Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Delivery Research Articles

An Integrative Risk Assessment Approach to Enhancing Patient Safety in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) serves as an intervention strategy for the management of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients. However, owing to its complex nature and the potential for complications, the implementation of CRRT demands continuous monitoring to prevent patient safety risks. This study aims to identify and validate prevalent risks linked to CRRT within a real-world clinical setting, intending to propose preventive measures grounded in expert insights. To systematically categorize and visually depict the risks, their consequences, preventive measures, and recovery controls, our study employed the Bowtie method in conjunction with the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model. In addition to considering patient-related factors that exhibit variability among critically ill individuals, our key findings showed that the most influential risks impacting the effective delivery of CRRT are incidents of clotted filters, bleeding risks arising from the necessity of anticoagulation for filter efficacy, vascular catheter-related bloodstream infections, variations in proficiency levels among healthcare professionals regarding CRRT modalities, especially in operating the CRRT machines, high nursing workload, frequent nursing turnover, occurrences of hypophosphatemia, variability in CRRT prescribing patterns, and issues related to communication among stakeholders. This research sheds light on the primary risks associated with CRRT and provides practical and viable strategies for effective management. Furthermore, the Bowtie diagram developed as part of this study serves as a valuable tool for visually representing the healthcare system and facilitating the identification of system-related risks within healthcare settings.

Can Artificial Intelligence Assist in Delivering Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy?

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is widely utilized to support critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to enhance CRRT delivery, but evidence is limited. We reviewed existing literature on the utilization of AI in CRRT with the objective of identifying current gaps in evidence and research considerations. We conducted a scoping review focusing on the development or use of AI-based tools in patients receiving CRRT. Ten papers were identified; 6 of 10 (60%) published in 2021, and 6 of 10 (60%) focused on machine learning models to augment CRRT delivery. All innovations were in the design/early validation phase of development. Primary research interests focused on early indicators of CRRT need, prognostication of mortality and kidney recovery, and identification of risk factors for mortality. Secondary research priorities included dynamic CRRT monitoring, predicting CRRT-related complications, and automated data pooling for point-of-care analysis. Literature gaps included prospective validation and implementation, biases ascertainment, and evaluation of AI-generated health care disparities. Research on AI applications to enhance CRRT delivery has grown exponentially in the last years, but the field remains premature. There is a need to evaluate how these applications could enhance bedside decision-making capacity and assist structure and processes of CRRT delivery.

Assessment of prescribed vs. achieved fluid balance during continuous renal replacement therapy and mortality outcome.

BackgroundFluid management during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) requires accuracy in the prescription of desired patient fluid balance (FBGoal) and precision in the attainable patient fluid balance (FBAchieved). Herein, we examined the association of the gap between prescribed vs. achieved patient fluid balance during CRRT (%FBGap) with hospital mortality in critically ill patients.MethodsCohort study of critically ill adults with acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring CRRT and a prescription of negative fluid balance (mean patient fluid balance goal of negative ≥0.5 liters per day). Fluid management parameters included: 1) NUF (net ultrafiltration rate); 2) FBGoal; 3) FBAchieved; and 4) FBGap (% gap of fluid balance achieved vs. goal), all adjusted by patient’s weight (kg) and duration of CRRT (hours).ResultsData from 653 patients (median of 102.2 patient-hours of CRRT) were analyzed. Mean (SD) age was 56.7 (14.6) years and 61.9% were male. Hospital mortality rate was 64%. Despite FBGoal was similar in patients who died vs. survived, survivors achieved greater negative fluid balance during CRRT than non-survivors: median FBAchieved -0.25 [-0.52 to -0.05] vs. 0.06 [-0.26 to 0.62] ml/kg/h, p<0.001. Median NUF was lower in patients who died vs. survived: 1.06 [0.63–1.47] vs. 1.22 [0.82–1.69] ml/kg/h, p<0.001, and median %FBGap was higher in patients who died (112.8%, 61.5 to 165.7) vs. survived (64.2%, 30.5 to 91.8), p<0.001. In multivariable models, higher %FBGap was independently associated with increased risk of hospital mortality: aOR (95% CI) 1.01 (1.01–1.02), p<0.001. NUF was not associated with hospital mortality when adjusted by %FBGap and other clinical parameters: aOR 0.96 (0.72–1.28), p = 0.771.ConclusionsHigher %FBGap was independently associated with an increased risk of hospital mortality in critically ill adults with AKI on CRRT in whom clinicians prescribed negative fluid balance via CRRT. %FBGap represents a novel quality indicator of CRRT delivery that could assist with operationalizing fluid management interventions during CRRT.

Improving the quality of the performance and delivery of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) to critically ill patients across a healthcare system: QUALITY CRRT: a study protocol

IntroductionContinuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is a continuous form of dialysis used to support critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. The ideal delivery of CRRT requires ongoing monitoring and...

Acute Kidney Injury and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Review on Multiple Organ Support Options

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a temporary life support system used to assist patients with life-threatening severe cardiac and/or respiratory insufficiency. Patients requiring ECMO can be considered the sickest patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Acute kidney injury (AKI) represents a frequent complication during ECMO, affecting up to 70% of patients, with multifactorial pathophysiology and an independent risk factor for mortality. Severe AKI requiring Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) occurs in 20% of ECMO patients, but multiple indications and different timing may imply a significantly higher application rate in different centers. CRRT can be run in parallel to ECMO through different vascular access, or it can be conducted in series by connecting the circuits. Anticoagulation of ECMO is typically managed with systemic heparin, but several approaches can be applied for the CRRT circuit, from no anticoagulation to the addition of intra-filter heparin or regional citrate anticoagulation. The combination of CRRT and ECMO can be considered a form of multiple organ support therapy, but this approach still requires optimization in timing, set-up, anticoagulation, prescription and delivery. The aim of this report is to review the pathophysiology of AKI, the CRRT delivery, anticoagulation strategies and outcomes of patients with AKI treated with ECMO.

Vascular access, membranes and circuit for CRRT.

The advances in the technology for providing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) have led to an increase in its utilization throughout the world. However, circuit life continues to be a major problem. It leads not only to decreased delivery of dialysis but also causes blood loss, waste of disposables, alters dose delivery of medications and nutrition, and increases nurse workload, all of which increases healthcare cost. Premature circuit failure can be caused by numerous factors that can be difficult to dissect out. The first component is the vascular access; without a well-placed, functioning access, delivery of CRRT becomes very difficult. This is usually accomplished by placing a short-term dialysis catheter into either the right internal jugular or femoral vein. The tips should be located at the caval atrial junction or inferior vena cava. In addition to establishing suitable vascular access, a comprehensive understanding of the circuit facilitates the development of a methodical approach in providing efficient CRRT characterized by optimal circuit life. Moreover, it aids in determining the cause of circuit failure in patients experiencing recurrent episodes. This review therefore summarizes the essential points that guide providers in establishing optimal vascular access. We then provide an overview of the main components of the CRRT circuit including the blood and fluid pumps, the hemofilter, and pressure sensors, which will assist in identifying the key mechanisms contributing to premature failure of the CRRT circuit.

CRRT prescription and delivery of dose.

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is the preferred modality of extracorporeal renal support for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). The dose of CRRT is reported as effluent flow in ml/kg body weight per hour (ml/kg/h). Solid evidence supports that the delivered CRRT effluent dose for critically ill patients with AKI should be 20-25ml/kg/h on average. To account for treatment interruptions and the natural decline in filter efficiency over time, it is recommended to prescribe 25-30ml/kg/h of effluent dose. However, transient higher doses of CRRT in specific clinical scenarios may be needed to accommodate specific solute control needs of a particular patient at a given time. Consequently, there should be consideration of the potential adverse consequences of non-selective clearance such as undesired antimicrobials and nutrients removal. In this manuscript, we provide a summary of evidence related to CRRT dose, practical aspects for its calculation at the time of prescribing CRRT, and considerations for addressing the expected gap between prescribed and delivered CRRT dose. We also provide a framework for monitoring and implementation of CRRT dose as a quality indicator of CRRT delivery.

A Quality Improvement Initiative to Reduce the Frequency of Delays in Initiation and Restarts of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy.

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is a lifesaving intervention for critically ill patients. Delays in initiation, or an inability to resume CRRT following a temporary suspension in therapy (CRRT restart), can result in suboptimal CRRT delivery. Intensive care units across the health care system were experiencing significant delays in CRRT initiation and restarts. A multimodal quality improvement initiative was implemented across 7 adult intensive care units, which allowed unit-based staff nurses to initiate and restart CRRT, a task that had previously been delegated to non-unit-based dialysis nurses. A 75% reduction in CRRT initiation delays and a 90% reduction in CRRT restart delays were observed in the 12 months following the initiative. There were no adverse events or increased disposable CRRT circuit usage following the initiative. Implementation of CRRT initiation and restarts by unit-based nurses were achievable and resulted in substantial improvements in timeliness of CRRT delivery.

Improving the quality of care for patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy.

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is the preferred extracorporeal kidney support therapy employed to support critically ill patients with acute or chronic kidney dysfunction in intensive care units. Significant heterogeneity in CRRT practice exists in part due to variable logistics, resources, and scarcity of evidence-based CRRT practices. Importantly, homogenization of practice patterns by developing substantial evidence and effective dissemination among providers is essential for optimizing CRRT practices. The emphasis on quality of CRRT delivery has prompted identification of potential quality indicators, development of multifaceted quality improvement initiatives, effective computer science utilization, and a surge of multidisciplinary quality assurance teams that advocate for "best" CRRT practices. This manuscript provides an overview of quality improvement methodologies and reviews candidate quality indicators of CRRT and the impact of quality improvement on enhancing CRRT delivery practices.

Continuous renal replacement therapy in patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a life‐saving therapy utilized for patients with severe life‐threatening cardiorespiratory failure. Patients treated with ECMO are among the most severely ill encountered in critical care and are at high‐risk of developing multiple organ dysfunction, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and fluid overload. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is increasingly utilized inpatients on ECMO to manage AKI and treat fluid overload. The indications for renal replacement therapy for patients on ECMO are similar to those of other critically ill populations; however, there is wide practice variation in how renal supportive therapies are utilized during ECMO. For patients requiring both CRRT and ECMO, CRRT may be connected directly to the ECMO circuit, or CRRT and ECMO may be performed independently. This review will summarize current knowledge of the epidemiology of AKI, indications and timing of CRRT, delivery of CRRT, and the outcomes of patients requiring CRRT with ECMO.

The future of continuous renal replacement therapy.

Over the last 40years, acute renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the intensive care units (ICUs) of high-income countries has transitioned from the predominant use of intermittent hemodialysis (and the much less common use of peritoneal dialysis) to the almost exclusive use of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Accordingly, CRRT has become the most common form of vital organ support delivered to critically ill patients. A series of clinical and technical advances has enabled the transformation of basic CRRT machines into highly sophisticated and customized devices. Recent work has focused on using evidence from clinical trials to enhance the application of CRRT with regard to timing of initiation, choice of modality, dose, and anticoagulation. However, many questions remain unanswered. Uncertainty surrounding volume control and the utility of strategies to minimize circulatory stress are key areas for future development. Advances in membrane technology, combination with other extracorporeal therapies, and personalization of CRRT delivery may provide additional benefit to certain subgroups. Development of quality metrics and use of data analytics to audit and benchmark could provide important insight into practice, while biofeedback and automated CRRT prescription could increase safety. In this review, we summarize the evolution of CRRT and highlight several future areas for development.

Development, implementation and outcomes of a quality assurance system for the provision of continuous renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit

Critically ill patients with requirement of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) represent a growing intensive care unit (ICU) population. Optimal CRRT delivery demands continuous communication between stakeholders, iterative adjustment of therapy, and quality assurance systems. This Quality Improvement (QI) study reports the development, implementation and outcomes of a quality assurance system to support the provision of CRRT in the ICU. This study was carried out at the University of Kentucky Medical Center between September 2016 and June 2019. We implemented a quality assurance system using a step-wise approach based on the (a) assembly of a multidisciplinary team, (b) standardization of the CRRT protocol, (c) creation of electronic CRRT flowsheets, (d) selection, monitoring and reporting of quality metrics of CRRT deliverables, and (e) enhancement of education. We examined 34-month data comprising 1185 adult patients on CRRT (~ 7420 patient-days of CRRT) and tracked selected QI outcomes/metrics of CRRT delivery. As a result of the QI interventions, we increased the number of multidisciplinary experts in the CRRT team and ensured a continuum of education to health care professionals. We maximized to 100% the use of continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration and doubled the percentage of patients using regional citrate anticoagulation. The delivered CRRT effluent dose (~ 30 ml/kg/h) and the delivered/prescribed effluent dose ratio (~ 0.89) remained stable within the study period. The average filter life increased from 26 to 31 h (p = 0.020), reducing the mean utilization of filters per patient from 3.56 to 2.67 (p = 0.054) despite similar CRRT duration and mortality rates. The number of CRRT access alarms per treatment day was reduced by 43%. The improvement in filter utilization translated into ~ 20,000 USD gross savings in filter cost per 100-patient receiving CRRT. We satisfactorily developed and implemented a quality assurance system for the provision of CRRT in the ICU that enabled sustainable tracking of CRRT deliverables and reduced filter resource utilization at our institution.

Process based quality improvement using a continuous renal replacement therapy dashboard

BackgroundThe prevalence of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) utilization in critically ill patients with acute kidney is increasing. In comparison to published and on-going trials attempting to answer questions surrounding the optimal timing of CRRT initiation, anticoagulation, and modality, a paucity of literature describes the quality of the therapy delivered.MethodsWe conducted a single-center process improvement project to determine if a methodology to assess the quality of CRRT delivery could lead to improvement in CRRT delivery outcomes. We developed three broad categories of objective CRRT metrics to assess longitudinally, enabling creation of a CRRT Dashboard. Following the objective categories of “filter”, “prescription”, and “fluid balance” over time allowed us to perform quarterly analyses, target provider based CRRT education, and address variation from our standard of care. From 2012 to 2017, 184 critically ill patients received CRRT.ResultsWe report a mean filter life of 56 + 28.4 h, a 60-h filter life of 62%, and unplanned filter changes of 15%. Compared to a minimum target prescription of 2000 ml/1.73 m2/hour, we report the mean prescribed dose (2300 ml/1.73 m2/hour) and the rate of patients receiving at least the minimum prescription (98%). Finally, using a 10% deviation in the acceptable range of desired daily patient fluid balance, we report 83% CRRT patient days achieving an acceptable stipulated fluid goal.ConclusionWe report the implementation of a quality dashboard and adopting quality improvement strategies provided a platform for measuring adherence to our institutional standards and the delivery of CRRT, specifically on the process of the care.

Continuous renal replacement therapy: individualization of the prescription.

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is now the mainstay of renal organ support in the critically ill. As our understanding of CRRT delivery and its impact on patient outcomes improves there is a focus on researching the potential benefits of tailored, patient-specific treatments to meet dynamic needs. The most up-to-date studies investigating aspects of CRRT prescription that can be individualized: CRRT dose, timing, fluid management, membrane selection, anticoagulation and vascular access are reviewed. The use of different doses of CRRT lack conventional high-quality evidence and importantly studies reveal variation in assessment of dose delivery. Research reveals conflicting evidence for clinicians in distinguishing which patients will benefit from 'watchful waiting' vs. early initiation of CRRT. Both dynamic CRRT dosing and precision fluid management using CRRT are difficult to investigate and currently only observational data supports individualization of prescriptions. Similarly, individualization of membrane choice is largely experimental. Clinicians have limited evidence to individualize the prescription of CRRT. To develop this, we need to understand the requirements for renal support for individual patients, such as electrolyte imbalance, fluid overload or clearance of systemic inflammatory mediators to allow us to target these abnormalities in appropriately designed randomized trials.

Ensuring Quality of Care through Monitoring of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies.

The continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has offered life-saving treatment for kidney failure. Technological advances coupled with findings from clinical trials have allowed for refinements both in the therapy and in the way it is applied to patients. However, outcomes for patients requiring CRRT remain suboptimal. The use of information technology coupled with structured quality improvement programs offers a methodology for studying the delivery of CRRT with an eye toward improving outcomes. Furthermore, integration of information from the CRRT treatment can be combined with real-time data from other patient-monitoring sources to create "feedback" loops where more timely changes in the CRRT prescription can occur. It is hoped that these advances may lead to further improvements in patient outcomes.

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Reviewing Current Best Practice to Provide High-Quality Extracorporeal Therapy to Critically Ill Patients.

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) use continues to expand globally. Despite improving technology, CRRT remains a complex intervention. Delivery of high-quality CRRT requires close collaboration of a multidisciplinary team including members of the critical care medicine, nephrology, nursing, pharmacy, and nutrition support teams. While significant gaps in medical evidence regarding CRRT persist, the growing evidence base supports evolving best practice and consensus to define high-quality CRRT. Unfortunately, there is wide variability in CRRT operating characteristics and limited uptake of these best practices. This article will briefly review the current best practice on important aspects of CRRT delivery including CRRT dose, anticoagulation, dialysis vascular access, fluid management, and drug dosing in CRRT.

Quality indicators in continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) care in critically ill patients: protocol for a systematic review.

BackgroundRenal replacement therapy is increasingly utilized in the intensive care unit (ICU), of which continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is most common. Despite CRRT being a relatively resource-intensive and expensive technology, there remains wide practice variation in its application. This systematic review will appraise the evidence for quality indicators (QIs) of CRRT care in critically ill patients.MethodsOvid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library including the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and databases from the National Information Center of Health Services Research and Health Care Technology will be searched for original studies involving QIs in CRRT. Gray literature sources will be searched for technical reports, practice guidelines, and conference proceedings. Websites of relevant organizations will be identified, and industry leaders in the development and marketing of CRRT technology and non-profit organizations that represent key opinion leads in the use of CRRT will be contacted. We will search the Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality National Quality Measures Clearinghouse for CRRT-related QIs. Studies will be included if they contain quality measures, occur in critically ill patients, and are associated with CRRT. Analysis will be primarily descriptive. Each QI will be evaluated for importance, scientific acceptability, usability, and feasibility using the four criteria proposed by the United States Strategic Framework Board for a National Quality Measurement and Reporting System. Finally, QIs will be appraised for their potential operational characteristics, for their potential to be integrated into electronic medical records, and on their affordability, if applicable.DiscussionThis systematic review will comprehensively identify and synthesize QIs in CRRT. The results of this study will fuel the development of an inventory of essential QIs to support the appropriate, safe, and efficient delivery of CRRT in critically ill patients.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42015015530.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13643-015-0088-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF CRRT—CURRENT STATUS: Anticoagulation for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has emerged as the preferred dialysis modality for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury, particularly those with hemodynamic instability. Anticoagulation is necessary for effective delivery of CRRT, but this requirement can also present challenges, as many critically ill patients with sepsis and inflammation already have a higher risk of bleeding as well as clotting. Without anticoagulation, CRRT filter and circuit survival are diminished, and therapy becomes less helpful. Heparins are presently the most commonly used anticoagulants worldwide for CRRT. They are widely available and can be easily monitored, but disadvantages include risks of hemorrhage, heparin resistance, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Because of the potential side effects of heparin, alternative methods of anticoagulation have been investigated, including regional heparin/protamine, low molecular weight heparins, heparinoids, thrombin antagonists (hirudin and argatroban), regional citrate, and platelet inhibiting agents (prostacyclin and nafamostat). Each of these techniques has unique advantages and disadvantages, and anticoagulation for CRRT should be adapted to the patient's characteristics and institution's experience. Of the alternative methods, citrate anticoagulation is gaining wider acceptance with the development of simplified and safer protocols.