Continuous Packed-bed Reactor Research Articles

Gypsum-derived CaO catalytic pyrolysis of palm oil in a continuously packed bed reactor

This study employed a Gypsum-derived CaO catalyst with 10 wt% MgCO3 to convert palm oil into biofuel via pyrolysis in a continuous packed-bed reactor at atmospheric pressure without purge gas. The reaction occurred within the 500–550 °C temperature range, with varying catalyst calcination temperatures. ASTM D86 distillation to separate the pyrolytic oil into biogasoline (75–150 °C), biokerosene (150–250 °C), and biodiesel (250–330 °C) was conducted. The physical and chemical properties of products and catalysts using various techniques were determined. Notably, calcination temperature changes minimally affected the final oxygen content in the product but significantly influenced the textural properties of the catalyst. At a reaction temperature of 525 °C, the 10% MgCO3 catalyst calcined at 850 °C yielded the highest volume of distilled product distilled from pyrolytic oil, accounting for 100% of pyrolytic oil (equivalent to 66.44 vol% of palm oil). It implies that 100% of pyrolytic oil could be converted to distilled oil completely by the distillation process. The primary constituents of the pyrolytic oil were aliphatic and olefinic compounds, with a notable presence of ketones, mainly in the C5 to C33 range. C17 ketones were prominent, constituting approximately 5 wt% of the pyrolytic oil (equivalent to 2.92 wt% of palm oil). These ketones likely resulted from the decarboxylation of carboxylic acids and aldol condensation reactions facilitated by CaO or MgO catalysts. CaO decarboxylation was confirmed by the presence of CaCO3 in the spent catalyst. Additionally, the pyrolytic oil exhibited an acidity of approximately 5.72 mg KOH/g, primarily attributed to phenolic compounds, confirmed through GCxGC-FID, GCxGC-TOFMS, and 1H NMR spectroscopy.

Construction of a continuous packed bed laccase reactor for the elimination of tetracyclines in seawater

Tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) are extensively present in the marine environment and have adverse effects on human health and aquatic ecosystems. Laccases are a type of green biocatalyst for TCs degradation. In this study, a continuous packed bed reactor based on the immobilized modified laccase was constructed to degrade TCs at environmentally relevant levels in seawater. Results showed that the chemical modification and immobilization of laccase had a synergistic effect on its activity and stability in seawater: after incubation in seawater for 12 h, the residual activity of free laccase was only 22.3%, while that of the immobilized modified laccase (A/PhA-Lac) was 79.3%. A laccase reactor was constructed based on A/PhA-Lac, and the response surface regression model was established to optimize the laccase reactor operating conditions. The laccase reactor under optimal conditions could continuously degrade TCs (5 μg/L each) in seawater within 10 h and reach the highest removal rate at 4 to 5 h (removal rates of tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and chlorotetracycline were 94.7%, 86.6% and 98.0%, respectively). The luminescent bacteria microtoxicity and seawater microbial community analysis revealed that the laccase reactor significantly mitigated the toxicity of TCs in seawater. This study provided an environmentally friendly and effective method for the elimination of antibiotics in seawater.

Realizing the Continuous Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Anilines Using an Immobilized Nitroreductase.

The use of biocatalysis for classically synthetic transformations has seen an increase in recent years, driven by the sustainability credentials bio-based approaches can offer the chemical industry. Despite this, the biocatalytic reduction of aromatic nitro compounds using nitroreductase biocatalysts has not received significant attention in the context of synthetic chemistry. Herein, a nitroreductase (NR-55) is demonstrated to complete aromatic nitro reduction in a continuous packed-bed reactor for the first time. Immobilization on an amino-functionalized resin with a glucose dehydrogenase (GDH-101) permits extended reuse of the immobilized system, all operating at room temperature and pressure in aqueous buffer. By transferring into flow, a continuous extraction module is incorporated, allowing the reaction and workup to be continuously undertaken in a single operation. This is extended to showcase a closed-loop aqueous phase, permitting reuse of the contained cofactors, with a productivity of >10 gproduct gNR-55-1 and milligram isolated yields >50% for the product anilines. This facile method removes the need for high-pressure hydrogen gas and precious-metal catalysts and proceeds with high chemoselectivity in the presence of hydrogenation-labile halides. Application of this continuous biocatalytic methodology to panels of aryl nitro compounds could offer a sustainable approach to its energy and resource-intensive precious-metal-catalyzed counterpart.

1,3-Selective hydrolysis of blackcurrant seed oil for the concentration of alpha- and gamma-linolenic acids

Blackcurrant seed oil contains alpha-linolenic acid (a-Ln) and gamma-linolenic acid (g-Ln), essential fatty acids of different therapeutic effects. Lipid classes of various a-Ln/g-Ln ratios were previously produced by partial hydrolysis catalyzed by 1,3-specific lipases Lipozyme RM IM and Lipozyme TL IM, conducted in supercritical CO2 (scCO2) in a continuous packed-bed reactor. In this work, free fatty acids (FFA) were separated from glycerides using preparative chromatography on silica gel with scCO2 as mobile phase in order to obtain two clean, natural products of different a-Ln/g-Ln ratios, and fatty acid profiles in hydrolysates obtained under different conditions were reviewed. Using Lipozyme RM IM and maintaining the FFA mass fraction in hydrolysate below that of partial glycerides, the a-Ln/g-Ln ratio increased from 1.3 in oil to 10.7 in FFA. Lipozyme RM IM-mediated hydrolysis showed steric hindrance of g-Ln, while silica support of Lipozyme TL IM promoted acyl migration.

ALGINATE COATED MgO-NPs IMPROVES THE STABILITY OF Kluyveromyces lactis β-GALACTOSIDASE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

The current study was undertaken to immobilize Kluveromyces lactis β-galactosidase on alginate coated magnesium oxide nanoparticles (ACMONPs). Transmission electron microscopy showed that MgO-NPs synthesized by wet chemical approach were of 27 nm size and spherical in shape. Excellent biocompatibility of sodium alginate resulted in 90% immobilization yield for β-galactosidase due to covalent attachment. Soluble and immobilized β-galactosidase exhibited its pH and temperature-optima at pH 7.0 and at 40 oC, respectively. However, the enzyme attached to ACMONPs enhanced its activity at higher and lower pH and temperature ranges, in contrast to enzyme in solution. ACMONPs bound enzyme displayed greater enzyme activity under the effect of galactose mediated product inhibition as well as in reusability experiment. Our study indicated that 88% lactose was hydrolyzed by β-galactosidase immobilized on ACMONPs at 40 oC as compared to 71% by soluble enzyme under identical temperature in controlled batch reactors. Hence, this nanomatrix can find its potential application in continuous packed-bed reactors for obtaining lactose-free dairy products.

An integrative study for efficient removal of hazardous azo dye using microbe-immobilized cow dung biochar in a continuous packed bed reactor

The effluents from the industries such astextile, paper and pulp, cosmetic and pharmaceutical sector consists of huge load of hazardous azo dye, which enters the water bodies and affects the environment and human health. In this work dye degrading Lysinibacillus sp.was immobilized on the surface of cow dung biochar for treatment of wastewater containing Malachite green (MG), Auramine yellow (AY) and Methyl orange (MO) azo dye in a fabricated continuous packed bed reactor (CPBR). The adsorption isotherm study suggested that Langmuir isotherm showcased comparatively a better model than Freundlich. The dye removal efficiencies were calculated as 52.360 ± 0.209 and 78.241 ± 0.211% for the free and immobilized bacterial cells in a batch study. The dye decolorization process was further investigated by performing the statistical optimization of parameters through Central composite design model-based response surface methodology (CCD-RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). The dye removal efficiency by CCD-RSM and ANN model was found to be 98.420 and 97.320%, respectively. Prediction made by the developed models suited well with the test runs. This study suggested that RSM and ANN can be considered as effective tools to model and predict trace pollutants removal by CD biochar.

Enzymatic interesterification of palm olein in a continuous packed bed reactor: Effect of process parameters on the properties of fats and immobilized Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase

Palm olein (POL) was enzymatically interesterified in a continuous packed bed reactor (PBR). The effects of interesterification parameters (flow rates of 4.5–40 g/min and temperatures of 50–90 °C) on the properties of interesterified fats and immobilized Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (Lipozyme ® TL IM) were investigated. Generally, the percentage of saturated fatty acid at sn-2 remained along with higher flow rates (acyl migration inhibited), while the percentage increased along with higher temperatures and lower flow rates (acyl migration promoted). Solid fat content and crystallization rate of the interesterified fats also showed significant modification with the reaction parameters since these properties are directly influenced by the shift in the triacylglycerol compositions. The occurrence of hydrolysis was also evident during the early stage of interesterification attributed to the lipase's water content, which diminished over time as the water concentration decreased. Under prolonged reaction, the lipase's catalytic activity reduced from 236 U to 65 U, and significant changes in the protein's secondary confirmation were observed. After 100 h of reaction, the α-helix structure decreased (from 23.37% to 16.82%) while β-pleated sheet increased (28.10%–39.59%). The increased fluorescence intensity reflected a significant change in the lipase's tertiary structures.

Nonanoic acid esterification with 2-ethylhexanol: From batch to continuous operation

Nonanoic acid is considered a feedstock of growing interest due to the promising applicability of its derivatives. It can be obtained from vegetable oils, one of the products of oleic acid oxidation. Recently, a very interesting application of the ester obtained from nonanoic acid esterification with 2-ethylhexanol was found. In fact, it showed excellent properties as solvent for varnishes. The aim of this work was the kinetic investigation of the nonanoic acid esterification with 2-ethylhexanol in batch and continuous reactors, promoted by Amberlyst-15 and Amberlite IR120 resins, and to demonstrate the technical feasibility of the mentioned technology in flow systems. A mathematical model was developed to simulate the collected experimental data taking into account all the phenomena appearing in the system: intrinsic kinetics, mass transfer and flow pattern. Experiments were also conducted in the continuous packed bed reactor to compare the catalyst performances and validate the results obtained in the batch reactor. The best nonanoic acid conversion (85%) was obtained fixing T = 363 K, Q = 4.17·10−9 m3/s with an alcohol:acid molar ratio of 5:1 using Amberlyst-15 as heterogeneous catalyst.

Competing commercial catalysts: Unprecedented catalyst activity and stability of Mizoroki-Heck reaction in a continuous packed bed reactor

• Supported Ionic Liquid Catalyst (SILCA) for the continuous Mizoroki-Heck reaction. • On-line UV–VIS spectrometry analysis for monitoring metal leaching. • Simple and long-performing processes for Mizoroki-Heck reaction in a continuous flow. Main obstacle for adopting continuous processes as a standard technology for Mizoroki-Heck reaction usually lies in its specific reaction mechanism. Here we present an important step forward answering the challenges unraveled through a comprehensive study that provides deeper understanding on the Mizoroki-Heck reaction, in particular the case when iodobenzene and butyl acrylate react in a continuous packed bed reactor in the presence of a Pd Supported Ionic Liquid Catalyst (SILCA). On-line UV–VIS spectrometry supported by ICP-OES, TEM and XPS measurements were carried out and the catalyst leaching was minimized. Finally, simple continuous flow process was proposed resulting in a high catalytic activity (up to 1470 mol ArI mol Pd −1 h −1 ) and reaching productivity in the range of 12,000 to 16,000 mol ArI mol Pd −1 thus competing with the performance of commercial catalysts.

Enhancing the catalytic performance of calcium-based catalyst derived from gypsum waste for renewable light fuel production through a pyrolysis process: A study on the effect of magnesium content

The thermochemical conversion of abundant renewable resources through pyrolytic catalysis cracking (PCC) is one of the most promising technologies for producing green biofuels. In this study, the pyrolysis of palm oil was investigated over a sustainable CaO-based catalyst derived from waste gypsum. PCC was conducted in a continuous packed-bed reactor under atmospheric pressure without purge gas. The effects of Mg doping and reaction temperature were also examined. A wet ball milling process was used to prepare the well-mixed catalysts and to subsequently form a heterojunction structure between the CaO and MgO particles. CaO was synthesized using the Ca(OH)2 derived from the reaction between gypsum and sodium hydroxide. The pyrolytic oil was separated from the crude oil to remove water and other impurities. The pyrolytic oil was then distilled following ASTM D86, and the three separated products were classified as bio-gasoline, bio-kerosene, and bio-diesel. The highest renewable light fuel volume (bio-gasoline and bio-kerosene) of about 75% (74 %wt.) was obtained at a reaction temperature of 525 °C with 10% MgCO3 content. The percent volume of light fuel increased with increasing reaction temperature. Renewable light fuel production over the Mg-doped CaO-based catalyst was related to both the Mg content and reaction temperature.

Production of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid via oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural over Pt/C in a continuous packed bed reactor.

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a monomer that can be used to produce bioplastic, which has gained increasing interest worldwide. The production of FDCA from catalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is regarded as the major route of the utilization of 5-HMF. In this work, FDCA was produced in a tubular reactor packed with Pt/C. The effects of operating parameters including reaction temperature, molar ratio of 5-HMF/NaOH, volumetric flow rate of oxygen, pressure, and catalyst amount on the yield of product were investigated. High oxygen supply provided by high pressure or high oxygen flow rate effectively decreased the yield of FDCA. The optimal conditions were at the reaction temperature of 90 °C, the molar ratio between 5-HMF and NaOH of 1 : 8, the oxygen flow rate of 33.9 mL min−1 and atmospheric pressure, providing the yield of FDCA of 86.4% and full conversion of 5-HMF. The productivity of 0.1266 kgFDCA kgcat.−1 h−1 was achieved with the residence time of 0.285 s, which was considerably shorter than the reaction times reported in the literature. These results can be used as a foundation for further investigation and for developing a compact processing unit for the production of FDCA.

Sucrose Hydrolysis in a Continuous Packed-Bed Reactor with Auto-immobilise Aspergillus niger Biocatalyst Obtained by Solid-State Fermentation.

Invertase from Aspergillus niger C28B25 was produced by solid-state fermentation (SSF). Fermented solids were used directly as a biocatalyst for batch and continuous hydrolysis of sucrose in a packed-bed reactor under different operational conditions with various temperatures, sucrose concentrations, and feed flow rates. The SSF allowed obtaining a biocatalyst with an invertase activity of 82.2 U/g db. The biocatalyst maintained its activity in the range of 40 to 70°C for at least 70h of continuous operation. In a 20-mL packed bed reactor, the highest hydrolysis rate (12.3g/g db h) was obtained at 40°C with 2M sucrose. Continuous hydrolysis in 20-mL and 200-mL reactors at 60°C led to sucrose hydrolysis above 60% (8.5 residence times) and above 55% (4.5 residence times), respectively. The auto-immobilised biocatalyst produced by SSF without recovery, purification, and immobilisation stages offers an economical alternative for developing accessible biocatalysts that can be applied in batch or continuous sucrose hydrolysis processes. This study shows the potential of biocatalyst production by SSF for other enzymatic systems.

Biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol in batch and continuous packed bed reactor by isolated Bacillus subtilis

In present work, biodegradation of 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP) has been successfully achieved using bacteria i.e. Bacillus subtilis (MF447841.1), which was isolated from the wastewater of a nearby drain of Hyundai Motor Company service centre, Agartala, Tripura (India). Geonomic identification was carried out by 16 S rDNA technique and phylogenetic processes. Both, batch and column mode of experiments were performed to optimize various parameters (initial concentration, contact time, dosages etc.) involved in the significant biodegradation of 4-CP. Based on R2 value (0.9789), the Levenspiel's model was found to be best fit than others. The kinetic parameters; specific growth rate (μ), yield of cell mass (YX/S), and saturation constant (KS), were obtained as 0.6383 (h−1), 0.35 (g/g), and 0.006884 (g/L), respectively. The isolated strain has shown the ability of degrading 4-CP up to 1000 mg/L initial concentration within 40 h. Bacterial strain was immobilized via developing calcium alginate beads along by optimizing weight proportion of calcium chloride and sodium alginate and size of the bead for further experiments. Various process parameters i.e. initial feed concentration, bed height, rate of flow of were optimized during packed bed reactor (PBR) study. Maximum biodegradation efficiency of 4-CP was observed as 45.39% at initial concentration of 500 mg/L within 105 min, using 2 mm size of immobilized beads which were formed using 3.5% w/v of both calcium chloride and sodium alginate within. Thus, Bacillus subtilis (MF447841.1) could be used for biological remediation of 4-CP pollutant present in wastewater. Moreover, because of affordable and eco-friendly nature of water treatment, relatively it has the better scope of commercialization.

Continuous production of isoamyl acetate from fusel oil under supercritical CO2: A mass transfer approach

Isoamyl acetate esters were synthesized under supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) in a continuous packed-bed reactor (PBR) using immobilized lipase (Novozym 435) as the catalyst. A fractional factorial design (24−1) was applied to evaluate the effects of pressure (10–20 MPa), temperature (40–60 °C), substrates (fusel oil + acetic anhydride) flow rate (QS1/S2: 0.2–0.6 mL/min), and CO2 flow rate (QCO2: 0.4–1.2 L/min) on the isoamyl acetate conversion (X, %). Results showed that only the effects of QS1/S2 were statistically significant at the level of 5%. Mathematical modeling of the PBR was applied using the law of conservation of mass that resulted in two partial differential equations for fluid and enzymes. The model was solved using finite difference methods and successfully validated with the experimental data in terms of isoamyl alcohol concentration. Finally, the model was employed to examine the impact of the input molar ratio of fusel oil per acetic anhydride (IMFA) and the length per diameter ratio (L/D) of the PBR on its performance.

Nitrilase immobilization and transposition from a micro-scale batch to a continuous process increase the nicotinic acid productivity.

In recent years, many biocatalytic processes have been developed for the production of chemicals and pharmaceuticals. In this context, enzyme immobilization methods have attracted attention for their advantages, such as continuous production and increased stability. Here, enzyme immobilization methods and a collection of nitrilases from biodiversity for the conversion of 3-cyanopyridine to nicotinic acid were screened. Substrate conversion over 10 conversion cycles was monitored to optimize the process. The best immobilization conditions were found with cross-linking using glutaraldehyde to modify the PMMA beads. This method showed good activity over 10 cycles in a batch reactor at 30 and 40°C. Finally, production with a new thermostable nitrilase was examined in a continuous packed bed reactor, showing very high stability of the biocatalytic process at a flow rate of 0.12ml min-1 and a temperature of 50°C. The complete conversion of 3-cyanopyridine was obtained over 30 days of operation. Future steps will concern reactor scale-up to increase the production rate with reasonable pressure drops.

Continuous production of monoacylglycerol via glycerolysis of babassu oil by immobilized Burkholderia cepacia lipase in a packed bed reactor.

This study investigated the glycerolysis of babassu oil by Burkholderia cepacia lipase immobilized on SiO2-PVA particles in a continuous packed bed reactor. Experiments were conducted in a solvent-free system at 273.15K either in an inert atmosphere or in the presence of cocoa butter to prevent lipid oxidation. The reactor (15 × 55mm) was run at a fixed space time of 9.8h using different molar ratios of babassu oil to glycerol (1:3, 1:6, 1:9, 1:12, and 1:15) to assess the effects of reactant molar ratio on monoacylglycerol productivity and selectivity. Nitrogen atmosphere and cocoa butter were equally effective in inhibiting lipid oxidation, indicating that addition of cocoa butter to glycerolysis reactions may be an interesting cost-reduction strategy. An oil/glycerol molar ratio of 1:9 resulted in the highest productivity (52.3 ± 2.9mgg-1h-1) and selectivity (31.5 ± 1.8%). Residence time distribution data were fitted to an axial dispersion model for closed-vessel boundary conditions, giving a mass transfer coefficient (kc) of 3.4229 × 10-6ms-1. A kinetic model based on elementary steps of the studied reaction was written in Scilab and compared with experimental data, providing standard deviations in the range of 5.5-7.5%.

Hydro-conversion of palm oil via continuously pyrolytic catalysis to biofuels over oxide-based catalyst derived from waste blood clamshell: Effect of magnesium contents

The aims of this work were (i) to develop and characterize the cheap and efficient CaO/MgO catalyst with a source of CaO from waste blood clamshell mix with MgO, and (ii) to study the catalyst efficiencies on biofuel production via continuous packed-bed reactor under atmospheric pressure without any purge gases. The chemical and physical properties of the catalyst were characterized by many techniques. The results can confirm that the ball-mill technique successfully prepared CaO and MgO catalysts. The specific surface area was increased with the increasing of Mg contents. The surface morphologies of calcined catalysts were obvious in a roughly spherical shape. The results were found that not only the Mg content was a significant effect on product and distilled yields, but also reaction temperature was a significant effect as well. The highest pyrolytic oil, derived from 10 %wt Mg catalyst with reaction temperature at 525 °C, was about 80 %, and it can be distilled almost 100 % following ASTM D86. The pyrolytic oils were purified into three types of biofuel, and then the properties of distilled products were examined. The heating values and kinetic viscosity were on standard values except for acidity. Surprisingly, the acidity was decreased comparing with raw material.

Nanowire-Based Materials as Coke-Resistant Catalyst Supports for Dry Methane Reforming

In this paper, nanowire-supported catalysts loaded with nickel are shown to be coke resistant compared to nanoparticle-supported catalysts. Specifically, Ni-loaded titania-based nanowire catalysts were tested with the dry methane reforming process in a laboratory-scale continuous packed-bed atmospheric reactor. The CO2 conversion rate stayed above 90% for over 30 h on stream under coke-promoting conditions, such as high flow rates, low temperatures, and a high ratio of CH4 to CO2. The coke (CxHy, x>>y) on the spent catalyst surface for both nanowire- and nanoparticle-supported catalysts was characterized by TGA, temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), and electron microscopy (SEM/TEM/EDS), and it was revealed that the types of carbon species present and their distribution over the morphology-enhanced materials played a major role in the deactivation. The CO2 conversion activity of Ni supported on titania nanoparticles was reduced from ~80% to less than 72% in 30 h due to the formation of a graphitic coke formation. On the other hand, Ni particles supported on nanowires exhibited cube-octahedral morphologies, with a high density of non- (111) surface sites responsible for the increased activity and reduced graphitic coke deposition, giving a sustained and stable catalytic activity during a long time-on-stream experiment.

Catalytic Hydroprocessing of White Pine Pyrolysis Bio-Oil over Cobalt-Molybdenum Carbide in a Continuous Packed-Bed Reactor

Catalytic hydroprocessing of white pine pyrolysis bio-oil over cobalt-molybdenum (CoMo) carbide supported on biochar was carried out in a continuous fixed-bed reactor at a temperature between 350 and 425 °C, hydrogen pressure between 7 and 12.5 MPa, and liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 0.1–1.0 h−1 with a hydrogen flow rate of 500 mL/min. The results showed that the CoMo carbide catalyst can effectively improve the yield and qualities of hydrotreated bio-oil. Under the preferred reaction conditions of 400–425 °C, 10 MPa H2, and LHSV 0.3 h−1, the yield, the carbon content, the carbon recovery ratio, and the higher heating value of the upgraded bio-oil reached 24.2–25.7% of the feed, 86.5–87.4%, 48.1–52.1%, and 41.8–43.9 MJ/kg, respectively. The oxygen content, total acid number, and moisture of the hydrotreated bio-oil decreased to 0.1–1.6 wt%, aromatics > olefins > paraffins > naphthenes.

Catalytic steam reforming of glycerol over Ni–La2O3–CeO2/SBA-15 catalyst for stable hydrogen-rich gas production

Ni-based catalysts (Ni, Ni–La2O3, and Ni–La2O3–CeO2) on mesoporous silica supports (SBA-15 and KIT-6) were prepared by an incipient wetness impregnation and tested in glycerol steam reforming (GSR) for hydrogen-rich gas production. The catalysts were characterized by the N2-physisorption, TPD, X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM-EDS, and TEM techniques. N2-physisorption results of calcined catalysts highlight that adding of La2O3 increased surface area of the catalyst by preventing pore mouth plugging in SBA-15, which was frequently observed due to the growth of NiO crystals. A set of GSR experiments over the catalysts were performed in an up-flow continuous packed-bed reactor at 650 °C and atmospheric pressure. The highest hydrogen concentration of 62 mol% was observed with a 10%Ni–5%La2O3 –5%CeO2/SBA-15 catalyst at a LHSV of 5.8 h−1. Adding of CeO2 to the catalyst appeared to increase catalytic stability by facilitating the oxidative gasification of carbon formed on/near nickel active sites of Ni–La2O3–CeO2/SBA-15 and Ni–La2O3–CeO2/KIT-6 catalyst during the glycerol steam reforming reaction.