Continuous CR Research Articles

Variability of relative treatment effect among populations with low, moderate and high control group event rates: a meta-epidemiological study

BackgroundThe current practice in guideline development is to use the control group event rate (CR) as a surrogate of baseline risk and to assume portability of the relative treatment effect across populations with low, moderate and high baseline risk. We sought to emulate this practice in a very large sample of meta-analyses.MethodsWe retrieved data from all meta-analyses published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2003–2020) that evaluated a binary outcome, reported 2 × 2 data for each individual study and included at least 4 studies. We excluded studies with no events. We conducted meta-analyses with odds ratios and relative risks and performed subgroup analyses based on tertiles of CR. In sensitivity analyses, we evaluated the use of total event rate (TR) instead of CR and using quartiles instead of tertiles.ResultsThe analysis included 2,531 systematic reviews (27,692 meta-analyses, 226,975 studies, 25,669,783 patients).The percentages of meta-analyses with statistically significant interaction (P < 0.05) based on CR tertile or quartile ranged 12–18% across various sensitivity analyses. This percentage increased as the number of studies or range of CR per meta-analysis increased, reflecting increased power of the subgroup test. The percentages of meta-analyses with statistically significant interaction (P < 0.05) with TR quantiles were lower than those with CR but remained higher than expected by chance.ConclusionThis analysis suggests that when CR or TR are used as surrogates for baseline risk, relative treatment effects may not be portable across populations with varying baseline risks in many meta-analyses. Categroization of the continuous CR variable and not addressing measurement error limit inferences from such analyses and imply that CR is an undesirable source for baseline risk. Guideline developers and decision-makers should be provided with relative and absolute treatment effects that are conditioned on the baseline risk or derived from studies with similar baseline risk to their target populations.

Co–Ni–Al–W γ/γ′ superalloy with Cr and Ti additions fabricated via laser fusion of elemental powders

A Co-based superalloy (Co-0.20Ni-0.11Al-0.07W-0.04Cr-0.03Ti, mole fraction) was synthesized by laser powder-bed fusion of a blend of elemental powders. The as-built alloy shows a γ-FCC matrix where the high-melting Ti and Cr powders are fully dissolved, but the refractory W particles are only partially melted. Full dissolution of the W particles is achieved after homogenization at 1150 °C, resulting in a homogeneous, single-phase γ microstructure. Upon aging at 900 °C, a two-phase γ/γ′ microstructure forms, with a high-volume fraction of sub-micron γ′ precipitates with cuboidal shape. Compared to a control quaternary alloy without Cr and Ti fabricated by the same method, the present alloy has increased γ′ fraction and microhardness after aging for 300 h, maintaining a strong γ′ strengthening effect without forming γ′-depleted zone at grain boundaries. Micrometer-size γ′-precipitates at grain boundaries also shift the transition between diffusional and dislocation creep to lower stress levels, by inhibiting diffusional creep and grain-boundary sliding. However, overall creep resistance is lowered, consistent with a reduction of lattice mismatch due to Cr additions and rafting of γ′ precipitates. Furthermore, Cr and Ti additions improve oxidation resistance at 900 °C, due to the formation of a continuous Cr-, Ti- and Al-rich oxide layer.

Polypyrrole Modified Granular Activated Carbon Nanocomposite for Treatment of Wastewater Containing Highly Toxic Hexavalent Chromium

AbstractThis study explored the fabrication of Polypyrrole (PPy) and Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) composites (PPy‐GAC) for effective removal of toxic hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous solutions. Two synthesis methods are employed: (1) electrostatic deposition of PPy onto pre‐charged GAC paper and (2) in‐situ chemical polymerization of pyrrole monomer with GAC particles. Batch adsorption experiments investigated the impact of various operational parameters on Cr(VI) removal. Compared to pristine GAC (54.64 mg g−1), the PPy‐GAC composite exhibited a remarkable 3‐fold increase in equilibrium adsorption capacity, reaching 175.44 mg g−1. Pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model (R2 &gt; 0.999) accurately described the adsorption kinetics, while the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 &gt; 0.99) provided a good fit for the equilibrium data. Maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) increased with temperature, reaching 204.08, 243.90, and 270.27 mg g−1 at 298, 308, and 318 K, respectively. Furthermore, a fixed‐bed column experiment examined the composite's effectiveness in continuous Cr(VI) removal, demonstrating its suitability for practical applications. Notably, the PPy‐GAC composite successfully removed Cr(VI) from a real wastewater sample containing 68 µg L−1 Cr(VI) obtained from a ferrochrome industry, highlighting its potential for real‐world remediation.

Continuous flow chromium (VI) adsorption onto peach stone- and acrylonitrile-divinylbenzene copolymer-based activated carbons

Peach stone-based activated carbon (PS-AC) and acrylonitrile divinyl benzene copolymer-based activated carbon (ANDVB-AC) were evaluated in fixed-bed continuous flow Cr(VI) adsorption studies. The results were compared with those for the commercial activated carbon (CPG-LF). Continuous flow adsorption studies were carried out in a fixed-bed column with various concentrations of a Cr(VI) solution of pH 2. The effect of flow rate on the breakthrough capacity was investigated via breakthrough curves. Although total Cr(VI) adsorption capacities were obtained as 122, 58, and 103 mg/g for PS-AC, ANDVB-AC and CPG-LF, respectively, the breakthrough capacities were determined to be 25.0, 35.2, and 30.0 mg/g. When polymer-based AC was used, 61% of the capacity was effectively utilized while with peach stone-based AC, only 21% of the capacity was effectively utilized at a flow rate of 5 mL/min. This difference was attributed to the shorter contact time of the solution in the column and the slower adsorption kinetics of PS-AC. At a lower flow rate (0.96 mL/min) peach stone-AC can be utilized with higher (47%) efficiency. Both peach stone- and polymer- based activated carbons can be effectively utilized in a fixed column under continuous flow with high Cr(VI) adsorption capacities.

Frontline Consolidation with Nelarabine for Adults with High-Risk T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Results of the Graall-2014/T Atriall Phase 2 Study

Rationale. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with unfavorable biology and/or high minimal residual disease (MRD) levels are at high-risk of disease recurrence. Based on the results of the GRAALL-2005/T study (Trinquand A et al, JCO 2013; Beldjord K et al, Blood 2014), T-ALL patients enrolled in the GRAALL-2014/T trial were classified at high-risk (HR) if presenting an unfavorable 4-gene classifier (absence of NOTCH1/FBXW7 mutations or presence of RAS/PTEN alterations) and/or a post-induction IG/TR MRD1 ≥ 10 -4 (including the need of a salvage course to reach a complete remission [CR]). In the phase 2 ATRIALL sub-study, HR patients were offered to receive nelarabine (NELA) during consolidation and maintenance or as bridge to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The aim of the present report is to compare their outcome to that of similar patients treated in the same GRAALL-2014/T trial but without frontline NELA. Method. Between November 2015 and May 2022, the GRAALL-2014/T included 325 patients with T-ALL. Among these patients, 199 presented with HR features. The ATRIALL sub-study was activated in April 2017. ATRIALL eligibility criteria were defined as HR features, no CNS involvement at baseline, and continuous CR before to start consolidation 2 (first NELA course) at week 12. Based on the results of the COG phase 3 study, the protocol was amended in January 2021 to include patients with CNS involvement at baseline. NELA was given at 1,500 mg/sqm/day at day 1,3 and 5 in combination with etoposide and cyclophosphamide for a maximum of 5 courses during consolidation (2 cycles) and maintenance (3 cycles). Patients with MRD1 ≥ 10 -3 and/or with post-consolidation 1 MRD2 ≥ 10 -4 were eligible for HSCT after one NELA course. A total of 121 patients were included. One patient was excluded due to overt relapse before to start NELA. Eight patients had CNS involvement at baseline. A total of 33 patients included in the GRAALL-2014/T met initial ATRIALL criteria but were not included in the sub-study either before ATRIALL activation (N=21), or during accrual (N=10), or after accrual completion (N=2) and received standard of care (SOC) without NELA. The ATRIALL/CNS- cohort (N=112) was compared to the control cohort (N=33) for MRD response, cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR), disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Results. The median follow-up in the ATRIALL study (n=120) was 2.9 years (95%CI, 2.5-3.5). At 3 years, the CIR, DFS, and OS were 28% (95%CI, 20-37), 67% (95%CI, 55-76), and 71% (95%CI, 61-79), respectively. Patients from the ATRIALL/CNS- (N=112) and control (N=33) cohorts exhibited similar characteristics, except for a longer median follow-up in the control cohort (Figure A). Patients included in the ATRIALL study reached lower post-consolidation MRD3 levels (p=0.05). Among patients with MRD1 ≥10 -4, undetectable MRD3 was achieved in 36/55 (65%) after NELA versus 5/16 (31%) after SOC (p=0.02). When censoring at HSCT time, NELA was associated with a significantly reduced CIR (SHR=0.48; 95%CI, 0.23-0.99; p=0.045) and a trend for a prolonged DFS (HR=0.52; 95%CI, 0.26-1.07; p=0.075) (Figure B,C). This difference did not reach significance when patients were not censored at HSCT time. Indeed, high-risk patients not eligible for HSCT benefited from NELA in terms of CIR (SHR=0.43; 95%CI, 0.20-0.98; p=0.045) and DFS (HR=0.46; 95%CI, 0.21-1.03; p=0.06). Patients with non-ETP ALL had a significantly improved CIR (SHR=0.03; 95%CI, 0.17-0.89; p=0.025) and DFS (HR=0.47; 95%CI, 0.22-0.99; p=0.048), whereas ETP-ALL patients did not benefit from NELA over SOC. There was no benefit of prior NELA in patients who received alloHSCT per protocol. Conclusion. While NELA did not yield an overall improved outcome in the study population, benefits were observed in favorable MRD responders and non-ETP patients. Additional prospective studies are needed to further delineate the specific patient subgroups that might benefit from NELA.

EP12.01-58 Continuous CR for EGFR-Mutated NSCLC with Brain Metastasis and Giant Lung Lesion Using Aumolertinib Plus Radiotherapy as First-Line Treatment

EP12.01-58 Continuous CR for EGFR-Mutated NSCLC with Brain Metastasis and Giant Lung Lesion Using Aumolertinib Plus Radiotherapy as First-Line Treatment

A Novel Method for Preparing Intermetallics/Superalloy Dissimilar Materials Using Current Sintering of Metallic Powders

Herein, a novel method is proposed to prepare the multimaterial composite component for aerospace applications using the current sintering. Two representative high‐temperature structural materials, the new potential intermetallic NiAl and the widely used Ni‐based superalloy K4202, have been employed to achieve the target. As shown by the results, a clean interface with almost no defects is successfully obtained in NiAl/K4202 alloy. Nevertheless, the existence of a continuous Cr(Mo) phase along the region leads to an insufficient bonding ability. To optimize the interfacial microstructure, a Ni foil is employed as the interlayer. The results indicate that the interlayer can hinder the intense diffusion of elements and prevent the abnormal growth of Cr(Mo) phases, which result in a considerable improvement of interfacial properties.

Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy studies of Si coated heat-treated stainless steel with improved optical absorption for solar thermal applications

Heat-treatment of stainless steel substrate is reported to improve absorptance due to an increase in roughness along with the formation of surface oxides. Depositing a thin Si layer on stainless steel prior to the heat-treatment results in the formation of islands of nano-micrometer sizes with gaps between them which helps in improving absorptance. Cross-sectional Transmission Electron Microscopy studies are required to understand the development of the surface structures and improved optical properties. The cross-sectional bright- and dark-field Transmission Electron Microscopy images showed the presence of a bright Si-rich region where small nanocrystalline islands were embedded. On top of this layer, larger nanocrystalline protrusions were observed. Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis and Selected Area Diffraction data showed that the substrate elements diffuse out through the Si layer forming smaller islands of various Fe-Cr-Mn-based silicides in the Si layer and islands of Fe, Cr, and Mn-based silicides and oxides at the surface. The High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy images showed that the islands are nanocrystalline in nature and are embedded in a Si-rich amorphous region. The absence of O in the Si-rich layer in SAD data was observed. Also, from the top layer EDX data, Fe peak intensity was found to be higher than Cr peak intensity. These observations indicate that the presence of the Si layer helps in reducing the inward diffusion of O into the substrate, thus preventing internal oxidation. Also, this Si layer prevents the Cr from forming a continuous Cr oxide layer and instead forms mixed oxide/silicide islands which enhance optical properties. Similar studies in the heat-treated substrate without a Si layer showed the presence of sharp-angled nanocrystalline structures of Fe-Cr-based oxides and smooth-angled nanocrystalline structures of Fe-Mn-based oxides on the surface.

Patterned Adhesion Layer Enables Rugged Pd-MIS Hydrogen Sensors.

Rugged Pd-metal-insulator-semiconductor (Pd-MIS) hydrogen sensors for detecting charge-exchange particles in fusion reactors have been constructed by utilizing a novel patterned adhesion layer. Poor adhesion at the interface between Pd and SiO2 is a common failure mode for Pd-MIS devices, severely limiting the Pd thickness and their usefulness as hydrogen sensors. The mechanical integrity of the Pd coatings is of particular importance in magnetic fusion energy research where the Pd-MIS diodes are used to measure hydrogen charge-exchange neutral fluence at the wall in tokamaks. In this application, particularly thick Pd contacts are desirable to prevent damage caused by high-energy particles; however, such thick Pd coatings are prone to mechanical failure due to blistering and wire bond detachment during construction or operation. A continuous Ti or Cr adhesion layer is not possible for this application since it would interfere with H uptake at the SiO2 interface, which is essential for the device to generate a response. In this work, we demonstrate that a patterned Cr interlayer substantially improves adhesion while still providing access for hydrogen to reach the SiO2-Pd interface.

Combination of venetoclax with BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor as a therapeutic strategy for Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias

ABSTRACTObjectives:Venetoclax has shown synergism with BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in preclinical studies for patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) leukemias. This combination may suggest a novel treatment strategy for Ph + leukemias.Methods:We conducted a retrospective study to summarize the activity of combining venetoclax and BCR-ABL1 TKI-based therapies in Ph + leukemias.Result:A total of 18 patients with Ph + leukemias were enrolled in this study. At the time of venetoclax and TKI-based therapy, 5 patients were initially diagnosed, with Ph + acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (n = 1) and mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL) (n = 4), 7 patients had chronic myeloid leukemia at blastic phase (CML-BP), and the remaining 6 patients had relapsed or refractory to prior therapy. The overall response rate (ORR) was 88.9% (9 CR, 2 CRi, 4 MLFS, 1 PR), and a major molecular response (MMR) (or better) was achieved in 7 (38.8%) of all patients. With a median follow-up of 7.0 months (range, 2.3-15.6), 15 (83.3%) were in continuous CR at the time of this analysis, with a 1-year OS of 85.6%, 1-year LFS of 76.7%, and 1-year CIR of 22.4%. Moreover, 10 of 18 patients were treated with venetoclax, TKI and hypomethylating agent (HMA) regimens, which also associated with a high ORR rate (6 CR, 1 CRi, 3 MLFS), and can be used for induction or salvage therapy.Conclusion:Venetoclax and TKI-based combination regimens may be a feasible approach for Ph + leukemias, and prospective studies are needed to properly assess the safety, tolerability and efficacy of this regimen.

SnS2/SnS heterojunction: An all-weather-active photocatalyst for Cr(VI) removal

Photoreduction is a sustainable method for the removal of the harmful heavy metal ions. However, the low photocatalytic activity due to limited solar energy utilization and sluggish separation of photogenerated electrons/hole pairs is a major challenge. Here, we report the design and preparation of SnS2/SnS heterojunction nanosheets with full-band response for efficient photoreduction of Cr(VI). The SnS2/SnS heterojunction has a three-dimensional lamellar structure with tight interfacial links that facilitate inter-electron hole transport. Among the samples, SnS2/SnS-2 (Sn4+: Sn2+ = 1: 0.218) shows optimal photoreduction of Cr(VI) under simulated solar light. Remarkably, SnS2/SnS-2 exhibited a high removal rate of Cr(VI) under all-weather conditions, with 50% removal achieved in 2 h under sunlight and 10% removal in 2 h under cloudy condition in neutral lake water, indicating practical catalytic performance and energy-saving potential. The presence of SnS not only improves the optical absorption capacity in the near-infrared region and enhances the photo-thermal conversion efficiency, but also accelerates the separation ability of photogenerated carriers, leading to high photocatalytic efficiency. Our work provides a promising concept for continuous Cr(VI) removal under all-weather conditions, including weak light irradiation.

Tailoring the interface with the in-situ formed chromium oxide and carbide for higher mechanical properties of copper matrix composites

The weak interface is a key issue that needs to be addressed for the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced metal matrix composites. Herein, uniform and continuous Cr(OH)3 coating was firstly decorated on the surface of CNTs, and Cr(OH)3 coating was subsequently thermally decomposed into the Cr2O3 transition layer during the fabrication processes for the Cu matrix composite. It is found that the precoating Cr(OH)3 on CNTs can promote the dispersion of CNTs in the Cu matrix because the coating can reduce the density difference between CNTs and Cu powders. Meanwhile, the Cr2O3 transition layer has obvious constituent interaction with the Cu matrix, and in-situ nanosized Cr carbides (Cr2C3 and Cr23C6) form between the CNTs and Cr2O3 layer, forming a composite interface structure. Benefiting from the homogeneous dispersion of the decorated CNTs and enhanced interfacial bonding, the compression yield strength of the bulk composite reaches 383.5±21.0 MPa, showing a 217% and 147% increase over the pure Cu and the composite reinforced by uncoated CNTs, respectively. The substantially enhanced strength mainly derives from the strengthening mechanisms of Orowan looping and load transfer. The developed novel strategy paves a new route for interface regulation and strength improvement of other CNTs reinforced metal matrix composites.

17th International Conference on Malignant Lymphoma, Palazzo dei Congressi, Lugano, Switzerland, 13 - 17 June, 2023.

Introduction: Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has been proven to be a promising tumor-specific biomarker in tumors, but its clinical utility in risk stratification and early prediction of relapse for peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) has not been well explored. Methods: Using a lymphoma-specific sequencing panel, we assessed the prognostic and predictive utilities of ctDNA measurements before and after first-line therapy in 41 PTCL patients. Results: For the 41 patients, we obtained a total of 36 primary tumor specimens, 41 pretreatment blood samples and 21 serial blood samples before and after first-line therapy. By the last visit in March 2023, the median follow-up duration was 10.0 (range, 2.5–18.8) months. The clinical characteristics of the 41 patients were shown in Figure 1A. All patients received CHOP-like regimen. The top 30 somatic mutations of tissues were shown in Figure 1B. Pretreatment ctDNA (Pre-ctDNA) achieved an overall sensitivity of 81.3% (159/196) in detecting variants verified in tumor, indicating that ctDNA is a reliable source for PTCL genotyping. In addition, ctDNA allowed for the identification of additional 98 somatic mutations that were undetectable in tumor gDNA, which demonstrated that ctDNA could overcome tumor spatial heterogeneity (Figure 1C). Pre-ctDNA burden was significantly associated with clinical characteristics, including extranodal involvement (P < 0.001), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (P < 0.001), age (P = 0.047), B symptoms (P = 0.038), stage (P = 0.008) and international prognosis index (IPI) score (P < 0.001) (Figure 1D). The cell-free (cfDNA) fragments profoundly reflects both genomic and chromatin characteristics. Our results suggested that all samples had a more prominent mono-nucleosomal fragments abundance (167 bp), whereas the samples of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphom (AITL) and the samples with high IPI scores or non-complete response (CR) in the mid-stage of treatment had a more prominent shift towards shorter cfDNA size (Figure 1E). Similarly, when we analyzed the response to treatment, significant decline in ctDNA levels was observed at end of treatment (EOT) in patients with CR compared with those who did not achieved CR. The 4 patients with CR and EOT ctDNA negative achieved continuous CR until now (Figure 1F). Furthermore, high pre-ctDNA levels presented unfavourable PFS (P = 0.002) and OS (P = 0.020) (Figure 1G). Multivariate cox regression analysis showed that high pre-ctDNA burden (P = 0.029) and TP53 mutation (P = 0.005) (Figure 1H). Subgroup analysis showed that patients without these 2 risk factors (Type 1) had longer PFS than the other patients with more than 0 risk factor (Type 2) (P < 0.001) (Figure 1I). Keywords: Aggressive T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers No conflicts of interests pertinent to the abstract.

Effects of Cr/Zircaloy-4 coating qualities for enhanced accident tolerant fuel cladding

Cr-coated zirconium alloys represent a modern approach to enhance cladding safety during accident scenarios. Two high-power impulse magnetron sputtered Cr-coated Zry-4 systems were subjected to simulated loss-of-coolant accident conditions to investigate cladding performance. The first Cr-coating (4.8 µm thick) was deposited onto Zry-4 cladding and exhibited through-thickness cracking while the second Cr-coating (6.8 µm thick) was deposited with improved deposition parameters onto polished Zry-4 and exhibited no cracking. During burst testing, the coating with a higher density of defects failed to consistently reduce oxidation and exhibited similar burst behavior as Zry-4. In contrast, the second Cr-coating reduced ZrO2 formation through formation of Cr2O3 and displayed enhanced burst temperatures by ∼80 °C compared to Zry-4. Utilizing an empirical relation for burst behavior of zirconium alloys, the 6.8 µm Cr/Zry-4 system displayed enhanced burst temperatures equivalent to an effective 0.464 mm increase in Zry-4 wall thickness, highlighting the value of continuous Cr coatings for accident scenarios.

Corrosion Compatibility of Stainless Steels and Nickel in Pyrolysis Biomass-Derived Oil at Elevated Storage Temperatures

Corrosion compatibility of stainless steels and nickel (Ni200) was assessed in fast pyrolysis bio-oil produced from pyrolysis of high ash and high moisture forest residue biomass. Sample mass change, ICP-MS and post-exposure electron microscopy characterization was used to investigate the extent of corrosion. Among the tested samples, type 430F and type 316 stainless steels (SS430F and SS316) and Ni200 (~98.5% Ni) showed minimal mass changes (less than 2 mg∙cm−2) after the bio-oil exposures at 50 and 80 °C for up to 168 h. SS304 was also considered to be compatible in the bio-oil due to its relatively low mass change (1.6 mg∙cm−2 or lower). SS410 samples showed greater mass loss values even after exposures at a relatively low temperature of 35 °C. Fe/Cr values from ICP-MS data implied that Cr enrichment in stainless steels would result in a protective oxide layer associated with corrosion resistance against the bio-oil. Post exposure characterization showed continuous and uniform Cr distribution in the surface oxide layer of SS430F, which showed a minimal mass change, but no oxide layer on a SS430 sample, which exhibited a significant mass loss.

Microstructure and high temperature oxidation behavior of laser cladding C22 coating

C22 coating was successfully prepared on TP347H tube by laser cladding. The main goal was to assess the possibility of using laser cladding C22 coating for high temperature oxidation protection of boiler tubes in ultra-supercritical power plant. The microstructure, phase composition, microhardness and high temperature oxidation behavior of C22 coating were investigated. The microstructure evolution, phase constitution and high temperature oxidation behavior of C22 coating and TP347H samples were investigated. The oxidation experiment were carried out at 600 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C for 168 h. The results revealed that C22 coating mainly contain Ni-Cr-Co-Mo solid solution. The average microhardness of coating surface is 1.5 time that of substrate. Coating exhibited superior oxidation resistance at 600-800 °C. A dense and continuous Cr 2 O 3 film was observed in inner layer of coatings. C22 coating can be used as an excellent oxidation resistant coating with wide application prospect. Coating exhibited superior oxidation resistance due to the formation of a dense and continuous Cr 2 O 3 film in inner layer at 600-800 °C.

Passivation characteristics of ultra-thin 316L foil in NaCl solutions

• A commercial ultra-thin 316L foil (20 μm thick) has fine grains with preferential orientation of (110), and no detectable MnS inclusion. • The 316L foil exhibits significantly lower passive current density and higher breakdown potential in NaCl solution than wrought 316L. • The passive film on the 316L foil is highly enriched in Cr and Mo oxides, and Ni is enriched underneath the passive film. • The enhanced diffusion of Cr and Mo leads to a Cr- and Mo-enriched passive film giving the superior corrosion resistance. Electrochemical behaviour and passive film characteristics of an ultra-thin 316L foil with a thickness of 20 μm in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution were investigated using multiple techniques, focusing on the effect of microstructure, the applied potential, and the pH of the solution. The microstructure contains mainly fine grains (∼4 μm) with high-angle boundaries and preferential orientation of (220), and no MnS inclusion was detected. The electrochemical measurements show a significantly higher breakdown potential and lower passive current density for the 316L foil than traditional wrought 316L. The surface analyses using angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) reveal that, compared to the wrought material, both the inner and out parts of the passive film on the 316L foil are more enriched in Cr- and Mo-oxides. The microstructure favourable for elemental diffusion and the absence of MnS inclusion facilitate the formation of a continuous compact Cr- and Mo-rich passive film, which effectively retards corrosion in NaCl solution and remains stable in acidic solution (pH 2) or at high polarised potential up to 600 mV vs Ag/AgCl.

Cooperative cathodes for enhanced hexavalent chromium reduction and electricity generation in bioelectrochemical reactor with simultaneous sludge degradation

A novel bioelectrochemical reactor assembled with cooperative cathodes of chemical cathode and bio-cathode (BERCC) and excess sludge as the anodic substrate obtained continuous and effective Cr(VI) reduction. Cooperative cathodes in BERCC stimulated the growth of electrochemically active microorganisms such as Geobacter sp. and Shewanella sp. in the anodic biofilm and produced 8.21 ± 0.64 mg C/(L·h) more electrons than the dual chemical cathodes in the bioelectrochemical reactor with dual chemical cathodes, which enhanced the electrons for electricity generation and Cr(VI) reduction by approximately 58.3% and 56.1 ± 5.6%, respectively.

Protective Effect of Continuous Aerobic Training and Crocin on Doxorubicin-Induced Apoptosis in the Heart Tissue of Rats

Background: Doxorubicin (DOX) is widely used to treat various cancers, but its cardio-toxicity restricts its therapeutic application. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of continuous aerobic training (CAT) and administration of crocin (Cr) on the apoptotic index and the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 genes on the DOX-induced cardio-toxicity of rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 50 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, including control, DOX, DOX + CAT, DOX + Cr, and DOX + CAT + Cr groups. Continuous aerobic training consisted of 60 minutes of running with the intensity of 40% - 60% of maximum speed (5 days/week). Apoptotic index and the expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 genes were determined in the heart tissue. Results: Doxorubicin significantly increased Bax gene expression in the heart tissue of animals (P &lt; 0.001). In contrast, Bcl-2 gene expression significantly decreased (P &lt; 0.001). In all experimental groups, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the percentage of the terminal deoxynucleotidal transferase-mediated biotin-deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells were significantly diminished compared to the DOX-intoxicated animals. Among experimental groups, CAT had more antiapoptotic effects against DOX-induced cardiac toxicity. Conclusions: Continuous aerobic training and Cr, alone or in combination, could attenuate DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by suppressing apoptosis in the rats.

P374: BLINATUMOMAB AS CONSOLIDATION FOR ADULT B-CELL PRECURSOR ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA. A REAL-WORLD STUDY

Background: Blinatumomab is a CD3/CD19 bispecific T-cell engager approved for the treatment of relapsed/refractory (R/R) or minimal residual disease (MRD)-positive B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Recent phase 3 studies in children and young adults with B-ALL in first relapse suggested that blinatumomab used as consolidation after chemotherapy salvage could be more beneficial than given as single agent in overt relapse. Whereas current strategies aim to demonstrate the benefit of blinatumomab in first line, the optimal use of blinatumomab in adult patients with first B-ALL relapse still deserves to be further explored Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of blinatumomab given as consolidation in adults with B-ALL in a real-world setting Methods: We retrospectively included 115 consecutive patients with B-ALL treated with blinatumomab from April 2012 until June 2021 at Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France (n=100), and at AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy (n=15). Patients included in clinical trials were excluded. Patients were divided in three subgroups: 68 patients treated in 1st complete remission (CR1), 31 patients treated in 2nd CR after chemotherapy-base salvage therapy (CR2), and 16 patients treated in overt relapse (R/R). Patients in CR1 received blinatumomab for MRD persistence (n=59/68, 87%) or due to inability to receive standard consolidation (n=9/68, 13%, off-label use). The number of blinatumomab cycles along with the use of chemotherapy and/or of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (alloHSCT) after blinatumomab was up to physician choice. Results: The median age of patients was 37 years (range, 15-84). Among the 115 patients, 24% (n=28) were Philadelphia (Ph)-positive. Age, sex, baseline disease features and genetic risk categories did not differ between subgroups. After blinatumomab a complete MRD-response was achieved in 83% of CR1 and 86% of CR2 patients (p=.99). A complete remission was reached by 9/15 R/R patients (60%). In the 3 subgroups, the median number of blinatumomab cycles given was 2 (range, 1-6). Forty-six patients (42%) treated in CR (41% CR1, 45% CR2) and 4 R/R patients (25%) were bridged to allo-HSCT in continuous CR after blinatumomab. With a median follow up of 3.1 years, 3-year DFS was 68% in CR1 and 67% in CR2 patients (p=0.41); 3-year OS was 80% in CR1 and 71% in CR2 patients (p=0.32). In R/R patients, 3-year DFS and OS were 13% and 20% respectively. Considering patients who received blinatumomab in CR (CR1+CR2), univariate analysis showed that higher MRD levels both before and after blinatumomab were associated with shorter DFS, while only MRD response to blinatumomab was associated with OS. Both pre- and post-blinatumomab MRD levels retained significance in bivariate analysis for DFS Image:Summary/Conclusion: The present study underlines the efficacy of blinatumomab in consolidation after chemotherapy-based salvage, showing comparable outcomes between patients treated in CR2 and CR1. In CR2 patients, promising DFS and OS were observed as compared to historical cohorts of patients treated with chemotherapy alone or with blinatumomab in overt relapse. Our data suggest that blinatumomab should be preferably used in consolidation rather than as salvage therapy in patients with B-ALL in first relapse