Continuous Erector Spinae Plane Block Research Articles

Erector spinae plane block did not improve postoperative pain-related outcomes and recovery after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery : a randomised controlled double-blinded multi-center trial

IntroductionThere is a sizable niche for a minimally invasive analgesic technique that could facilitate ambulatory video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Our study aimed to determine the analgesic potential of a single-shot erector spinae plane (ESP) block for VATS. The primary objective was the total hydromorphone consumption with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) 24 h after surgery.MethodsWe conducted a randomized, controlled, double-blind study with patients scheduled for VATS in two major university-affiliated hospital centres. We randomized 52 patients into two groups: a single-shot ESP block using bupivacaine or an ESP block with normal saline (control). We administered a preoperative and postoperative (24 h) quality of recovery (QoR-15) questionnaire and assessed postoperative pain using a verbal numerical rating scale (VNRS) score. We evaluated the total standardized intraoperative fentanyl administration, total postoperative hydromorphone consumption (PCA; primary endpoint), and the incidence of adverse effects.ResultsThere was no difference in the primary objective, hydromorphone consumption at 24 h (7.6 (4.4) mg for the Bupivacaine group versus 8.1 (4.2) mg for the Control group). Secondary objectives and incidence of adverse events were not different between the two groups at any time during the first 24 h following surgery.ConclusionOur multi-centre randomized, controlled, double-blinded study found no advantage of an ESP block over placebo for VATS for opioid consumption, pain, or QoR-15 scores. Further studies are ongoing to establish the benefits of using a denser block (single-shot paravertebral with a continuous ESP block), which may provide a better quality of analgesia.

The Role of Continuous Erector Spinae Plane Block in Prolonged Analgesia for Open Hepatopancreatic Surgery - A Case Series

The Role of Continuous Erector Spinae Plane Block in Prolonged Analgesia for Open Hepatopancreatic Surgery - A Case Series

Erector spinae plane block reduces opioid consumption and improves incentive spirometry volume after cardiac surgery: A retrospective cohort study.

Effective postoperative pain management is vital in cardiac surgery to prevent opioid dependency and respiratory complications. Previous studies on the erector spinae plane (ESP) block have focused on single-shot applications or immediate postoperative outcomes. This study evaluates the efficacy of continuous ESP block vs conventional care in reducing opioid consumption and enhancing respiratory function recovery postcardiac surgery over 72 hours. A retrospective study at a tertiary hospital (January 2021-July 2022) included 262 elective cardiac surgery patients. Fifty-three received a preoperative ESP block, matched 1:1 with a control group (n = 53). The ESP group received 0.5% ropivacaine intraoperatively and 0.16% ropivacaine every 4 hours postoperatively. Outcomes measured were cumulative oral morphine equivalent (OME) dose within 72 hours postextubation, daily maximum numerical rating scale (NRS) ≥3, incentive spirometry volume, and %baseline performance, stratified by surgery type (sternotomy or thoracotomy). Significant OME reduction was observed in the ESP group (sternotomy: median decrease of 113 mg, 95% CI: 60-157.5 mg, p < 0.001; thoracotomy: 172.5 mg, 95% CI: 45-285 mg, p = 0.010). The ESP group also had a lower risk of daily maximum NRS ≥3 (adjusted OR sternotomy: 0.22, p < 0.001; thoracotomy: 0.07, p < 0.001), a higher incentive spirometry volumes (sternotomy: mean increase of 149 mL, p = 0.019; thoracotomy: 521 mL, p = 0.017), and enhanced spirometry %baseline (sternotomy: mean increase of 11.5%, p = 0.014; thoracotomy: 26.5%, p < 0.001). Continuous ESP block was associated with a reduction of postoperative opioid requirements, lower instances of pain scores ≥3, and improve incentive spirometry performance following cardiac surgery. These benefits appear particularly prominent in thoracotomy patients. Further prospective studies with larger sample size are required to validate these findings.

Erector spinae plane blocks for opioid-sparing multimodal pain management after pediatric cardiac surgery

ObjectivePeripheral regional anesthesia is proposed to enhance recovery. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of bilateral continuous erector spinae plane blocks (B-ESpB) for postoperative analgesia and the impact on recovery in children undergoing cardiac surgery. MethodsPatients aged 2 through 17 years undergoing cardiac surgery in the enhanced recovery after cardiac surgery program were prospectively enrolled to receive B-ESpB at the end of the procedure, with continuous infusions via catheters postoperatively. Participants wore an activity monitor until discharge. B-ESpB patients were retrospectively matched with control patients in the enhanced recovery after cardiac surgery program. Outcomes of the matched clusters were compared using exact conditional logistic regression and generalized linear modeling. ResultsForty patients receiving B-ESpB were matched to 78 controls. There were no major complications from the B-ESpB or infusions, and operating room time was longer by a median of 31 minutes. While blocks were infusing, patients with B-ESpB received fewer opioids in oral morphine equivalents than controls at 24 hours (0.60 ± 0.06 vs 0.78 ± 0.04 mg/kg; P = .02) and 48 hours (1.13 ± 0.08 vs 1.35 ± 0.06 mg/kg; P = .04), respectively. Both groups had low median pain scores per 12-hour period. There was no difference in early mobilization, length of stay, or complications. ConclusionsB-ESpBs are safe in children undergoing cardiac surgery. When performed as part of a multimodal pain strategy in an enhanced recovery after cardiac surgery program, pediatric patients with B-ESpB experience good pain control and require fewer opioids in the first 48 hours.

Ultrasound-guided continuous erector spinae plane block versus thoracic epidural analgesia in open nephrectomy for renal malignancy: a randomized controlled study

Background &amp; objective: Pain during nephrectomy has been reported to be extremely intense and may trigger complex biochemical and physiological stress response if managed inadequately. Erector spinae plane block (ESPB) and thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) both have been advocated for pain management in adult patients undergoing open nephrectomy under general anesthesia. We compared the efficacy and the dynamics of both of these procedures.&#x0D; Methodology: This was a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial involving 54 patients were undergoing open nephrectomy for malignant kidney tumors. All patients were ASA class II, had a BMI 20-40 kg/m2, and were between the ages of 18-65 y. Through random assignment, people were divided into two identical, equivalent groups: Group A (n = 27) received TEA, whereas Group B (n = 27) received US-guided continuous ESPB. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and intraoperative heart rate (HR) were recorded before and after incision, and at 30 min, 1 h, and 1.5 h. Postoperative HR, MAP were recorded at 6 h and 12 h, both at rest and when moving. Numerical rating scale (NRS) score was used to compare the intensity of postoperative pain.&#x0D; Results: Postoperative HR, MAP, at 6 h and 12 h, at rest and when moving, were substantially reduced in the TEA group than those in the ESPB group. The NRS score of the ESPB group was substantially greater than that of the TEA group. In contrast to the TEA group, much more total amount of morphine was consumed in the ESPB group. The time to first rescue analgesia was substantially shorter in ESPB group than that of the TEA group.&#x0D; Conclusions: The results of our study prove that US guided erector spinae plane block is effective in providing postoperative analgesia, decreasing use of intraoperative and postoperative opioids in patients having open nephrectomy. However, it is still inferior to thoracic epidural analgesia in terms of pain control after 6 h postoperatively. Otherwise, erector spinae plane block has fewer side effects compared to thoracic epidural analgesia. So, it may be used as an alternative to thoracic epidural analgesia.&#x0D; Key words: Erector Spinae Plane Block; Epidural Analgesia; Open Nephrectomy; Pain, Postoperative; Ultrasound&#x0D; Citation: Wadood MA, Abdelrahman MA, Mostafe MM, Abdelghafar EM. Ultrasound-guided continuous erector spinae plane block versus thoracic epidural analgesia in open nephrectomy for renal malignancy: a randomized controlled study, Anaesth. pain intensive care 2024;28(1):26-32; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v28i1.2377&#x0D; Received July 24, 2023; Revised: September 08, 2023; Accepted: October 03, 2023

The Efficacy of Continuous Serratus Anterior and Erector Spinae Plane Blocks vs Intercostal Nerve Block in Uniportal-Vats Surgery: A Propensity-Matched Prospective Trial.

To evaluate the analgesic efficacy of continuous erector spinae plane block(c-ESPB) and serratus anterior plane block(c-SAPB) versus the intercostal nerve block (ICNB) in Uniportal-VATS in terms of pain control, drug consumption, and complications. Ninety-three consecutive patients, undergone one of the three peripheral nerve blocks after Uniportal-VATS, were prospectively enrolled. A 1:1 propensity score matching was used to minimize bias. C-ESPB and c-SAPB groups had no difference in morphine request upon awakening compared to ICNB. A higher VAS-score was recorded in c-ESPB compared to ICNB in the first 12 h after surgery. A significantly lower consumption of paracetamol in II postoperative day (p.o.d.) and tramadol in I and II p.o.d. was recorded in the c-ESPB group compared to the ICNB group. A higher dynamic VAS score was recorded at 24 h and 48 h in the ICNB group compared to the c-SAPB. No difference was found in safety, VAS-score and drug consumption between c-ESPB and c-SAPB at any given time, except for a higher tramadol request in c-SAPB in II p.o.d. C-ESPB and c-SAPB appear to have the same safety and analgesic efficacy when compared between them and to ICNB in Uniportal-VATS approach. C-ESPB showed a delayed onset of analgesic effect and a lower postoperative drug consumption compared to ICNB.

Effect of ultrasound-guided continuous erector spinae plane block on postoperative pain and inflammatory response in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundA single injection of local anaesthetic (LA) in the erector spinae plane block (ESPB) can reduce pain after modified radical mastectomy (MRM) surgery, but the duration of analgesia is affected by the duration of the LA. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of continuous ESPB on acute and chronic pain and inflammatory response after MRM surgery.MethodsIn this prospective, randomised, controlled trial, we will recruit 160 patients, aged 18–80 years, scheduled for elective MRM surgery under general anaesthesia. They will be randomly assigned to two groups: a continuous ESPB group (group E) and a sham block group (group C). Both groups of patients will have a nerve block (group C pretended to puncture) and an indwelling catheter fixed prior to surgery. Electronic pumps containing LA are shielded. The primary outcome is the total consumption of analgesic agents. The secondary outcomes include the levels of inflammation-related cytokines; the occurrence of chronic pain (post-mastectomy pain syndrome, PMPS); static and dynamic pain scores at 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h postoperatively; and post-operative and post-puncture adverse reactions.DiscussionAnalgesia after MRM surgery is important and chronic pain can develop when acute pain is prolonged, but the analgesic effect of a nerve block with a single injection of LA is limited by the duration of drug action. The aim of this trial is to investigate whether continuous ESPB can reduce acute pain after MRM surgery and reduce the incidence of chronic pain (PMPS), with fewer postoperative analgesic drug-related complications and less inflammatory response. Continuous ESPB and up to 12 months of follow-up are two innovations of this trial.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry (https://www.chictr.org.cn/) ChiCTR2200061935. Registered on 11 July 2022. This trial is a prospective registry with the following registry names: Effect of ultrasound-guided continuous erector spinae plane block on postoperative pain and inflammatory response in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer.

Continuous erector spinae plane block versus thoracic epidural analgesia in video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: a prospective randomized open-label non-inferiority trial

Background and objectivesThe evolving surgical techniques in thoracoscopic surgery necessitate the exploration of anesthesiological techniques. This study aimed to investigate whether incorporating a continuous erector spinae plane (ESP) block into...

Ultrasound-guided continuous erector spinae plane block vs continuous thoracic epidural analgesia for the management of acute and chronic postthoracotomy pain: a randomized, controlled,double-blind trial.

Postthoracotomy pain (PTP) is a severe pain complicating thoracic surgeries and its good management decreases the risk of PTP syndrome (PTPS). This randomized controlled study evaluated the efficacy of ultrasound-guided continuous erector spinae plane block (ESPB) with or without dexmedetomidine compared with thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) in managing acute postoperative pain and the possible emergence of PTPS. Ninety patients with chest malignancies planned for thoracotomy were randomly allocated into 3 equal groups. Group 1: TEA (20 mL of levobupivacaine 0.25% bolus, then 0.1 mL/kg/h of levobupivacaine 0.1%), group 2: ESPB (20 mL of levobupivacaine only 0.1% bolus every 6 hours), and group 3: ESPB (20 mL of levobupivacaine 0.25% and 0.5 μg/kg of dexmedetomidine Hcl bolus every 6 hours). Resting and dynamic visual analog scales were higher in group 2 compared with groups 1 and 3 at 6, 24, and 36 hours and at 8 and 12 weeks. Postthoracotomy pain syndrome incidence was higher in group 2 compared with groups 1 and 3 at 8 and 12 weeks, whereas it was indifferent between groups 1 and 3. The grading system for neuropathic pain score was higher in group 2 compared with groups 1 and 3 at 8 and 12 weeks, whereas it was indifferent between groups 1 and 3. Itching, pruritis, and urine retention were higher in group 1 than in ESPB groups. Ultrasound-guided ESPB with dexmedetomidine is as potent as TEA in relieving acute PTP and reducing the possible emergence of chronic PTPS. However, the 2 techniques were superior to ESPB without dexmedetomidine. Erector spinae plane block has fewer side effects compared with TEA.

Continuous Erector Spinae Plane Block in Patients with Failed Epidural

Pain following thoracotomy is severe and requires adequate analgesia for better postoperative recovery. Epidural analgesia is considered the gold standard for thoracotomy pain. A newer ultrasound-guided analgesic technique, erector spinae plane block, has multidermatomal sensory block. We report two cases, for which an ultrasound-guided continuous erector spinae plane block was given using an 18G catheter. Both the patients received a continuous local anesthetic infusion for 48 hours and were pain-free. Erector spinae plane block can be a suitable alternative for analgesia in patients with failed epidural or contraindication to epidural analgesia.

A Child with a Large Posterior Mediastinal Mass with Intraspinal Extension—Perioperative Anesthetic Challenges and Importance of Postoperative Analgesia

AbstractA 4-year-old girl child with a large posterior mediastinal mass with intraspinal extension (T2–T5) presented with paraplegia and bowel and bladder dysfunctions. She was planned for T1 to T6 laminoplasty and excision of the intraspinal tumor, followed by thoracotomy and excision of the posterior mediastinal tumor. Neurogenic tumors are common posterior mediastinal masses in children. These children pose many anesthetic challenges because of their size, location, and invasiveness. Challenges include difficult intubation, ventilation due to compression of the tracheobronchial tree, hemodynamic fluctuations because of compression of vital structures, associated autonomic dysfunction, and intraoperative bleeding. Pediatric lung isolation for thoracotomy and excision, obtaining motor evoked potential response in a child with poor functional grade status, and selecting appropriate analgesia techniques in the presence of neurological deficits are some of the added challenges. Anesthetic management and the use of a continuous erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia are highlighted in this report.

Outcomes in pediatric liver transplant recipients receiving bilateral continuous erector spinae plane blocks.

Regional anesthesia allows for opioid-sparing and enhanced recovery after many major surgeries. Erector spinae blockade, with reduced bleeding risk and the option for continuous infusion, offers an opportunity to promote this principle in pediatric liver transplant patients. Our goal was to evaluate pain scores, opioid use, and return of bowel function following continuous ESP blockade in pediatric liver transplant recipients. This retrospective cohort study included extubated patients who received a liver transplant at St. Louis Children's Hospital from July 2016 to July 2021. The control group, which did not meet the criteria for ESP blockade and received standard analgesia regimens, was compared to the group receiving continuous ESP blockade. Measured outcomes included pain scores, opioid consumption through postoperative day two, date of first bowel movement, and length of stay in the ICU and the hospital. Patient demographics between control and ESP groups showed no significant differences. Pain scores between control and ESP groups also showed no significant differences. Intraoperative and postoperative opioid requirements, studied in oral morphine equivalents per kilogram (OME/kg), were significantly lower for patients with ESP blockade. Time to first bowel movement was also significantly earlier for the ESP group. No significant differences were found in length of ICU or hospital stay. There were no safety concerns or complications related to ESP blockade. Use of continuous ESP blockade resulted in reduced opioid consumption through postoperative day two and earlier return of bowel function.

Systemic Analgesia versus Continuous Erector Spinae Plane Block (ESPB) Infusion During Paediatric Nephrectomy: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.

A subcostal flank incision is required for open radical nephrectomy, which is a surgical procedure used to remove tumors of the kidney that are malignant. The erector spinae plane block (ESPB) and continuous catheter use in children are receiving more and more support by paediatric regional anaesthesiologists. Our objective was to compare systemic analgesic to continuous ESPB for pain relief in paediatric patients undergoing open radical nephrectomy. Sixty children with cancer ASA I or II and undergoing open radical nephrectomy between the ages of two and seven participated in this prospective, randomized, controlled, and open label study. The cases were divided into two equal groups (E and T groups); Group E received ipsilateral continuous ultrasound-guided ESPB at T9 (thoracic vertebrae), with a bolus of 0.4 mL/kg bupivacaine 0.25%. Immediately postoperatively, Group E (ESPB group) received continuous ESPB with a PCA (patient controlled analgesia) pump at a rate of 0.2 mL/kg/hour bupivacaine 0.125%. Group T (Tramadol group), Tramadol hydrochloride was administered intravenously at a dose of 2 mg/kg/8hour, which could be increased to 2 mg/kg/6hours. Then, we followed up on patients' total analgesic consumption for 48 hours following surgery, as well as the time it took for them to request rescue analgesic, their FLACC and sedation scores, and their hemodynamics and side effects immediately following surgery as well as at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 hours. A highly significant difference in total tramadol consumed in group T 11.97 ± 1.13 mg/kg while group E was 2.07± 1.54 mg/kg (p < 0.001). 100% patients in group T requested analgesia compared to 46.7% patients in group E (p < 0.001). From 2 to 48 hour, FLACC significantly decreased in E compared to T group (p≤ 0.006) at all-time points. Ultrasound-guided continuous ESPB significantly provided better postoperative pain relief, reduced postoperative tramadol consumption and reduced pain scores compared with the use of tramadol alone, in paediatric cancer patients undergoing nephrectomy.

Continuous erector spinae plane block: a simple, safe and effective technique for pain control in patients with rib fractures

Ribs are frequently affected after a blunt or penetrating thoracic trauma. Acute key complications associated with rib fractures include pain, hemo-pneumothorax, extrapleural hematoma, pulmonary contusion and laceration, and vascular injury. In high energy traumas, injuries to abdominal solid organs may also coexist. A later complication that can limit the weaning of patients from sedation and ventilation is neuropathic pain, which is frequently associated with rib fractures and that is often poorly responsive to oral and topical medications. The benefit of interventional nerve block procedures is still controversial. Ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane (ESP) block is a relatively new technique for thoracic analgesia that can be both a simpler and safer alternative to more complex and invasive neural blocking techniques, especially in intensive care unit patients whereas major contraindications (i.e. coagulation alteration, infection etc.) might limit the feasibility of more invasive methods, such as central blocks.

Continuous Erector Spinae Plane Block in Paediatric VATS: A Case Series.

Decortication and stripping of infected pleura by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery or thoracotomy is the treatment of choice in cases of empyema. The stripping is associated with intense post-operative pain. Erector spinae block is an excellent and safe alternative to thoracic epidural block. The experience in paediatric erector spinae plane block is very limited. We present our experience of continuous erector spinae block and one single-shot erector spinae plane block in paediatric video-assisted thoracoscopic surgeries. We had 5 patients aged 2-8 years with right-sided empyema, who were taken up for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery decortication, and 2 patients aged 1-4 years with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery CDH repair. After induction and intubation, using high-frequency straight ultrasound probe, an erector spinae plane catheter was inserted and the local anaesthetic agent was administered. The patients were monitored for signs of effective analgesia. Post-extubation continuous erector spinae plane block was continued for 48 hours using bupivacaine and fentanyl. All patients had excellent postoperative analgesia for more than 48 hours. There were no side effects like motor block, nausea, vomiting, or respiratory depression. Continuous erector spinae plane block provides excellent analgesia in paediatric patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, causing minimal side effects. Further, a prospective randomized control trial is suggested to establish the efficacy of this block in paediatric video-assisted thoracoscopic surgeries.

Erector Spinae Plane Block for Scapulothoracic Arthrodesis for Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy Patients: A Case Series.

Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) typically affects the periscapular muscles, resulting in scapular winging. Scapulothoracic arthrodesis (STA) stabilizes the scapula to provide better movement for these patients. Analgesia regimen for FSHD patients who received a single-shot erector spinae plane block (ESPB) and a catheter at the area were retrospectively analyzed in this study. Patients were asked to rate their pain postoperatively and only 5 of 10 patients needed rescue analgesic. No complications occurred. Our experience suggests that continuous ESPB may be helpful for providing analgesia in FSHD patients undergoing STA.

Comparison of continuous erector spinae plane block and thoracic paravertebral block for postoperative analgaesia in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy: A randomised controlled non-inferiority trial.

Modified radical mastectomy (MRM) is associated with significant postoperative pain for which many blocks including thoracic paravertebral (TPV) block are being used. Erector spinae plane (ESP) block is a recently described technique. We planned to compare the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided continuous ESP and TPV blocks for postoperative analgaesia following MRM. Sixty-six patients belonging to American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status I and II, aged 25-85 years, undergoing MRM were enrolled and randomly allocated into two groups. Ipsilateral block was given preoperatively at T3 or T4 level with 20 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine and 50 μg fentanyl. Infusion of 0.5% and 0.2% ropivacaine with fentanyl 2 μg/ml at a rate of 5 ml/hr was continued during intraoperative and postoperative period, respectively. Pain was assessed using visual analogue scale (VAS) till 24 hours. Block performance time, time to first rescue analgaesia, total amount of rescue analgaesic consumed, the incidence of procedure-related and postoperative complications, failure rate and patient satisfaction score were also recorded. Data collected were analysed using the Chi-square test or Student's t-test with the help of SPSS 22.0. Demographics, baseline vitals, VAS scores both at rest and on movement, block performance time, time to first rescue analgaesia, the total amount of rescue analgaesia and patient satisfaction score were comparable in both groups (P value > 0.05). No complications were observed in either group. In patients undergoing MRM, continuous catheter technique ESP block is as efficacious and safe as TPV block for providing prolonged postoperative analgaesia.

Ultrasound-guided continuous erector spinae plane block for perioperative opioid sparing analgesia in breast cancer surgery: A randomized controlled trial.

Erector spinae plane (ESP) block provides postoperative analgesia in breast surgeries but has limited duration of action that restricts its efficacy to early postoperative period. This study aims to evaluate the analgesic efficacy and opioid sparing effect of ultrasound (US)-guided continuous erector spinae plane (CESP) block in perioperative period in breast cancer surgery. Fifty ASA I/II patients aged more than 18 years, scheduled for elective breast cancer surgery were randomized to either Group B (Block group) or Group C (Control group). Patients in group B received US-guided CESP block, whereas patients in group C did not receive the block prior to general anesthesia. The primary outcome of this study was to measure total tramadol consumption in 24 h postsurgery. Intraoperative fentanyl consumption, pain scores, postoperative nausea/vomiting, and patient satisfaction score at discharge were also recorded. Total tramadol consumption was 94.6% lower in the block group as compared to the control group (5.4 ± 18.7 mg in CESP block group as compared to 99.7 ± 49.6 mg in control group). Intraoperative fentanyl requirement and pain scores were significantly lower in CESP group. Postoperative incidence of nausea/vomiting was similar, but satisfaction score was significantly better in block group. US-guided CESP block provides effective and prolonged peri operative analgesia and opioid sparing in breast cancer surgeries.

Continuous erector spinae plane block for analgesia following cervical rib resection.

Continuous erector spinae plane block for analgesia following cervical rib resection.

Continuous lumbar erector spinae plane block as an alternative to epidural analgesia in pain treatment in patients undergoing hip replacement surgery – a prospective pilot study

Continuous lumbar erector spinae plane block as an alternative to epidural analgesia in pain treatment in patients undergoing hip replacement surgery – a prospective pilot study