Continuous Automatic Recording Research Articles

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ОНЛАЙН-КАРТ ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ АТМОСФЕРНОГО ВОЗДУХА Г. ИЖЕВСКА, ФОРМИРУЕМОГО ВЫБРОСАМИ ПЕРЕДВИЖНЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ

The study deals with the assessment of spatio-temporal dynamics of atmospheric pollution caused by emissions from road traffic flows. Nitrogen dioxide concentrations were calculated in the atmospheric air near Udmurtskaya street of the city of Izhevsk. The work was based on a mathematical model created for the calculation of emissions and their dispersion taking into account the dynamics of traffic flows, wind conditions. As the initial data, we used video recordings from continuous automatic recording of the traffic flow intensity. When calculating the emission of pollutants, we applied the model presented in the Methodology for Determining Emissions of Pollutants into the Atmospheric Air from Mobile Sources for Performing Summary Calculations of Atmospheric Air Pollution (approved by Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation No. 804 of November 27, 2019). To build a scattering calculation model, we used Methods for Calculating Dispersion of Emissions of Harmful (Polluting) Substances in the Atmospheric Air (approved by Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation No. 273 of June 6, 2017). To automate the process of calculating the scattering of impurities in the atmospheric air, a program code was created using the Go programming language. The data obtained by means of the implementation of the program code were visualized in the form of a dynamic map of the concentration distribution posted on the website https://komfortsreda.udsu.ru/ in the section Izhevsk/Atmospheric air/Dynamics of NO2 concentrations. This study deals with a new promising direction in the assessment of natural environments – assessment performed through online modeling. Emission dispersion modeling and assessment of the current state of atmospheric air are important as contributing to the general characterization of the ecological state of an urban area.

Multiparametric assessment of the microclimate of livestock premises by the method of continuous automatic registration

Introduction. The relevance of work is due to the need for constructive transformation of the AАEE-7 multi-block measuring system into a mono-block one. This is required for microclimate research in livestock premises, according to the methodological provisions. The work on the development of a laboratory sample of a mono-block analyzer is being carried out in Ukraine for the first time. The purpose of the research was to implement a method of continuous automatic recording of measurements of the microclimate of livestock premises. In addition, it was supposed to reduce the cost and reduce the number of technical means of measurement. It was also supposed to simplify the process of setting up measurements to increase the productivity of scientists and technologists. Research methods. Analytical, mathematical, physical, economic research methods are applied. In addition, the methods of designing and programming electronic devices are applied. On the basis of previous developments and materials of scientific works of periodical publications, the advantages of the measuring system "Analyzer of air environment electronic mono-block" (AАEE-M) are substantiated. A laboratory sample of the device with software was made (developer Cherkasy Research Station of Bioresources NAAS). The algorithm of the multiparameter method of continuous automatic registration and assessment of the microclimate of premises using AАEE-M has been developed. Research results. It was determined that the devices of the main Ukrainian manufacturers PJSC "Ukranalit" and LLC "Complex Automated Systems" and foreign companies "Delta Ohm" and "Luma Sense Technologies A/S" do not fully meet the requirements of microclimate monitoring, according to the existing methodology. The main innovative advantage of AАEE-M is the possibility of automatic registration of daily fluctuations of at least ten parameters of the microclimate, with a time interval of 6 minutes. This applies, in particular, to small particles of suspended dust of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 fractions and low volumetric concentrations of polluting gases CO2, NH3, H2S, CH4. The technical advantage of the measuring system is based on the fact that it is characterized by a 30 % lower mass compared to the Ecolab prototype. In addition, it has 9 times longer battery life, wireless communication, and the possibility of remote transmission of measurement results. Conclusions. For the operation of the AАEE-M measuring system, a methodology for assessing microclimate parameters using the method of continuous automatic registration has been developed. The economic advantage of AАEE-M is that it is 4.4 times cheaper compared to the prototype. Also, it is cheaper by 22.9 %, compared to the previous multi-block modification of the measuring system. Key words: measuring system, parametric, evaluation, microclimate, livestock premises, method of determination.

In Ukrainian

The results of the study on the strength and structural characteristics of matrices of various nature are presented, namely: cement paste, sand-cement mixture, hydroxyapatite (GAP), lamellar samples of fiberglass on an epoxy binder (resin of the brand LR 285, polymerization catalyst LH 286), fluoroplastic (PTFE), dependent on the content of the reinforcing component - multilayer carbon nanotubes (CNT), and PTFE, filled with aerosil (A300). For reinforcement of matrices, multilayer CNTs, synthesized by the method of catalytic CVD synthesis using three-component oxide iron-containing catalysts, were used. Mechanical tests of tensile and flexure composites were performed on a 2167 P 50 burst machine with a continuous automatic recording of the load-deformation diagram on a PC. The analysis of the sizes of CNT agglomerates was carried out using photon correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The particle size distribution function was determined on a ZetaSizer-3 (Malvern Instruments, UK) spectrometer with a correlator 7032 and a 25 MW (length wavelength λ = 633 nm) helium-neon laser LH-111. The dimensions of the coherent scattering regions were determined by the method of X-ray diffraction (DRON-3M, λ Со = 0.179 nm). The dependences of the strong characteristics of the systems filled with CNT: the cement paste, the sand-cement mixture, the layered samples of fiberglass on the epoxy binder, the hydroxyapatite (GAP), the PTFE, and the PTFE filled with A300 on the size of the structural regions formed by nanoscale filler. For liquid systems (cement paste, cement-sand mixture, epoxy resin), these are agglomerates of CNT, the sizes of which are nonlinearly dependent on the concentration of CNT. For solid: GAP - is porosity, PTFE - the size of the regions of coherent scattering of X-rays. It is shown that for low concentrations of nanosized fillers, the strength characteristics of composite materials are linearly increased from the resizing of the structural regions of nanosized fillers. The experimental dependences obtained are confirmed by theoretical calculations [40] on the determining role of nanosized regions of matrices, which are formed in interaction with nanosized filler, that is, the response of the matrix is proportional to the surface area of the interphase boundary.

Altered Vocalization Rate During the Estrous Cycle in Dairy Cattle

Correct detection of estrus is a problem in dairy herds. In practice, several procedures exist for detection of estrus besides conventional visual observation by humans. These procedures deliver very different results regarding detection of estrus. It is known that the calls of female mammals can contain information about reproductive status. It is also suspected that the vocalizations of cattle contain information about age, sex, dominance status, and stage in the estrous cycle. In the present study, a methodology for the continuous automatic recording of vocalization of heifers during the periestrous period is presented. It was shown in 10 tethered heifers that the estrous climax results in an increase in vocalization rate. Vocalization rate of heifers increased approximately 84% from d −2 to 0 (related to observed estrus) and approximately 59% from d −1 to d 0. After d 0, vocalization rate decreased about 79%. Increased vocalization was correlated with the visual observation of estrus by humans. We also found 2 different structures in the vocalization of heifers. The harmonic structure showed regular frequency bands, whereas the nonharmonic structure was noisy. The hypothesis that the disharmonic structure increases near the estrous climax was confirmed. Hence, it seems possible to get information about stage of the estrous cycle of dairy cattle by means of monitoring vocalization. The presented method of automatically detecting the rate of cattle vocalization (patent pending) could be used solely or in combination with other automated systems for detecting estrus and could considerably increase current estrus detection rates once its applicability can be demonstrated in nontethered cattle.

Diagnosis and Correction of Hemostatic Disorders in Severe Brain Injury

A rapid diagnosis of hemostatic disorders in the acute period of severe brain injury was clinically tested by using the continuous automatic recording of resonance oscillations occurring with the formation, retraction, and lysis of a clot. Pathogenetic correction of hemostatic disorders was developed and clinically tested in severe brain injury, which was performed, by taking into account the severity of neurological symptoms. This made it possible to reduce the incidence of pulmonary complications and the rates of mortality.

A comparison of wild-caught wood mice and bank voles in the Intellicage: assessing exploration, daily activity patterns and place learning paradigms

Our previous work has revealed very high baseline neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of wood mice as compared particularly to bank voles; a difference which may be related to learning capacity. This study explored whether the newly-developed Intellicage system could be used to compare these species in simple spatial learning paradigms. The Intellicage is essentially a group-housing cage that also allows continuous automatic recording of each individual’s behaviour. Seven wild-caught bank voles ( Clethrionomys glareolus) were compared with seven wild-caught long-tailed wood mice ( Apodemus sylvaticus) in the Intellicage system over 9 days. During the first 90 min after entering the cage, the wood mice were substantially more exploratory than the bank voles ( P = 0.003). Over subsequent days, both species showed nocturnal activity increases with voles being 3.7 times more active overall. In the spatial learning paradigms, there were significant species-by-time interactions with wood mice outperforming bank voles on both place learning ( P = 0.027) and subsequent reversal ( P = 0.006). Conclusions are firstly that the wood mice show superior learning abilities in this paradigm, and secondly that the Intellicage serves as a valuable cognitive testing arena for small wild rodents, or for circumstances where cognition must be compared independent of different responses to handling or novel environments.

Bedload transport in the instrumented catchment of the Rio Cordon: Part I: Analysis of bedload records, conditions and threshold of bedload entrainment

The paper illustrates the results of 10 years of research conducted on the Rio Cordon catchment (5 km 2), where an experimental station has been operating for the integral and continuous automatic recording of water discharge and coarse sediment transport. The device operates by separating bedload from water discharge and fine sediment and subsequently measuring the two solid components. The recorded floods are grouped in two distinct categories according to the bedload transport rates: `ordinary' and `exceptional' floods (with return times exceeding 30–50 years). Based on data collected and field studies, the aspects characterising threshold conditions of bedload transport at flood initiation and cessation are illustrated. Then, a description is given of the conditions which are necessary for two distinct mechanisms of incipient motion of bed particles to occur: selective transport and equal mobility of stream bed material.

Hemorheological and cardiovascular responses to beta-endorphin and naloxone in healthy subjects and in patients with essential hypertension.

The purpose of the present study was to determine if opioid agonism (beta-endorphin) and antagonism (Naloxone) exert rheological and cardiovascular effects in normal humans and in patients with essential hypertension. Eight hypertensive patients were matched for age, sex, and body habitus (body mass index, waist to hip ratio) with eight normotensive healthy subjects. In all subjects, heart rate and blood pressure (continuous automatic recording), blood and plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, hematocrit, and platelet aggregation to ADP were evaluated during an infusion of human synthetic beta-endorphin (0.5 mg/h). On a different day and in randomized order, the subjects were submitted to another beta-endorphin infusion preceded by an i.v. naloxone bolus (5 mg in 5 min). beta-Endorphin and naloxone failed to significantly alter heart rate or blood pressure in both normotensive and hypertensive subjects. In hypertensive patients, beta-endorphin significantly increased blood viscosity and ADP-induced platelet aggregation, but only the former effect was naloxone-sensitive. In normotensive subjects, beta-endorphin caused a transient but significant decrease of platelet aggregation that was reversed by naloxone. These data suggest that beta-endorphin may play some role in the inhibitory control of platelet aggregation in normal subjects. An altered responsiveness of some rheological determinants to beta-endorphin seems to be present in human hypertension.

Long term field actography to assess the timing of foraging excursions in the limpet Patella vulgata L

Continuous automatic recording was carried out of foraging activity of Patella vulgata from two shores in North Wales, one of which is exposed to greater wave action than the other. The aim was to undertake a very detailed analysis of the temporal organisation of foraging activity of limpets throughout the spring-neap cycle. The timing was consistently similar at the two sites, in a combined tidal-diel pattern. Most of the limpets showed greatest activity peaks at time of nocturnal low tide, but a few animals on each shore moved during high tide. When, through tidal progression, a nocturnal low tide changed to daytime phasing, limpets showed a great reduction of activity, after which activity shifted to the time of the next low tide. This occurred at the times of spring tides. The long term time budgeting of the limpets on the two shores was also assessed by considering the fraction of time spent away from home during the entire study period. In this comparison limpets from one shore exposed to greater wave action spent a longer time away from the home scar than the more sheltered shore limpets, possibly due to the lower food availability in the exposed shore. Temporal patterning of foraging activity shown by P. vulgata is discussed in terms of possible circatidal and circadian rhythmicity regulated by exogenous environmental factors, and compared with timing of other intertidal molluscs. The observed behavioural polymorphism (inter-individual variability in the temporal pattern) is sought as a possible mechanism reducing the temporal predictability of, and therefore the vulnerability of mobile limpets to predators.

The observation and research on pre-earthquake electromagnetic radiation information

By use of the specialized under ground electrodes as the sensor, the Experimental Multi-station Network observed Seismic Electromagnetic radiationsprior to the moderately strong earthquake. From the great number of electromagnetic anomalies recorded by the network continuously for about 10 years, it can be sure that the anomalies are related to earthquakes aboveMs 5 within 300 km. The stronger the magnitude of the earthquake is, the better the relation is. The abnormal electromagnetic radiation information appears in a short-time before the moderately strong earthquake. The continuous automatic pen recording shows that the electromagnetic information is the waveform of the paroxysmal wave group, and has the features of undulating enhancement, amplitude in inversely proportion to epicentral distance, frequency increase, regional similarity of wave froms and directivity, etc.. It also contains some quantitative elements related to the parameters of the earthquake. The above characteristics and correlative elements can provide important bases for predicting the three elements of the earthquake.

Continuous noninvasive automatic blood pressure recording. Value and limitations in clinical practice.

In the experience reported here, continuous noninvasive automatic blood pressure recording, when used with Holter monitoring, has proved useful for evaluating the 24-hour blood pressure pattern in selected patients with hypertensive disorders and in those who suffer from syncope and hypotension. However, the high cost of the procedure and various equipment drawbacks limit its application. The method should probably be used only in specific clinical situations and in carefully selected patients.

The filtration rate of Mytilus edulis and its dependence on algal concentration, measured by a continuous automatic recording apparatus

A new apparatus for long-term, continuous automatic measurements of filtration rates in suspension-feeding organisms is described. As the concentration of algae in the experimental medium is diminished by the filter-feeding activity of the experimental animals, algal suspension is automatically added, thus keeping the algal concentration constant. In this way, accurate determinations of filtration rates in relation to particle concentration are made possible. For determination of filtration rates in the common mussel Mytilus edulis L., individuals of different body size (shell length 8.5 to 56.5 mm) were used. Within the range of 10x106 to 40x106 cells of Dunaliella marina/l, mussels of the same body size filter-out approximately the same amount of algae at high or low concentrations. A low algal concentration is counterbalanced by a corresponding higher filtration rate. Within the range of body size (W=dry weight of tissues) and algal concentrations used, the filtration rate (F) follows the general allometric equation F=a·Wb, where a and b are constants at specific experimental conditions. At a temperature of 12 °C, the values obtained for a are 2410 at a concentration of 20x106, and 1313 at a concentration of 40x106Dunaliella cells/l; correspondingly, the filtration rates of a mussel of 1 g dry-tissue weight are 2410 ml/h and 1313 ml/h. b, the slope of the regression line (0.73 to 0.74), is independent of algal concentration. However, examination of all known measurements reveals that, most probably, the general allometric equation is an oversimplification; in large individuals there is a more pronounced decrease in filtration rate. The relationship between filtration rate, body size of mussels, and algal concentrations used is discussed.

A Reflectance Analog Computer for the Determination of Thin Film Optical Properties

Apparatus is described which allows the continuous automatic recording of the intensity of linearly polarized light reflected from a growing thin film. From these data the optical properties of the thin film can be determined.

Radiochemische methode zur untersuchung der kinetik von elektrodenprozessen an metallelektroden

Radiochemical measurements allow to detect one component of the two electrochemical partial processes in the region of the equilibrium potential and to determine its rate as a function of potential and of the concentration of the component in the solution A radiochemical-electrochemical technique has been developed for measurements on amalgam electrodes. For a continuous automatic recording of the radioactivity in solution which is in contact with the labelled amalgam, an apparatus has been used which consisted of a scintillation counter, an integrator and an automatic potentiometer. This technique allows the determination of the exchange current density and of the rate of the anodic partial process in the time shortly after the beginning of the exchange process when the radioactivity in the solution increases linearly with time. This method allows the determination of the electrode kinetic parameters (exchange current density, transfer coefficients) on amalgam electrodes. Furthermore, this method can be used to investigate with high sensitivity the electrochemical preparation and dissolution of amalgams. Another radiochemical technique was used to determine the extremely low rate of the anodic dissolution of passive platinum. The platinum anode was irradiated by neutrons (10 13 neutrons/ cm 2 sec). The corrosion rate was then determined by periodic measurements of the radioactivity in samples of the solution using a hundred chennel scintillation spectrometer.

Automatic recording of the growth rates of continuously cultured microorganisms.

A procedure which establishes steady states in cultures of microorganisms and also provides continuous automatic recording of their growth rates is described.

Sounding the Ionosphere

PROF. E. V. APPLETON showed in our columns in 1931 the importance of determining the variation, with frequency, of the equivalent path traversed by wireless signals returned from the ionosphere, since such determinations measure the maximum density of ionisation in the regions sounded. The letter from Mr. K. Naismith which we publish in our correspondence columns this week describes work which he carried out in May 1933. We understand that publication was deferred in accordance with an agreement between British and German workers that none of the results of radio work within the programme of the Second International Polar Year should be published until after the end of that year. The letter directs attention to the need for a rapid and more or less completely automatic method for recording the relation between the radio frequency of the pulse signals used and the equivalent path traversed by them in their double journey to and from the ionosphere, at nearly vertical incidence. At the time when the work described was carried out, there were available several methods for the continuous automatic recording of equivalent path against time of day, for a single frequency, but not for the more difficult problem of recording path against frequency.

An automatic recording method for wireless investigations of the ionosphere

An apparatus for continuous automatic recording of the equivalent height of wireless echoes returned from the ionosphere is described. The Breit and Tuve method is employed, and both the transmitter and the time base at the receiver are synchronized with the a.c. mains. Some specimen records are reproduced and are used to illustrate the normal diurnal variation of equivalent height. Attention is directed to a common abnormal occurrence of increase of ionization in the lower or E region during the hours of darkness, without a corresponding increase in the upper or F region. Reasons are given for supposing that this may be due to the ionizing action of storm clouds, as suggested by C. T. R. Wilson.