. As a result, compared with conventional ePDF data, tilt-ePDF data provide structure parameters with a better accuracy and lower residual factors in the refinement against the crystal structure. This method provides a new way of utilizing ePDF to obtain accurate local structure information from nanoparticles.

A look at FPF rings

An error in Corollary 9.32 of [C. Faith, Rings and Things and a Fine Array of Twentieth Century Associative Algebra, Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, Vol. 65 (American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2004)], motivated us to consider again FPF rings which were initiated by Faith in the 1970s. In this paper, it is shown that a commutative ring [Formula: see text] is reduced FPF if and only if it is [Formula: see text]-semihereditary. We show that when a semiperfect ring with a strongly right bounded basic ring with right and left Ore conditions, is an FPF ring. After some general results, the article focuses on rings of continuous functions. We give some algebraic characterizations for a [Formula: see text] to be FPF and retrieve a result of Jorge Martinez. Also, we show that a space [Formula: see text] is fraction-dense if and only if [Formula: see text] is a continuous ring.

Structural, thermal and optical characteristics of Fe 1−X Zr X alloy by using mechanical milling approach: influence of Zr4+ ion

By changing Zr concentrations, Fe1-x-Zrx(x = 0.25 & 1 at%) alloys were successfully produced in an argon atmosphere using the mechanical alloying method. The produced Fe1-x-Zrxalloys were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersion x-ray analysis (EDAX), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry analyzer (TG-DTA), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) absorption, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. According to XRD pattern analysis, the prepared alloys had a cubic crystalline structure and complete solid solution formation. The prepared alloy samples the average crystallite size was calculated using the Scherrer formula. The average crystallite size for the 0.25 at% Zr concentration is found to be 7.79 nm and 11.8 nm for the 1 at% Zr concentration. Lattice parameter changes are a very important tool for confirming the complete dissolution of the Zr atom in the Fe matrix.The TEM-dark field image confirms that the grain size is in the nanometric range (<100 nm). TEM-SAED spotty continuous ring pattern confirmed the complete solution formation is well correlated with the XRD results. The elemental composition of materials can be determined quantitatively through energy dispersive x-ray analysis in the Fe1-x-Zrxalloy. The elemental distribution of the mechanically alloyed samples shows that Zr elements are homogeneously distributed in the Fe matrix. Bands at 3428 cm−1 in the FTIR spectrum have been linked to O–H stretching vibrations. CH2 and CH stretching vibrations were associated with peaks of about 2920 cm−1 and 2850 cm−1. The weight loss and gain changes were observed and represented in the TG-DST graph; we found that overall weight changes are + 10.7% (gain) at 1023 °C for Fe 1-x-Zr x (x = 0.25 at%) alloy. However, when compared to 0.25 at% of Zr alloy, Fe-Zr (x = 1 at%) exhibits a low weight gain (+ 6.54%). The UV–visible absorbance edge revealed a blue shift when Zr was added, indicating alloy production. The energy band gap of materials was calculated using UV–vis, and it has been observed that the band gap reduces as Zr concentration increases. Zr was added to Fe1-x-Zrxalloy nanoparticles, resulting in 514 nm and 775 nm emission wavelengths. The greatest emission wavelengths and strong flawless sharp emission peaks were discovered to be between 450 nm and 550 nm. The higher PL emission peak was 514 nm at 0.25 at% of Zr.

고구려 암문토기의 기원 연구

This paper is to examine the origin of dark burnished marks, a distinctive feature of Koguryo Pottery. Dark burnished marks is a decorative pattern in which the surface of pottery with intricate designs using a sturdy tool, It is primarily found in pottery of northern ethnic groups such as Xiongnu, Xianbie, Koguryo, Balhae, and Khitan. In Koguryo, dark burnished marks appeared in the late mid-period when the use of fine clay became widespread. It is characterized by relatively simple pattern motifs like horizontal lines, square shapes, vertical lines, and continuous ring patterns, inscribed in various locations including the body of pottery. It is primarily found in relatively large and medium-sized vessels, such as jar, large jar, steamer, and large bowl. Dark burnished marks is not a decorative technique that originated in Koguryo. It was also found in Xiongnu pottery, which preceded Koguryo, as well as in the Three Yan or Northern Wei dynasty of pottery, which had close relationships with Koguryo. Xiongnu pottery was popular in the northern steppes, including Mongolia, from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD. Therefore, it is not directly related to the origin of dark burnished marks in Koguryo pottery. The Xiongnu had a significant influence on the development of Xianbei pottery culture. Dark burnished marks has been confirmed in Xianbei pottery from the 3rd century. It is difficult to establish a direct relationship between the pottery of Koguryo in the middle period and that of the Three Yan. This is due to differences not only in basic forms but also in aspects such as the types of vessels with dark burnished marks, the preferred locations of the application, and the preference for patterns. However, it is reasonable to understand the origin of dark burnished marks on Koguryo pottery in the context of the material culture exchange between Koguryo and the Murong Xianbei, who constantly competed for control of the Liaodong region from the 4th to the early 5th centuries. This is also the case with the introduction of mural tombs in Koguryo. It is likely that dark burnished marks of Koguryo pottery was the result of selective adoption of some elements, such as&#x0D; the ark burnished marks technique that has been passed down from the Xiongnu, rather than the formal elements of pottery, in the context of various forms of cultural exchange with the Three Yan.

Prediction of landslide velocity and displacement from groundwater level changes considering the shear rate-dependent friction of sliding zone soil

In reactivated slow-moving landslides, the prediction of velocity and displacement is a crucial issue for understanding landslide kinematics and realizing warning systems. A variety of data-based numerical models have been used to predict landslide displacement; however, kinematics-based models, which consider the shear behaviors of soils within the sliding zone that fundamentally control landslide movement, have been relatively limited. In the present research, the Tangjiao landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China was taken as a case study. The monitored ground displacement from March 2007 to September 2016 and deformation signs observed in the field survey show that the Tangjiao landslide experienced slow movement with the ground displacement increasing stepwise in response to seasonal rainfall and periodic fluctuation of the reservoir water level. We performed a rate-stepped continuous ring shear test on two specimens remolded from the sliding zone soil at shear rates ranging from 0.01 to 10 mm/s. The test results show that the residual strengths of both specimens show a nonmonotonic shear rate dependency, i.e., a weak negative shear rate dependency (fitted by an exponential law) followed by a significant positive dependency (fitted by a linear law). The transition from a negative shear rate dependency to a positive shear rate dependency may be attributed to the change in shear mode when the shear rate exceeds a critical value. This complex shear rate-dependent residual behavior regulates the movement of the Tangjiao landslide in the reactivated state. On this basis, a kinematics-based model for predicting landslide velocity and displacement was proposed by taking into account the shear rate-dependent friction of the sliding zone soil. This model can reproduce the velocity and displacement of the Tangjiao landslide from the change in groundwater level (i.e., stress perturbations in this paper). The results suggest that by using this model, the well-investigated material parameters can enhance the prediction reliability and accuracy of landslide behavior. Our proposed approach, with the ability to reliably predict landslide velocity and displacement, such as the Tangjiao landslide in this work, has important implications for predicting movement trends and developing early warning systems for reactivated slow-moving landslides, especially translational landslides under similar geological conditions.

The morphological, anatomical, palynological, seed micromorphological studies and its taxonomical significance in Delphinium turcicum (Ranunculaceae), a local endemic spurless species for Turkey

In this study, species of Delphinium turcicum (Ranunculaceae), which is endemic to Türkiye, for its morphological, anatomical, palynological, micromorphological and taxonomical significance was investigated. Additionally, Delphinium venolusum, which is a similar species of Delphinium turcicum, was studied. Anatomic structure descriptions of these species and seed descriptions of Delphinium turcicum were given for the first time in this work. In addition, the comparison of these species contributes to the solution of taxonomic problems. Features of anatomic structures (root, stem, and leaf sections) were shown. Also, these structures were discussed taxonomic significance. The similarities and differences between D. turcicum and D. venulosum were revealed in this study. In palynological investigations; polar, equatorial, exine, intine, colpus length and width were measured. Polar/Equatorial (P/E) ratio and pollen ornamentation were determined. The pollen grains of these two species are spherical and isopolar symmetrical. Pollen types have determined as monad for D. turcicum and D. venulosum species. Pollen aperture types are tricolpate. Pollen exine ornamentations are microechinate. In this work photographs of pollen and seed were taken by using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Seed micromorphological characteristics were given for both species. Seeds are subglobose and have continuous rings of transversal squamulose for both species. Seed ornamentations have continuous rings of transversal squamulose and generally erect papillae.

Attitudes Toward Menstrual Suppression Among Cyclic and Continuous Contraceptive Vaginal Ring Users in Kenya.

Multipurpose prevention technologies (MPTs) are developmental dual-purpose options that would provide women with a contraceptive as well as a prevention modality aimed at sexually transmitted infections. The contraceptive vaginal ring (CVR) has many properties that makes it an ideal MPT candidate. The objective of this study is to understand women's attitudes towards menstrual suppression, a potential side effect of using a CVR, and how to address these attitudes for MPT vaginal rings in development. We analyzed data derived from a subset of cohort study participants (n=45) in Thika, Kenya between January 2016- December 2018. The primary study enrolled 121 women 18-40 years with bacterial vaginosis and randomized them to cyclic or continuous CVR use for eight months. During the 6-month follow-up, a questionnaire eliciting attitudes towards menstrual suppression was administered. Responses to the menstrual suppression questionnaire between participants in the cyclic and continuous CVR use groups were compared. Likert-scale responses were summed to create a menstrual suppression attitude summary score, and a hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted to identify similarities in response patterns among all participants. Totally 81.8% of continuous CVR users believed that one was less likely to get pregnant after using hormonal medication to suppress menses, compared to 47.8% of cyclic CVR users (P=0.02), and were more worried it would cause long-term health effects (86.4% vs 60.9%, p = 0.05). The menstrual suppression attitude summary score ranged from 8 to 42, with lower scores indicating negative attitudes. The summary score identified three distinct clusters. When asked if menstrual suppression effects long-term health; 100% of Cluster 3 was worried compared to 80.8% of Cluster 2 and 46.2% of Cluster 1 (p = 0.03). The average summary score among Cluster 3 (Mean = 14.8, SD = 4.6) was lower (p < 0.001) and women were more worried about discomfort during sex (p=0.05) as well as their sexual partners feeling the ring (p=0.02). Women are more likely to have negative attitudes if they believe menstrual suppression hinders future reproductive health. Education on cycle control and fertility could mitigate negative attitudes and improve uptake of CVRs.

Group von Neumann Algebras, Inner Amenability, and Unit Groups of Continuous Rings

Abstract We prove that, if a discrete group $G$ is not inner amenable, then the unit group of the ring of operators affiliated with the group von Neumann algebra of $G$ is non-amenable with respect to the topology generated by its rank metric. This provides examples of non-discrete irreducible, continuous rings (in von Neumann’s sense) whose unit groups are non-amenable with regard to the rank topology. Our argument establishes and uses connections with Eymard–Greenleaf amenability of the action of the unitary group of a $\textrm{II}_{1}$ factor on the associated space of projections of a fixed trace.

Histo-Anatomical Characteristics of Some Endemic Species of Linum (Linaceae)

In this study, endemic two species belonging to the genus Linum and distributed in Türkiye are investigated. The outermost layer of the Linum flavum subsp. scabrinerve (P.H. Davis) P.H. Davis root, according to its cross-section, is covered with epidermis cells. In the stem cross-section, the vascular bundles are in the form of a continuous ring and sclerenchyma cells are determined on it. The lower surface and the upper surfaces of leaf have 88 and 51 stomata respectively. It contains few glandular hairs. The root of Linum hirsutum subsp. pseudoanatolicum P. H. Davis have secondary growth. Periderm cells on the outside are oval or isodiametric in shaped. In the stem cross-section, vascular bundles are in the form of a continuous ring. The cortex layer, consists of oval or rectangular shaped 9-10 rows of parenchymatous cells. The lower surface and the upper surfaces of leaf have 48 and 46 stomata respectively. No glandular or non-glandular hairs are found on the epidermis. As a result, anatomical comparison of two different taxa belonging to the same genus was made with this study. According to the findings, the root structures of the species, the presence of sclerenchyma on the stem, the size of the stomata of the leaf, mesophyll types and the presence of glandular hairs are different from each other.

Astrocytoma and glioblastoma IDH1-wildtype cells colonize tumor vessels and deploy vascular mimicry

ABSTRACT Gliomas are the most prevalent type of malignant brain tumors with a very dismal prognosis. Angiogenesis in glioma has recently gotten more attention and its molecular aspects have been published; however, these were not complemented with ultrastructural evidence. Our ultrastructural examination of glioma vessels reveals several unique and critical features related to their mechanisms of progression and metastasis strategy. The detailed ultrastructural survey of 18 isocitrate dehydrogenase-wildtype (IDH1-wt) glioblastomas and 12 isocitrate dehydrogenase-mutant (IDH1-mt) High-grade gliomas indicated that tumor vessels of both types had undergone deformities such as the thickening of the vessel wall (VW) and proliferation of the basement membrane, contour distortions, abnormal and discontinuous basal lamina, tumor cells’ invasion and colonization of VW, disappearance of endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, and smooth muscle cells, as well as the formation of a continuous ring of tumor cells attached to the luminal side of VW in numerous cases. The latter feature is a clear sign of vascular mimicry (VM) that was previously suggested in gliomas but never shown by TEM. Additionally, the vascular invasion was carried out by a large number of tumor cells and was accompanied by the accumulation of tumor lipids in the vessels’ lumina and VWs; these two features are distinct for gliomas and may alter the course of the clinical presentation and overall prognosis. This raises the issue of how to specifically target tumor cells involved in vascular invasion in order to optimize prognosis and overcome these mechanisms employed by the tumor cells.

Visualization Simulation of Branch Fractures Based on Internal Structure Reconstruction

This paper presents a visualization algorithm for wood fracture simulation based on wood science and wood internal structure reconstruction. The algorithm can simulate a reasonable and realistic wood fracture effect. First, the 3D point-cloud data of the bark structure are obtained using a laser scanner, and the cross-section of the branch is obtained by voxelization of the surface mesh model. Then, the outer contour of the cross-section is shrunk inward to reconstruct the annual rings and wood fiber bundles, and reasonable internal structures of branch 3D models are generated. The internal structure consists of a hierarchical model composed of several ring-like annual rings, and each annual ring is divided into a series of continuous fan rings. On the basis of the reconstruction results, the wood fracture surface model generated by the parameter control can be mapped to the irregularly shaped 3D branch model. In this research, the internal structure of branches and the shape of annual rings on the fracture surface of branches are analyzed to provide a reliable fracture model for different branch fractures of trees. In addition, the realistic fractured tree branch model generated by this algorithm can be widely applied in fields such as animation film special effects, game scene simulation, virtual reality scene construction, and mechanical research on broken tree branches.