Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Group Research Articles

Continuous renal replacement therapy improves indicators and short-term survival in people with AIDS manifesting sepsis and acute kidney injury.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is susceptible to numerous complications such as sepsis and acute kidney injury (AKI), leading to adverse outcomes. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is becoming increasingly popular in the treatment of sepsis and AKI. This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of CRRT in the treatment of AIDS with sepsis and AKI, to provide new directions for the treatment of severe AIDS. Data of 74 people with AIDS, sepsis and AKI were collected. They were divided into CRRT and non-CRRT groups. There was no difference in indicators between the two groups at admission. Vital signs, PH, serum potassium, renal function, blood lactate, APACHE II score, and SOFA score in CRRT group demonstrated significant improvements over those in the non-CRRT group both 24 and 72 hours after admission (P＜0.05). Level of Interleukin 6 and procalcitonin declined more significantly in CRRT group 72 hours after admission (P＜0.05). CRRT group had a higher 28-day survival rate (P＜0.05). CRRT improves the clinical indicators and increases the short-term survival rate of people with AIDS, sepsis and AKI.

Influence of continuous renal replacement therapy on the plasma concentration of tigecycline in patients with septic shock: A prospective observational study.

Objective: The influence of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) on the steady-state plasma concentration of high-dose tigecycline was investigated in septic shock patients to provide references for drug dosing. Methods: In this prospective observational study, 17 septic shock patients presenting with severe infections needing a broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy with high-dose tigecycline (100mg per 12h) in the intensive care unit were included and divided into CRRT group (n = 6) or non-CRRT group (n = 11). The blood samples were collected and plasma drug concentration was determined by SHIMADZU LC-20A and SHIMADZU LCMS 8040. The steady-state plasma concentration was compared between groups using unpaired t-test. Furthermore, between-groups comparisons adjusted for baseline value was also done using multivariate linear regression model. Results: Peak concentration (Cmax) of tigecycline was increased in CRRT group compared to non-CRRT group, but there were no statistical differences (505.11 ± 143.84 vs. 406.29 ± 108.00ng/mL, p-value: 0.129). Trough concentration (Cmin) of tigecycline was significantly higher in CRRT group than in non-CRRT group, with statistical differences (287.92 ± 41.91 vs. 174.79 ± 33.15ng/mL, p-value: 0.000, adjusted p-value: 0.000). In safety, Cmin was reported to be a useful predictor of hepatotoxicity with a cut-off of 474.8ng/mL. In our studies, Cmin of all patients in CRRT group was lower than 474.8ng/mL. Conclusion: The plasma concentration of tigecycline was increased in septic shock patients with CRRT treatment and only Cmin shown statistical differences. No dose adjustment seems needed in the view of hepatotoxicity. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn/, identifier ChiCTR2000037475.

Clinical Evaluation of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Combined with Peritoneal Lavage for Severe Acute Pancreatitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate the clinical efficacy of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in combination with peritoneal lavage for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed data from 52 patients with severe acute pancreatitis between January 2014 and December 2021 at Jiangyin People's Hospital. The patients were divided into 2 groups: CRRT (n=26) and CRRT in combination with peritoneal lavage (n=26). The following results and outcomes were retrospectively compared: procalcitonin, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein levels, duration of systemic inflammatory response, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores, abdominal distention relief time, abdominal pain relief time, length of intensive care unit stay, length of hospital stay, inpatient hospital costs, incidence of complications, and mortality. RESULTS There were significant differences in interleukin-6 and procalcitonin levels and APACHE-II scores after 3 and 7 days of treatment. The duration of systemic inflammatory response, abdominal distention relief time, abdominal pain relief time, length of intensive care unit stay, and length of hospital stay were considerably shorter in the combination group than in the CRRT group (P<0.01). Inpatient hospital costs were significantly lower in the combination group than in the CRRT group (P<0.01). However, incidence of complications and mortality showed no significant differences between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS CRRT combined with peritoneal lavage is an important adjuvant therapy in the early stages of acute severe acute pancreatitis and has better clinical efficacy than CRRT alone.

Comparison of hemodynamic indices of dialysis patients in continuous renal replacement therapy and intermittent renal replacement therapy methods with ultrasonic cardiac output monitor in intensive care unit

Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is independently associated with end-stage renal disease and higher mortality in the ICU. There are different methods to supporting kidney function in critically ill patients. The renal replacement therapy (RRT) can be conducted continuously, intermittently, or in combination. Objectives: The purpose of our study is to investigate the hemodynamic indices of dialysis patients in the ICU by two methods high flow continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and intermittently renal replacement therapy (IRRT) of ultrasonic cardiac output monitor (USCOM). Patients and Methods: In this study conducted at Sina hospital, patients requiring dialysis hospitalized to the ICU were studied. Around 48 patients benefited from rapid CRRT or IRRT in the opinion of a specialist. Basic patient information was recorded. To check hemodynamic parameters during dialysis, USCOM was carried out to check corrected flow time value (FTc) parameters, systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and cardiac output. Results were compared between the IRRT and CRRT groups. Results: This study was conducted on 48 patients who were candidates for dialysis. Patients were divided into high flow CRRT and IRRT groups based on clinical indications. In CRRT group, 19 patients (79.2%) and in the IRRT group, 20 patients (83.3%) were male (P=0.712). Their mean age was 68.70 ± 8.25 years in the CRRT group and 68.58 ± 7.19 years in the IRRT group. All patients had cardiac output monitored using USCOM or ultrasound. The mean Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score in the CRRT group was 7 and in the IRRT group was 6, with no significant difference among them. FTc value variable or modified flow time in the carotid artery, cardiac output, cardiac index, SVR variable and mean arterial pressure in in the two groups at four evaluated times (before dialysis, 15 minutes later, one hour later and end of dialysis) from the study the difference were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Although previos studies have recommended CRRT, our study showed significant difference may not be existed between IRRT and CRRT.

Effects of continuous renal replacement therapy on inflammation-related anemia, iron metabolism and prognosis in sepsis patients with acute kidney injury.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) on inflammation-related anemia, iron metabolism, and the prognosis in sepsis patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). Sepsis patients with AKI were prospectively enrolled and randomized into the CRRT and control groups. The clinical and laboratory data on days 1, 3 and 7 after intensive care unit (ICU) admission were collected. The serum interleukin (IL)-6, hepcidin, erythropoietin, ferritin, and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and 28-day mortality were recorded. Data were analyzed using Pearson's Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test (categorical variables), and Mann-Whitney U-test or t-test (continuous variables). The hemoglobin and serum erythropoietin levels did not significantly differ between the CRRT and control groups though gradually decreased within the first week of ICU admission. On days 3 and 7, the serum IL-6, hepcidin, ferritin, and red blood cell distribution width significantly decreased in the CRRT group compared to the control group (all P<0.05). On day 7, the serum iron was significantly elevated in the CRRT group compared to the control group (P<0.05). However, the serum sTfR did not significantly differ between the groups over time. In addition, the SOFA scores were significantly lower in the CRRT group compared to the control group on day 7. The 28-day mortality did not significantly differ between the control and CRRT groups (38.0% vs. 28.2%, P=0.332) . CRRT might have beneficial effects on the improvement in inflammation-related iron metabolism and disease severity during the first week of ICU admission but not anemia and 28-day mortality in sepsis patients with AKI.

Effect of continuous renal replacement therapy on plasma concentration, clinical efficacy and safety of colistin sulfate

To investigate the effects of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) on plasma concentration, clinical efficacy and safety of colistin sulfate. Clinical data of patients received with colistin sulfate were retrospectively analyzed from our group's previous clinical registration study, which was a prospective, multicenter observation study on the efficacy and pharmacokinetic characteristics of colistin sulfate in patients with severe infection in intensive care unit (ICU). According to whether patients received blood purification treatment, they were divided into CRRT group and non-CRRT group. Baseline data (gender, age, whether complicated with diabetes, chronic nervous system disease, etc), general data (infection of pathogens and sites, steady-state trough concentration, steady-state peak concentration, clinical efficacy, 28-day all-cause mortality, etc) and adverse event (renal injury, nervous system, skin pigmentation, etc) were collected from the two groups. A total of 90 patients were enrolled, including 22 patients in the CRRT group and 68 patients in the non-CRRT group. (1) There was no significant difference in gender, age, basic diseases, liver function, infection of pathogens and sites, colistin sulfate dose between the two groups. Compared with the non-CRRT group, the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) were higher in the CRRT group [APACHE II: 21.77±8.26 vs. 18.01±6.34, P < 0.05; SOFA: 8.5 (7.8, 11.0) vs. 6.0 (4.0, 9.0), P < 0.01], serum creatinine level was higher [μmol/L: 162.0 (119.5, 210.5) vs. 72.0 (52.0, 117.0), P < 0.01]. (2) Plasma concentration: there was no significant difference in steady-state trough concentration between CRRT group and non-CRRT group (mg/L: 0.58±0.30 vs. 0.64±0.25, P = 0.328), nor was there significant difference in steady-state peak concentration (mg/L: 1.02±0.37 vs. 1.18±0.45, P = 0.133). (3) Clinical efficacy: there was no significant difference in clinical response rate between CRRT group and non-CRRT group [68.2% (15/22) vs. 80.9% (55/68), P = 0.213]. (4) Safety: acute kidney injury occurred in 2 patients (2.9%) in the non-CRRT group. No obvious neurological symptoms and skin pigmentation were found in the two groups. CRRT had little effect on the elimination of colistin sulfate. Routine blood concentration monitoring (TDM) is warranted in patients received with CRRT.

A retrospective analysis: the outcome of renal replacement therapies in critically ill children

A few pediatric studies were present which focused on renal replacement therapy used for critically ill children. This research aimed to determine the ratio of utilization of intermittent hemodialysis, continuous renal replacement therapy, and peritoneal dialysis, and to study the properties and outcomes of critically ill pediatric patients who underwent renal replacement therapy.Critically ill children admitted to the intensive care unit and received renal replacement therapy from February 2020 to May 2022 were included. The children were divided into three groups: hemodialysis, continuous renal replacement therapy, and peritoneal dialysis.A total of 37 patients (22 boys and 15 girls) who received renal replacement therapy met the criteria for this study. Continuous renal replacement therapy was used in 43%, hemodialysis in 38%, and peritoneal dialysis in 19%. In all, 28 (73%) children survived and 9 (27%) died in intensive care unit. The mean systolic blood pressure was significantly lower among children who received continuous renal replacement therapy (p<0.001). The need for inotropic medications and a higher PRISM III score were found to be the greatest indicators of mortality.The outcome of children receiving renal replacement therapy seems to be related to their needs for vasoactive drugs and the severity of the underlying disease in the continuous renal replacement therapy group relative to the other groups.

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy for Hypertension Complicated by Refractory Heart Failure: An Analysis of Safety and Nursing Highlights.

Objective This research is aimed at analyzing the safety profile and nursing highlights of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for hypertension (HT) complicated by refractory heart failure (RHF). Methods Sixty-six HT + RHF patients admitted between March 2018 and December 2021 were enrolled and assigned to two groups: a CRRT group with 33 cases treated with CRRT and a control group with 33 cases intervened by routine treatment. The therapeutic effect and alterations of cardiac function (CF) indexes were observed in both cohorts. Besides, statistics were made in terms of serum B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) concentrations, time of asthma relief, heart rate recovery (HRR), edema resolution, and hospitalization, as well as incidence of adverse reactions (ARs). Finally, pre- and posttreatment psychological quality and pain of both cohorts of subjects were assessed using the self-rating anxiety and depression scale (SAS and SDS) and visual analogue scale (VAS), respectively. Results CRRT group exhibited higher overall response rate and better CF than control group (P < 0.05), with lower BNP, CRP, and MAP levels, and shorter time of asthma relief, HRR, edema resolution, and hospitalization (P < 0.05); the incidence of ARs was similar (P > 0.05); for both groups, the scores of SAS, SDS, and VAS reduced statistically after treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusion CRRT can effectively improve the therapeutic effect and CF of patients with HT complicated by RHF, to protect the health and safety of patients.

Successful use of intra‐operative continuous renal replacement therapy in pediatric liver transplant recipients: Single center case series

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in pediatric patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT), with an incidence 17%-55%. Fluid, metabolic, and acid-base aberrancies are often pronounced pre-operatively and further worsened by events during LT, making intra-operative continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) an option for critically ill LT recipients. All pediatric LT performed at our institution who underwent intra-operative CRRT between January 2017 and August 2021 were included. Patient demographics and clinical data including graft outcomes, intra-operative findings, and timing and indications for CRRT were collected from the electronic medical record. CRRT was used in nine of the 76 (12%) pediatric LT performed at our center during the study period. Ages at LT ranged from 39 to 17.7 years. Recipients requiring CRRT were more likely to have acute liver failure, status 1A, and higher calculated MELD/PELD scores. CRRT was initiated pre-transplant in three recipients and continued post-transplant in six recipients. Median duration of CRRT was two (range 0-14) days. Indications included hyperammonemia (3/9), acidosis (3/9), fluid overload (6/9), and hyperkalemia (2/9). The CRRT group had a significantly longer post-transplant intensive care unit length of stay in comparison to those that did not require CRRT (median 6, range 3-40 days vs. median 3, range 0-121 days, p=.02], but there were no significant differences in reoperations, hospital length of stay, or recipient or graft survival. We demonstrate that CRRT can be safely performed in pediatric LT recipients, including young infants through adolescents.

Early dynamic behavior of lactate in predicting continuous renal replacement therapy after surgery for acute type A aortic dissection.

BackgroundIt has been well known that hyperlactatemia is an independent risk factor for postoperative mortality in patients who received acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) surgery. Some patients may require the assistance of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for acute postoperative renal deficiency and often associate with increased mortality rate. This study aimed to examine the association between the early dynamic change of lactate levels and postoperative CRRT in ATAAD patients who received surgical repairment.MethodsThis retrospective study included 503 patients who received ATAAD surgeries. Serum lactate levels were measured before operation and at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 h post intensive care unit (ICU) admission. We examined the association between dynamic changes of lactate and CRRT.ResultsAmong all patients, 19.9% (100 patients) required CRRT. Our data showed that the lactate levels were higher in the CRRT group at all timepoints compared to the non-CRRT group. In a multivariate model, lactate levels at 12 h post ICU admission [odds ratio (OR), 1.362; p = 0.007] was identified as an independent predictor for requiring CRRT. Unsurprisingly, 30-day mortality in the CRRT group (41%) was 8.2 times higher than in the non-CRRT group (5%). To better understand the associations between CRRT and lactate levels, patients in the CRRT group were further stratified into the non-survivor group (n = 41) and survivor group (n = 59) based on the 30-day mortality. Elevated lactate levels measured upon ICU admission (OR, 1.284; p = 0.001) and decreased 24 h lactate clearance (OR, 0.237; p = 0.039) were independent risk factors for 30-day mortality in patients who received CRRT. The area under the curve to predict requirement for CRRT at 6 and 12 h post CICU admission were 0.714 and 0.722, respectively, corresponding to lactate cut-off levels of 4.15 and 2.45 mmol/L.ConclusionThe CRRT is commonly required in patients who received ATAAD surgery and often associated with worse mortality. Early dynamic changes of lactate levels can be used to predict the requirement of postoperative CRRT.

The benefits of initiating continuous renal replacement therapy after brain death in organ donors with oligoanuric acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) in deceased organ donors is increasing due to the escalation in anoxic brain-deaths. The management of an organ donor with oligoanuric AKI is frequently curtailed due to hemodynamic and electrolyte instability. Although continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) corrects the effects of AKI, it is rarely started after the diagnosis of brain-death (BD). Since 2017, we have initiated CRRT in organ donors with oligoanuric AKI to allow more time to stabilize the donor and improve the function of the thoracic organs. We now report our experience with the first 27 donors with oligoanuric AKI that received CRRT after the diagnosis of BD, with organs transplanted as the primary outcome. The average duration of CRRT was 30.1±14.4h and the mean ultrafiltration volume was 5141±4272 ml. The time from BD declaration to cross clamp was significantly longer in the CRRT group versus a historical cohort with oligoanuric AKI that was not dialyzed (62.8±18.3vs. 37.1±14.9h; P<.01). The mean number of total organs transplanted per donor in the CRRT group was greater than the historical cohort, 2.9±1.7vs. 1.4±.6 (P=.<01), respectively. The mean number of thoracic organs transplanted per donor also increased between the two groups, 1.4±1.2versus .6±.9 (P=.02). Thirty-seven percent of the kidneys were successfully transplanted with a mean serum creatinine of 1.4mg/dl at 6months. We suggest that OPOs consider starting CRRT in organ donors with oligoanuric AKI to possibly increase the number of organs transplanted.

An analysis of nonnutritive calories from propofol, dextrose, and citrate among patients who are critically ill that are receiving continuous renal replacement therapy.

Propofol, dextrose, and citrate infusions are necessary treatment modalities in the intensive care units (ICUs). They are, however, a potential source of nonnutritive calories (NNCs), which may cause overfeeding and adverse complications. The literature surrounding the role of NNCs is limited. We aimed to examine the energy contribution of NNCs. Our secondary aim is to assess the nutrition impact of NNCs, especially among patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). We enrolled 177 mechanically ventilated patients admitted to medical-surgical ICUs from August to December 2019. Patients were monitored over the first 7 days of admission. Infusion rates of enteral nutrition/parenteral nutrition and NNCs, as well as clinical characteristics, were examined. Patients receiving CRRT were compared with those without. In total, 24% of patients additional energy from citrate. Patients received a maximum of 331 kcal from citrate, 492 kcal from propofol, and 992 kcal from dextrose per ICU day. CRRT group achieved higher total energy on the first 2 days (day 1: 55.1% vs 46.4%, P = 0.008; day 2: 73.2% vs 55.4%, P = 0.025). They also received higher mean NNCs on all days, except for day 1 (P = 0.068). NNCs, especially citrate, are significant sources of energy. Patients receiving CRRT were more likely to be malnourished. There should be close monitoring and adaption of energy prescription accordingly to prevent overfeeding.

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Pediatric Patients With Acute Kidney Injury After Liver Transplantation.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the clinical application of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in pediatric patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) after liver transplantation.MethodsPediatric patients who underwent liver transplantation were retrospectively investigated. Those who developed AKI within 1 year after the surgery were included and divided into a CRRT group and a non-CRRT group. The perioperative conditions and postoperative complications of the two groups were compared along with the prognoses of the groups to analyze the high-risk factors of the postoperative CRRT.Results189 (36.91%) patients developed AKI within 1 year after the liver transplantation surgery. There were 18 patients in the CRRT group and 171 in the non-CRRT group. The differences in the preoperative conditions were not statistically significant between the two groups. Compared with the non-CRRT group, patients in the CRRT group had significantly longer transplantation times, higher volumes of intraoperative hemorrhage, and increased incidence of postoperative unscheduled surgery, postoperative primary nonfunction of the transplanted liver, secondary liver transplantation, hepatic artery occlusion, and intestinal fistula (P < 0.05). Moreover, the proportion of patients in AKI stage 3 is higher in the CRRT group (83.33%) than that in the non-CRRT group (11.11%), P < 0.001. The median time to initiate CRRT was 10 days postoperatively, the median number of CRRT treatments per patient was 2 times, the average duration of each CRRT treatment was 10.1 h, and the average rate of the decrease in blood creatinine per treatment was 25.6%. Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that AKI stage 3 [OR=40.000, 95%CI (10.598, 150.969), P = 0.016], postoperative unscheduled surgery [OR=6.269, 95%CI (3.051, 26.379), P = 0.007], and hepatic artery occlusion [OR = 17.682, 95%CI (1.707, 40.843), P = 0.001] were recognized as risk factors for postoperative AKI with CRRT therapy. The one- and two-year survival rates were 72.22% and 72.22% in the CRRT group, respectively; and 97.08% and 96.49% in the non-CRRT group, accordingly. There were statistically significant differences in the one- and two-year survival rates between the two groups (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe incidence of AKI after liver transplantation in pediatric patients was high. Patients with AKI stage 3, hepatic artery occlusion, and underwent unscheduled surgery postoperatively were with a high likelihood of receiving CRRT, which was related to a lower one- and two-year survival rates. CRRT effectively improved the one- and two-year survival rates.

Continuous renal replacement therapy versus intermittent hemodialysis as first modality for renal replacement therapy in severe acute kidney injury: a secondary analysis of AKIKI and IDEAL-ICU studies

BackgroundIntermittent hemodialysis (IHD) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) are the two main RRT modalities in patients with severe acute kidney injury (AKI). Meta-analyses conducted more than 10 years ago did not show survival difference between these two modalities. As the quality of RRT delivery has improved since then, we aimed to reassess whether the choice of IHD or CRRT as first modality affects survival of patients with severe AKI.MethodsThis is a secondary analysis of two multicenter randomized controlled trials (AKIKI and IDEAL-ICU) that compared an early RRT initiation strategy with a delayed one. We included patients allocated to the early strategy in order to emulate a trial where patients would have been randomized to receive either IHD or CRRT within twelve hours after the documentation of severe AKI. We determined each patient’s modality group as the first RRT modality they received. The primary outcome was 60-day overall survival. We used two propensity score methods to balance the differences in baseline characteristics between groups and the primary analysis relied on inverse probability of treatment weighting.ResultsA total of 543 patients were included. Continuous RRT was the first modality in 269 patients and IHD in 274. Patients receiving CRRT had higher cardiovascular and total-SOFA scores. Inverse probability weighting allowed to adequately balance groups on all predefined confounders. The weighted Kaplan–Meier death rate at day 60 was 54·4% in the CRRT group and 46·5% in the IHD group (weighted HR 1·26, 95% CI 1·01–1·60). In a complementary analysis of less severely ill patients (SOFA score: 3–10), receiving IHD was associated with better day 60 survival compared to CRRT (weighted HR 1.82, 95% CI 1·01–3·28; p < 0.01). We found no evidence of a survival difference between the two RRT modalities in more severe patients.ConclusionCompared to IHD, CRRT as first modality seemed to convey no benefit in terms of survival or of kidney recovery and might even have been associated with less favorable outcome in patients with lesser severity of disease. A prospective randomized non-inferiority trial should be implemented to solve the persistent conundrum of the optimal RRT technique.

Dose Optimization of Teicoplanin for Critically Ill Patients With Renal Dysfunction and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Experience From a Prospective Interventional Study.

Background: Due to the lack of updated information on teicoplanin (TEI) for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), no exact dosage regimen has been recommended. The aim of this study was to optimize the dosage regimen of TEI in renal dysfunction patients with or without CRRT, evaluate the influence factors of the eradication of Gram-positive bacteria, and evaluate the effect of CRRT on the clearance of TEI. Methods: Patients with renal dysfunction receiving TEI treatment in the ICU were prospectively recruited and divided into CRRT and non-CRRT groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to screen the factors affecting the eradication of Gram-positive bacteria. The filtrate concentration of the CRRT group was measured at the time of TEI Cmin, and the filtration coefficient of TEI was calculated to evaluate the effect of CRRT on the clearance of TEI. Results: A total of 106 patients were included, 40 cases in the CRRT group and 66 cases in the non-CRRT group. After giving high-loading doses of TEI, 75.8 and 70% of TEI Cmin in the non-CRRT and CRRT groups reached the range of 10–30 mg/L before the 3rd dose, respectively. The risk of G+ bacteria being uneradicated was higher while the APACHEⅡscore was higher than 22.5. The albumin level before the start of TEI administration and before the 6th–8th dose was lower than 32.8 g/L and 29.3 g/L, respectively, and Cmin before the 3rd dose and 6th–8th dose was lower than 13.2 mg/L and 17.1 mg/L, respectively, with the duration of TEI therapy shorter than 10.5 days. The correlation coefficient (r) was 0.6490 between Cmin before the 3rd dose and the albumin level (p < 0.001). The filtration coefficient of TEI was 10.7 ± 2.4% at Cmin and 11.1 ± 2.5% at Cmax. The GFR had no correlation with the filtration coefficient (r = −0.06204; r = −0.08059). The clearance of TEI in CRRT patients was negatively correlated with the albumin level (r = −0.6305, p = 0.0013). Conclusion: The early stage of the albumin level can significantly affect the initial Cmin and clinical efficacy of TEI, and also had effect on the clearance of TEI by CRRT. The filtration coefficient of TEI was stable, even with a higher ultrafiltration rate.

Application of continuous renal replacement therapy in infants with acute kidney injury after liver transplantation

To investigate the clinical application of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in infants with acute kidney injury (AKI) after liver transplantation. A retrospective study was conducted on infants with AKI after liver transplantation in Tianjin First Center Hospital from January 1, 2019 to June 1, 2021. Infants with AKI within 1 year after liver transplantation were divided into CRRT group and non-CRRT group according to whether CRRT was performed. The preoperative and intraoperative condition, the postoperative complications were compared, the risk factors of CRRT for AKI infants, the clinical characteristics of CRRT were analyzed, and the prognosis between CRRT group and non-CRRT group were compared. (1) A total of 512 cases of pediatric liver transplantation were performed. A total of 189 cases (36.9%) developed AKI within 1 year after surgery, including 18 cases in CRRT group and 171 cases in non-CRRT group. (2) There was no significant difference in preoperative conditions between the two groups. The duration of liver transplantation (hours: 8.8±1.5 vs. 7.5±1.3) and intraoperative blood loss [mL: 370 (220-800) vs. 310 (200-400)] in CRRT group were significantly higher than those in non-CRRT group. CRRT group had significantly higher incidence of postoperative complication [unplanned operation: 8 cases (44.4%) vs. 14 cases (8.2%), primary nonfunction: 1 case (5.6%) vs. 0 case (0%), retransplantation: 3 cases (16.7%) vs. 0 case (0%), hepatic artery thrombosis: 3 cases (16.7%) vs. 4 cases (2.3%), intestinal fistula: 2 cases (11.1%) vs. 2 cases (1.2%)] than non-CRRT group (all P < 0.05). (3) The average start time of CRRT was 10 (1-240) days. The per capita frequency of CRRT treatment was 3.3 (1.0-14.0) times. The average duration of each CRRT treatment was 10.1 (6.0-19.3) hours, the average reduction rate of serum creatinine (SCr) was 25.6% (13.5%-45.0%) after CRRT. (4) In CRRT group, 5 patients died, the 1-year and 2-year survival rates were both 72.22%. In non-CRRT group, 6 patients died, the 1-year and 2-year survival rates were 97.1% and 96.5%, respectively. There were significant differences in 1-year and 2-year survival rates between the two groups (both P < 0.01). The incidence of AKI after pediatric liver transplantation was high, and most infants treated with CRRT were associated with serious surgical complications. CRRT was a powerful means to remove inflammatory factors and maintain the stability of circulation and internal environment, which could improve the multi-organ dysfunction effectively.

Comparison of the Treatment Efficacy of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy and Intermittent Hemodialysis in Patients With Acute Kidney İnjury Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit.

Introduction and aimAcute kidney injury (AKI) is part of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in critically ill patients and is a common condition in intensive care units (ICUs). Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is the cornerstone of treatment for AKI in critically ill patients. This patient population has a high mortality rate despite RRT. There are two methods of RRT for patients in ICUs: intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Both CRRT and IHD similarly provide adequate metabolic control. We aimed to compare these two RRT modalities in terms of ICU stay, mortality, and laboratory recovery in these patients with high mortality.Materials and methodsA total of 120 patients with AKI who needed RRT in the ICU were included in the study (CRRT, n:40; IHD, n:80). Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II, Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), and Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS)-II scores at the time of admission to the ICU were calculated. Mean arterial pressure, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, calcium, pH, lactate, and bicarbonate levels were measured before and after dialysis. Patients were classified as living and deceased. Factors affecting the length of stay in the intensive care unit and 30-day mortality were evaluated. The variability in laboratory parameters between groups before and after dialysis was examined. The groups were compared with these parameters.ResultsSixty-one point seven percent (61.7%, n:74) of the patients were female. The mean age was 62.90±13.64 years. At the time of admission to the ICU, the patients' SAPS II score was 45.05±12.76, APACHE II score was 22.05±6.32, and SOFA score was 8.26±2.48. 66.7% (n:80) of the patients included in the study died, and the length of stay of these patients in the ICU was 12.85±10.23 days. When the groups were compared, SAPS II, APACHE II scores, and SOFA scores were significantly higher in the CRRT group than in the IHD group (p:0.038, p:0.015, p:0.027, respectively). Although the length of stay in the ICU was shorter in the CRRT group, it was not statistically significant (p:0.075). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of mortality (p: 0.891). SAPS-II, APACHE II, and SOFA score affected 30-day mortality while age, gender, and RRT modalities were not associated with mortality. The improvement in laboratory parameters between the pre and post-RRT groups was statistically more significant in the IHD group (p<0.001). It was determined that there was a statistically greater decrease in mean arterial pressure in the IHD group (p<0.001).ConclusionsIt was determined that there was no difference between the CRRT and IHD modalities applied in patients with AKI admitted to the ICU in terms of mortality and length of stay in the ICU. It was observed that both modalities improved on laboratory parameters, but the improvement was greater in the IHD group. However, it was determined that there was a statistically greater decrease in mean arterial pressure in the IHD group.

Incidence- and In-hospital Mortality-Related Risk Factors of Acute Kidney Injury Requiring Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Acute Type a Aortic Dissection.

Background: Few studies on the risk factors for postoperative continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in a homogeneous population of patients with acute type A aortic dissection (AAAD). This retrospective analysis aimed to investigate the risk factors for CRRT and in-hospital mortality in the patients undergoing AAAD surgery and to discuss the perioperative comorbidities and short-term outcomes.Methods: The study collected electronic medical records and laboratory data from 432 patients undergoing surgery for AAAD between March 2009 and June 2021. All the patients were divided into CRRT and non-CRRT groups; those in the CRRT group were divided into the survivor and non-survivor groups. The univariable and multivariable analyses were used to identify the independent risk factors for CRRT and in-hospital mortality.Results: The proportion of requiring CRRT and in-hospital mortality in the patients with CRRT was 14.6 and 46.0%, respectively. Baseline serum creatinine (SCr) [odds ratio (OR), 1.006], cystatin C (OR, 1.438), lung infection (OR, 2.292), second thoracotomy (OR, 5.185), diabetes mellitus (OR, 6.868), AKI stage 2–3 (OR, 22.901) were the independent risk factors for receiving CRRT. In-hospital mortality in the CRRT group (46%) was 4.6 times higher than in the non-CRRT group (10%). In the non-survivor (n = 29) and survivor (n = 34) groups, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III-IV (OR, 10.272, P = 0.019), lactic acidosis (OR, 10.224, P = 0.019) were the independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality in patients receiving CRRT.Conclusion: There was a high rate of CRRT requirement and high in-hospital mortality after AAAD surgery. The risk factors for CRRT and in-hospital mortality in the patients undergoing AAAD surgery were determined to help identify the high-risk patients and make appropriate clinical decisions. Further randomized controlled studies are urgently needed to establish the risk factors for CRRT and in-hospital mortality.

Adjunct Use of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Achieves Negative Fluid Balance and Enhances Oxygenation Which Improves Survival in Critically Ill Patients without Kidney Failure

Introduction: Fluid overload in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) patients has been associated with increased mortality. Patients receiving ECMO and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) who achieve a negative fluid balance have improved survival. Limited data exist on the use of CRRT solely for fluid management in ECMO patients. Methods: We performed a single-center retrospective review of 19 adult ECMO patients without significant renal dysfunction who received CRRT for fluid management. These patients were compared to a cohort of propensity-matched controls. Results: After 72 h, the treatment group had a fluid balance of −3840 mL versus + 425 mL (p ≤ 0.05). This lower fluid balance correlated with survival to discharge (odds ratio 2.54, 95% confidence interval 1.10–5.87). Improvement in the ratio of arterial oxygen content to fraction of inspired oxygen was also significantly higher in the CRRT group (102.4 vs. 0.7, p ≤ 0.05). We did not observe any significant difference in renal outcomes. Conclusions: The use of CRRT for fluid management is effective and, when resulting in negative fluid balance, improves survival in adult ECMO patients without significant renal dysfunction.

Risk factors of continuous renal replacement therapy following total aortic arch replacement under moderate hypothermia.

BackgroundStanford type A aortic dissection (TAAD) has a sudden onset and high mortality, and emergency total aortic arch replacement (TAAR) is the main treatment option for TAAD. The mortality rate of patients with postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) combined with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is remarkable higher than that of patients without AKI. However, incidence of AKI and risk factors for CRRT following TAAR isn’t entirely understood.MethodsFrom October 2018 to March 2021, all patients with Stanford type A dissection who underwent total arch replacement surgery under MHCA were enrolled. According to whether CRRT treatment was performed, participants were divided into a CRRT group (n=49) and control group (n=72). Both groups incorporated the brain protection strategy of moderate hypothermia, and the left common carotid artery and the innominate artery were perfused anteriorly. Relevant medical data was collected.ResultsAge, gender, and a history of smoking and drinking were not significantly different between the 2 groups (P>0.1). There were statistical differences between the 2 groups in aortic sinus diameter and Bentall procedure (P≤0.05). Univariate analysis revealed that fresh frozen plasma was a protective factor (P<0.05) and the intraoperative transfusion volume of red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, autologous blood used for intraoperative bleeding, aortic sinus diameter, and Bentall procedure were risk factors (P<0.1). Multivariate analysis showed that the Bentall procedure and intraoperative bleeding were risk factors for CRRT (P<0.05), and the aortic sinus diameter and intraoperative transfusion score were also risk factors for CRRT (P<0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated that the model of aortic sinus diameter and intraoperative transfusion score had more significantly different discriminatory powers.ConclusionsThe Bentall procedure, intraoperative bleeding, aortic sinus diameter, and intraoperative transfusion score were risk factors for postoperative CRRT. The model of aortic sinus diameter and intraoperative transfusion score had more significantly different discriminatory powers.