Sensor For Continuous Monitoring Research Articles

IoT based Smart Aquaculture Monitoring System for Fish Tank Management

Aquaculture, the farming of aquatic organisms, plays a critical role in meeting the increasing global demand for seafood. Effective monitoring and management of aquaculture systems are essential for ensuring optimal conditions and maximizing productivity. This research presents a comprehensive aquaculture-based fish tank monitoring system designed to enhance operational efficiency and fish welfare. At the heart of the system is the Arduino Uno microcontroller, serving as the central processing unit to coordinate various functions. Key components include pH sensor for continuous monitoring of acidity levels, turbidity sensor for detecting suspended particles, and water level sensor for maintaining optical water levels within the tank. In the event of abnormal pH levels or high turbidity, the system triggers automated alerts, sending notifications to the designated owner through SMS and transmitting data to an IoT website for remote monitoring. To ensure consistent environmental conditions, two pump motors are utilized: one for automatic water replenishment in case of water level fluctuations and another for removing water in case of particle accumulation. Furthermore, the system integrates a servo motor mechanism for precise dispensing of fish feed at predetermined intervals, promoting healthy growth and nutrition. Control over pump motors and feeding schedules is facilitated through a user-friendly website interface, providing operators with seamless management capabilities.

Continuous Monitoring of Heart Rate Variability in Free-Living Conditions Using Wearable Sensors: Exploratory Observational Study.

Wearable physiological monitoring devices are promising tools for remote monitoring and early detection of potential health changes of interest. The widespread adoption of such an approach across communities and over long periods of time will require an automated data platform for collecting, processing, and analyzing relevant health information. In this study, we explore prospective monitoring of individual health through an automated data collection, metrics extraction, and health anomaly analysis pipeline in free-living conditions over a continuous monitoring period of several months with a focus on viral respiratory infections, such as influenza or COVID-19. A total of 59 participants provided smartwatch data and health symptom and illness reports daily over an 8-month window. Physiological and activity data from photoplethysmography sensors, including high-resolution interbeat interval (IBI) and step counts, were uploaded directly from Garmin Fenix 6 smartwatches and processed automatically in the cloud using a stand-alone, open-source analytical engine. Health risk scores were computed based on a deviation in heart rate and heart rate variability metrics from each individual's activity-matched baseline values, and scores exceeding a predefined threshold were checked for corresponding symptoms or illness reports. Conversely, reports of viral respiratory illnesses in health survey responses were also checked for corresponding changes in health risk scores to qualitatively assess the risk score as an indicator of acute respiratory health anomalies. The median average percentage of sensor data provided per day indicating smartwatch wear compliance was 70%, and survey responses indicating health reporting compliance was 46%. A total of 29 elevated health risk scores were detected, of which 12 (41%) had concurrent survey data and indicated a health symptom or illness. A total of 21 influenza or COVID-19 illnesses were reported by study participants; 9 (43%) of these reports had concurrent smartwatch data, of which 6 (67%) had an increase in health risk score. We demonstrate a protocol for data collection, extraction of heart rate and heart rate variability metrics, and prospective analysis that is compatible with near real-time health assessment using wearable sensors for continuous monitoring. The modular platform for data collection and analysis allows for a choice of different wearable sensors and algorithms. Here, we demonstrate its implementation in the collection of high-fidelity IBI data from Garmin Fenix 6 smartwatches worn by individuals in free-living conditions, and the prospective, near real-time analysis of the data, culminating in the calculation of health risk scores. To our knowledge, this study demonstrates for the first time the feasibility of measuring high-resolution heart IBI and step count using smartwatches in near real time for respiratory illness detection over a long-term monitoring period in free-living conditions.

Fabrication and application of wearable ionic polymer metal composite sensors for sports science

Ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) sensors were fabricated and investigated for quantifying impact energy in sports applications. Nafion membranes were roughened and electroless plated with gold-platinum electrodes to form IPMCs. When subjected to impacts of varying energies, the IPMCs generated transient voltage spikes whose peak amplitudes and slopes showed exponential relationships with the impact energies. Empirical models were developed correlating the IPMC voltage response features to the impact energies, achieving measurement accuracy within ±10 % RMS error over the tested dynamic range from 0.005 J to 1 J. The IPMC voltage profile was found to depend primarily on the impact energy and resultant strain rate, rather than impactor properties or contact geometry. Proper calibration procedures for each IPMC sensor before deployment were required to account for device-to-device variations. The results demonstrate the potential of IPMC sensors for continuous monitoring of athletes' impacts during sports activities. Further optimization is needed to improve the robustness, repeatability, and stability of the IPMC sensors under realistic sports conditions for reliable field performance.

Investigation of Laser micro-textured triboelectric nanogenerator based self-powered vibration sensor for industry 4.0 application

Self-powered sensors detect a variety of crucial parameters for industrial processes without any external power source for Industry 4.0. It has capabilities to acquire, analyze, and make decisions on real-time data, these sensors are essential for the advancement of automated production systems and smart factories. In this regard, Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have potential to provide effective solution as self-powered vibration sensor for continuous monitoring of machine tools. Different techniques have been used to enhance the performance of TENG such as material doping, chemical etching, ion injection, etc. However, laser surface texturing is a low-cost, contact less, efficient technique which can be used for improving the response of TENG-based self-powered vibration sensors. In this context, Laser Induced Backside Texturing is a laser micro texturing approach to improve the electrical performance. It induces waviness and surface roughness, which leads to increased surface charge density and triboelectrification capabilities. In this work, laser micro texturing was performed using with 405 nm wavelength semiconductor diode laser to generate line pattern texture on the Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP). Laser textures TENG (LT-TENG) was developed with laser textured FEP as tribonegative material and pristine Aluminium as tribopositive material, the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current and power density achieved 23 %, 41 %, and 47 % enhancement respectively, generating 794 V, 44 µA, and 2371.6 µW/cm2. This increase in output leads to an increased sensitivity of the sensor. When mounted on the machines, LT-TENG was able to detect their working state, vibration frequency, and harmonics i.e. 46, 92, 184 Hz for the vacuum pump and 140, 280, 410 Hz for the heat gun. These detected vibration frequencies, and their harmonics were similar to the frequencies detected by the commercial accelerometer (CTC AC115), confirming potential use of LT-TENG as a low-frequency vibration sensor. The developed LT-TENGs was integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) supported microcontroller, which collects real-time data for continuous monitoring and analysis for machine health monitoring in smart devices.

A wearable non-enzymatic sensor for continuous monitoring of glucose in human sweat

To enhance personalized diabetes management, there is a critical need for non-invasive wearable electrochemical sensors made from flexible materials to enable continuous monitoring of sweat glucose levels. The main challenge lies in developing glucose sensors with superior electrochemical characteristics and high adaptability. Herein, we present a wearable sensor for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose analysis. The sensor was synthesized using hydrothermal and one-pot preparation methods, incorporating gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized onto aminated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (AMWCNTs) as an efficient catalyst, and crosslinked with carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber (XSBR) and PEDOT:PSS. The sensors were then integrated onto screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) to create flexible glucose sensors (XSBR-PEDOT:PSS-AMWCNTs/AuNPs/SPE). Operating under neutral conditions, the sensor exhibits a linear range of 50 μmol/L to 600 μmol/L, with a limit of detection limit of 3.2 μmol/L (S/N = 3), enabling the detection of minute glucose concentrations. The flexible glucose sensor maintains functionality after 500 repetitions of bending at a 180° angle, without significant degradation in performance. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits exceptional stability, repeatability, and resistance to interference. Importantly, we successfully monitored changes in sweat glucose levels by applying screen-printed electrodes to human skin, with results consistent with normal physiological blood glucose fluctuations. This study details the fabrication of a wearable sensor characterized by ease of manufacture, remarkable flexibility, high sensitivity, and adaptability for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring through non-enzymatic electrochemical analysis. Thus, this streamlined fabrication process presents a novel approach for non-invasive, real-time blood glucose level monitoring.

Development of DNA aptamers universally bound to single-chain fragment variables and their applications in bioprocess monitoring

Single-chain fragment variables (scFvs), composed of variable heavy and light chains joined together by a peptide linker, can be produced using a cost-effective bacterial expression system, making them promising candidates for pharmaceutical applications. However, a versatile method for monitoring recombinant-protein production has not yet been developed. Herein, we report a novel anti-scFv aptamer-based biosensing system with high specificity and versatility. First, anti-scFv aptamers were screened using the competitive systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment, focusing on a unique scFv-specific peptide linker. We selected two aptamers, P1-12 and P2-63, with KD = 2.1 μM or KD = 1.6 μM toward anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) scFv, respectively. These two aptamers can selectively bind to scFv but not to anti-EGFR Fv. Furthermore, the selected aptamers recognized various scFvs with different CDRs, such as anti-4-1BB and anti-hemoglobin scFv, indicating that they recognized a unique peptide linker region. An electrochemical sensor for anti-EGFR scFv was developed using anti-scFv aptamers based on square wave voltammetry. Thus, the constructed sensor could monitor anti-EGFR scFv concentrations in the range of 10–500 nM in a diluted medium for bacterial cultivation, which covered the expected concentration range for the recombinant production of scFvs. These achievements promise the realization of continuous monitoring sensors for pharmaceutical scFv, which will enable the real-time and versatile monitoring of large-scale scFv production.

Metal Hydrogel‐Based Integrated Wearable Biofuel Cell for Self‐Powered Epidermal Sweat Biomarker Monitoring

AbstractWearable sensors for continuous monitoring of biomarkers in body fluids have gained significant attention for their potential in disease diagnostics and health management, but lack sustainable power supply and advanced sensing strategies. Herein, sweat wearable biofuel cells (w‐BFCs) based on metal hydrogels are demonstrated with high output and outstanding stability, which harvest energy directly from human sweat and simultaneously enable self‐powered sensing of epidermal biomarkers. Experimental and computational results elucidate that the highly porous and flexible metal hydrogels exhibit superior electrocatalytic capabilities for oxidizing ascorbic acid (AA), a sweat metabolite at the anode, and reducing O2 at the cathode. Consequently, the assembled AA/O2 BFC delivers a high and stable power output, with a maximum output power density of 35 µW cm−2 at an ultralow AA concentration and long‐term stability over 30 days, and a self‐powered, sensitive sensing for AA detection. When applied to the skin of the volunteers, this integrated w‐BFC powers the biosensor using human sweat AA as fuel and allowing real‐time monitoring of AA sensing signal via smartphone. This work not only advances energy harvesting for wearable sensors but also paves new avenues for real‐time, online monitoring of epidermal sweat biomarkers.

Methods of determining internal damage in power transformers

Due to the variety of defects that arise in electrical machines, it is necessary to use more effective methods for monitoring their condition. All over the world research and development of new means and methods for monitoring powerful electrical machines during their operation is underway. Some examples of recent advances are vibration diagnostic methods for assessing the compaction of components inside a transformer, acoustic and electrical systems for monitoring partial discharges, data processing using digital methods, and new sensors for continuous monitoring of gases and moisture in oil, as well as hot spot temperatures. Additionally, thermal imaging testing of power equipment is also an important tool to ensure reliable operation. It is believed that the most effective method is gas chromatographic oil analysis, which can identify most defects in oil-filled equipment. During the operation of powerful electrical machines, the use of existing non-destructive testing methods does not allow a complete assessment of the condition of the main parts of the equipment, as an analysis of damage locations shows, 25% are damage to the core and windings. Effective monitoring of the condition and determination of the performance of transformers is of particular importance, since they are key elements in the operation of nuclear power plants. The paper considers the possibility of using the eddy current testing method; determining a defect in magnetic core steel is based on fixing the unevenness of the magnetic field on the horizontal or vertical planes of a yoke or rod consisting of electrical steel plates. Monitoring and evaluating the functioning of existing equipment, detecting deficiencies in the early stages of their development, when repair costs are still minimal, and preventing emergency failures become a priority. In accordance with the growth rate of detected deficiencies, monitoring is carried out from time to time or continuously, the maximum number of monitored characteristics is achieved when the transformer is fully tested to determine its functionality.

Wearable fiber-free optical sensor for continuous monitoring of neonatal cerebral blood flow and oxygenation.

Unstable cerebral hemodynamics places preterm infants at high risk of brain injury. We adapted an innovative, fiber-free, wearable diffuse speckle contrast flow-oximetry (DSCFO) device for continuous monitoring of both cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygenation in neonatal piglets and preterm infants. DSCFO uses two small laser diodes as focused-point and a tiny CMOS camera as a high-density two-dimensional detector to detect spontaneous spatial fluctuation of diffuse laser speckles for CBF measurement, and light intensity attenuations for cerebral oxygenation measurement. The DSCFO was first validated against the established diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) in neonatal piglets and then utilized for continuous CBF and oxygenation monitoring in preterm infants during intermittent hypoxemia (IH) events. Significant correlations between the DSCFO and DCS measurements of CBF variations in neonatal piglets were observed. IH events induced fluctuations in CBF, cerebral oxygenation, and peripheral cardiorespiratory vitals in preterm infants. However, no consistent correlation patterns were observed among peripheral and cerebral monitoring parameters. This pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of DSCFO technology to serve as a low-cost wearable sensor for continuous monitoring of multiple cerebral hemodynamic parameters. The results suggested the importance of multi-parameter measurements for understanding deep insights of peripheral and cerebral regulations. The innovative DSCFO technology may serve as a low-cost wearable sensor for continuous bedside monitoring of multiple cerebral hemodynamic parameters in neonatal intensive care units. Concurrent DSCFO and DCS measurements of CBF variations in neonatal piglet models generated consistent results. No consistent correlation patterns were observed among peripheral and cerebral monitoring parameters in preterm neonates, suggesting the importance of multi-parameter measurements for understanding deep insights of peripheral and cerebral regulations during IH events. Integrating and correlating multiple cerebral functional parameters with clinical outcomes may identify biomarkers for prediction and management of IH associated brain injury.

Harnessing multi-stable piezoelectric systems for enhanced wind energy harvesting

With the ongoing evolution of microelectronic devices toward lower power consumption, the utilization of piezoelectric materials for energy harvesting from wind-induced vibrations has garnered considerable attention. This study employs a combined approach involving finite element analysis and experiments to investigate the energy harvesting efficiency of the multi-stable piezoelectric wind energy harvester (MPWEH) and compares its performance with two alternative systems. The MPWEH demonstrates higher strains in both the x and y directions during reciprocating cross-well vibrations, establishing its superior energy harvesting efficiency compared to the alternative systems. Notably, at a wind speed of 8 m s−1, the MPWEH generates an output power nearly six times higher than local bistable piezoelectric energy harvester (LBPEH). The MPWEH achieves the maximum power density of 9.8125 mW cm−3, whereas the LBPEH registers the power density of 1.625 mW cm−3. The experimental results indicate that, under the optimal load resistance of 40 kΩ and a wind speed of 14 m s−1, the MPWEH achieves a peak output power of 2.76 mW, with a power density of 17.25 mW cm−3. The versatile applicability of the MPWEH extends across various low-power consumption microelectronic devices, positioning it as a valuable candidate for empowering continuous monitoring sensors in diverse domains.

Synergistically Enhanced Electrochemical Sensing of Food Adulterant in Milk Sample at Erbium Vanadate/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Composite.

Dimetridazole (DMZ), a nitroimidazole derivative, is a notable antibiotic that has garnered growing interest in the medical community owing to its noteworthy pharmacological and toxicological properties. Increasing interest is being directed toward developing high-performance sensors for continuous monitoring of DMZ in food samples. This research investigated an electrochemical sensor-based nano-sized ErVO4 attached to a sheet-like g-CN-coated glassy carbon electrode to determine dimetridazole (DMZ). The chemical structure and morphological characterization of synthesized ErVO4@g-CN were analyzed with XRD, FTIR, TEM, and EDS. Irregular shapes of ErVO4 nanoparticles are approximately 15 nm. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were followed to examine the electrochemical performance in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution for higher performance. This electrochemical sensor showed a low detection limit (LOD) of 1 nM over a wide linear range of 0.5 to 863.5 µM. Also, selectivity, stability, repeatability, and reproducibility studies were investigated. Furthermore, this electrochemical sensor was applied to real-time milk sample analysis for the detection of analytes.

Fabrication of biocompatible and biodegradable cloth-based sweat sensors using polylactic acid (PLA) via stencil transparent film-printing

Cloth-based sensors are gaining attention for creating microfluidic wearable sensors for continuous monitoring of sweat biomarkers because of their flexibility, low cost, and natural hydrophilicity making them suitable for integration into everyday products. Here, we present a novel, low-cost and simple fabrication approach to create a cloth-based sensor ready for use as a sweat sensor while being environmentally friendly using biocompatible and biodegradable material, polylactic acid (PLA), and a stencil transparent film-printing method. The method provided high-resolution structures with narrowest hydrophilic channels and hydrophobic barriers measuring 1.90 ± 0.34 mm and 1.23 ± 0.14 mm, respectively. Various designs for detecting sweat biomarkers, including pH, lactate, and chloride, were generated by simply adjusting the stencil transparent film designs. For pH detection, a square-shaped cloth-based sensor was constructed and different natural indicators was used as biocompatible and non-toxic reagents to measure pH providing the detection in the pH range of 1–14. In lactate determination, an enzymatic assay with nanoceria as colorimetric probes was used in a spot format, offering a lactate detection range of 2.5–25 mM, effectively distinguishing between normal and abnormal muscle fatigue patients at a cut-off level of 12.5 mM sweat lactate. For chloride, a distance-based format was employed using the reverse Mohr titration assay, resulting in a detection range of 10–100 mM. Finally, the analysis of lactate and chloride in artificial sweat was successfully demonstrated yielding the recovery in the acceptable range demonstrating accurate measurements of the fabricated cloth-based sensors.

Fishery waste-driven piezo-capacitor as unprecedented energy conversion and storage for real-time monitoring device

The single-device mechanism of energy conversion and storage is highly needed for continuously running electronic devices. It is not only for the conversion and storage of mechanical energy into electricity; it gives a solution for environmental problems. The development of the integrated device has attracted much attention due to its minimum space requirement, zero energy loss, and cost in power management. Here we analyzed the integrated function of simultaneous mechanical energy harvesting and storage devices using treated fish bones as an electrode and fins with scales as a piezo separator. This method it makes possible to benefit from the conductive network of the integrated device. The excessively fast self-charging properties of the device were analyzed by a mechanical-driven modulator. The smart capacitor delivers excellent specific capacitance, fast charging, and good cyclic stability at a continuous mechanical pressing (500 s) and it reaches 1.32 V in 10 s, with an outstanding current output of 7 mA. Moreover, impressive charging for mobile phones and smart watches can be achieved from the assembled 7 devices at a shoe heal. This work delivers an innovative approach to developing a comfortable, sustainable energy storage device for continuous monitoring sensors.

Integration of melt electrowritten microfibers with magnetoelastic sensors for continuous monitoring of cell growth

In this study, melt electrowriting (MEW) is used to define and integrate specific topographies on the surface of magnetoelastic sensors, which enable custom control of attachment, distribution, and alignment of cells along the sensor surface.

Versatile, in-line optical oxygen tension sensors for continuous monitoring during ex vivo kidney perfusion.

Integration of physiological sensing modalities within tissue and organ perfusion systems is becoming a steadily expanding field of research, aimed at achieving technological breakthrough innovations that will expand the sites and clinical settings at which such systems can be used. This is becoming possible in part due to the advancement of user-friendly optical sensors in recent years, which rely both on synthetic, luminescent sensor molecules and inexpensive, low-power electronic components for device engineering. In this article we report a novel approach towards enabling automated, continuous monitoring of oxygenation during ex vivo organ perfusion, by combining versatile flow cell components and low-power, programmable electronic readout devices. The sensing element comprises a 3D printed, miniature flow cell with tubing connectors and an affixed oxygen-sensing thin film material containing in-house developed, brightly-emitting metalloporphyrin phosphor molecules embedded within a polymer matrix. Proof-of-concept validation of this technology is demonstrated through integration within the tubing circuit of a transportable medical device for hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion of extracted kidneys as a model for organs to be preserved as transplants.

Biopolymer-protected graphene-Fe3O4 nanocomposite based wearable microneedle sensor: toward real-time continuous monitoring of dopamine.

Neurological disorders can occur in the human body as a result of nano-level variations in the neurotransmitter levels. Patients affected by neuropsychiatric disorders, that are chronic require continuous monitoring of these neurotransmitter levels for effective disease management. The current work focus on developing a highly sensitive and personalized sensor for continuous monitoring of dopamine. Here we propose a wearable microneedle-based electrochemical sensor, to continuously monitor dopamine in interstitial fluid (ISF). A chitosan-protected hybrid nanomaterial Fe3O4-GO composite has been used as a chemical recognition element protected by Nafion antifouling coating layer. The morphological and physiochemical characterizations of the nanocomposite were carried out with XRD, XPS, FESEM, EDAX and FT-IR. The principle of the developed sensor relies on orthogonal detection of dopamine with square wave voltammetry and chronoamperometric techniques. The microneedle sensor array exhibited an attractive analytical performance toward detecting dopamine in phosphate buffer and artificial ISF. The limit of detection (LOD) of the developed sensor was observed to be low, 90 nM in square wave voltammetry and 0.6 μM in chronoamperometric analysis. The practical applicability of the microneedle sensor array has been demonstrated on a skin-mimicking phantom gel model. The microneedle sensor also exhibited good long-term storage stability, reproducibility, and sensitivity. All of these promising results suggest that the proposed microneedle sensor array could be reliable for the continuous monitoring of dopamine.

A study on the temperature and humidity effects and concentration calibration of electrochemical gas sensors for continuous monitoring of small-scale emission sources

A study on the temperature and humidity effects and concentration calibration of electrochemical gas sensors for continuous monitoring of small-scale emission sources

Towards continuous monitoring of TNF-α at picomolar concentrations using biosensing by particle motion

The ability to continuously monitor cytokines is desirable for fundamental research studies and healthcare applications. Cytokine release is characterized by picomolar circulating concentrations, short half-lives, and rapid peak times. Here, we describe the characteristics and feasibility of a particle-based biosensing technique for continuous monitoring of TNF-α at picomolar concentrations. The technique is based on the optical tracking of particle motion and uses an antibody sandwich configuration. Experimental results show how the analyte concentration influences the particle diffusivity and characteristic response time of the sensor, and how the sensitivity range depends on the antibody functionalization density. Furthermore, the data clarifies how antibodies supplemented in solution can shorten the characteristic response time. Finally, we demonstrate association rate-based sensing as a first step towards continuous monitoring of picomolar TNF-α concentrations, over a period of 2 h with delay times under 15 min. The insights from this research will enable the development of continuous monitoring sensors using high-affinity binders, providing the sensitivity and speed needed in applications like cytokine monitoring.

Wearable Microneedle-Based Array Patches for Continuous Electrochemical Monitoring and Drug Delivery: Toward a Closed-Loop System for Methotrexate Treatment.

Wearable devices based on microneedle (MN) technology have recently emerged as tools for in situ transdermal sensing or delivery in interstitial fluid (ISF). Particularly, MN-based electrochemical sensors allow the continuous monitoring of analytes in a minimally invasive manner through ISF. Exogenous small molecules found in ISF such as therapeutic drugs are ideal candidates for MN sensors due to their correlation with blood levels and their relevance for the optimal management of personalized therapies. Herein, a hollow MN array patch is modified with conductive pastes and functionalized with cross-linked chitosan to develop an MN-based voltammetric sensor for continuous monitoring of methotrexate (MTX). Interestingly, the chitosan coating avoids biofouling while enabling the adsorption of MTX at the electrode's surface for sensitive analysis. The MN sensor exhibits excellent analytical performance in vitro with protein-enriched artificial ISF and ex vivo under a Franz diffusion cell configuration. The MN sensor shows a linear range from 25 to 400 μM, which fits within the therapeutic range of high-dose MTX treatment for cancer patients and an excellent continuous operation for more than two days. Moreover, an iontophoretic hollow MN array patch is developed with the integration of both the anode and cathode in the single MN array patch. The ex vivo characterization demonstrates the transdermal on-demand drug delivery of MTX. Overall, the combination of both MN patches represents impactful progress in closed-loop systems for therapeutic drug management in disorders such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, or psoriasis.

Use of iron in oil concentration sensor for continuous monitoring of marine diesel engine technical condition

The article examines the features of the general problem of reliability, accuracy and durability of machines, mechanisms and devices, namely, the issue of friction, lubricating action, wear of the surfaces of parts and working bodies, which exist among themselves in very complex correlational dependencies. An approach to increasing the reliability of a ship's diesel engine is proposed, which requires the development of effective calculation methods and models for predicting the durability and wear resistance of materials of parts in friction nodes at the limit of lubrication in a wide range of changes in operating conditions and taking into account the variable modes of operation of a ship's diesel engine. The article considers the general approach and specific features of the construction of the components of the diagnostic system of the ship's internal combustion engine. Based on the selected volume of tasks solved by the diagnostic system, the sequence of functioning of its elements is determined. The implementation of this algorithm can have a significant effect in the complex use of diagnostic information together with statistical information stored individually for each mechanism, when managing its technical condition. On the basis of the proposed diagnostic model, it is possible to recognize the technical condition of marine diesel engines based on tribomonitoring data, detecting changes in friction conditions and an increase in the rate of wear of parts of the cylinder-piston group. This will enable the initiation of preventive corrective actions aimed at ensuring the reliable and safe operation of marine engines