Continuation Of Theory Research Articles

Argument Continuities in theory and practice

Abstract Argumentation on some public policy issues is conjugated with disagreement and power differentials. Institutionally dominant arguers control the argumentation context through imposing authority rules which sometimes incentivize them to respond to opposing arguers in a fallacious way1 – with “the repeating tokens of the same counterarguments” and without considering the merits of opposing arguments. As produced in accordance with authority rules, such fallacies are embedded in the dominant argumentative discourse and easily pass unnoticed. To detect them, I introduce Argument Continuity (AC) – a new category of argumentative discourse analysis. AC is a set of the same arguments and counterarguments repeatedly produced/reproduced by the dominant arguer through an adversarial reasoning process to disconfirm opposing arguments and dismiss them. ACs are distinguished from other fallacies by their continuous nature and recursive way of production. ACs have their own life cycle – a chain of reasoning dynamics developing in a path-dependent fashion and increasing the cost of adopting a certain argument over time. I test the life cycle of ACs in a single case study – in consultations held by the Crown with Indigenous peoples of Canada over a controversial resource development project. Although ACs are not specific to the Crown-Indigenous relationships, they reveal how dominant arguers treat disagreement from epistemically diverse arguers. Based on observed evidence, I develop three theoretical propositions of ACs, which can serve as guidelines for researching the disconfirming mode of reasoning in other contexts of communication permeated by beliefs clash and power asymmetries.

Система права

The article examines the system of Russian law and the grounds for singling out its elements. It gives the notion of the system, the main requirements that are imposed on it: there must be identity between the genus (system) and the sum of its species (branches, institutions), i.e. all elements of the system of law must exclude each other (disjunctivity principle); to divide the system into elements there must be one basis. In the article, the division of the system of law into elements is based on the subjective composition. The article argues that the division of Russian law into branches cannot be based on such grounds as subject matter and method. In the existing interpretations of the distinction between branches and institutions of Russian law, the approach is not systemic, but rather conglomerative. The practical necessity of differentiating law into branches and institutions is emphasised, and the history of their differentiation is examined. There should always be continuity in theory and practice. In this sense, it is impossible to ignore the fact that the law has been developed by a number of theories in the history of science. In this sense, one cannot but see that the distinction between branches by subject and method has been adopted by Russia in the organization of legal education: in the development of curricula, in the construction of individual courses and even in the structure of law schools, faculties and special courses. It is possible, and apparently necessary, to criticise the system of law proposed in its time by A.Ya. Vyshinsky, but it is hardly justified to "break" and "reconstruct" it, as has been done in the last decade. The bachelor's programme, the master's programme and the replacement of legal education with the provision of a service, all the more so as a paid service, have led to very sad results in the formation of the social status and legal consciousness of future lawyers. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

Systems Approach to Analysis of Destruction of Cement Composites

A new approach to the creation of composite materials using system analysis methods is proposed. A composite is considered as a set of elements connected by relations generating an integrative quality. When studying the properties of materials, synergetic, informational and homeostatic approaches are implemented. It is noted that when the integrative parameters of the system approach the maximum permissible, a systemic crisis occurs: the system enters the bifurcation zone. The system attributes and methods for selecting elements and subsystems are determined taking into account the paradoxes of integrity and hierarchy; their implementation is indicated in the development of radiation-protective composite materials. Issues of paradigm shift in the development of composite materials are touched upon. The new paradigm does not include the old one. It is stressed that in a paradigm shift there is no continuity of theories; Involves the formation of another system of views based on fundamentally new basic models and the change of the principle of management of initial structure formation. On identification, the principle of simulating a complex system is used (it was represented by a finite set of models that reflect a certain facet of its essence) and purposefulness (matching a complex system with many private criteria and specially developed global criteria that describe its existence as a whole). An example of the synthesis of composites based on the identification of kinetic processes of formation of their physical and mechanical characteristics is indicated. Some aspects of evaluating the durability of materials are considered; the destruction of the system is interpreted as a catastrophe associated with a violation of homeostasis. It is assumed that structural elements are formed from elementary particles, which, under the influence of external factors, are combined into molecules, clusters, globules and fibrils; associative clusters and more complex ordered packing of structural elements appear. The approaches of Benoit Mandelbrot are used, a quantum-mechanical description of the process of destruction of a solid body: a solid body is represented as a set of elementary oscillators; energy is released and absorbed by elementary portions - quanta; destruction of one structural element does not lead to destruction of the entire system; destruction is considered as a process proceeding at scale levels. An illustration is given of a systematic approach to modeling a cement composite as a complex scale-invariant system with the indication of particular models.

Testing the stability of theory of mind: A longitudinal approach.

An explicit understanding of false belief develops around the age of four years. However, tasks based on spontaneous responses have revealed an implicit understanding of belief and other theory of mind constructs in infants in their second year of life. The few longitudinal studies that have examined conceptual continuity of theory of mind from infancy to early childhood have reported mixed findings. Here we report two longitudinal experiments to investigate the developmental relation between implicit and explicit theory of mind. No link was observed in the first experiment between false belief and intention understanding measured at 14 and 18 months with the violation of expectation paradigm and tasks measuring explicit and implicit false belief at four or five years of age. In the second experiment, infants aged 18 months were tested with a battery of tasks that measured knowledge inference and false belief. They were then tested with the theory of mind scale at five years of age. The parents completed the Children's Social Understanding Scale (CSUS) and the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ). As in the first experiment, there were no associations between early and later forms of theory of mind. We suggest that these findings do not support the view that there is conceptual continuity in theory of mind development.

Transport geography, climate change and space: opportunity for new thinking

This paper reflects on how Transport Geography has examined the relationships between climate change, transport and space. It identifies four tendencies in engagements so far – uneven attention; separation between climate change mitigation and adaptation; continuity in theory, method and research praxis; and over-reliance on ‘Western’ thinking and worldviews. It develops an agenda for further research that emphasises the importance of considering all modes and forms of transport, moving beyond the mitigation and adaptation distinction, and foregrounding the socio-political nature of the relationships between climate change, transport and space. It also argues that research praxis has to be revised if those relationships are to be understood adequately, suggesting that critical reflexivity on concepts is a useful step in this direction. The paper then introduces and illustrates an approach to the (re)invention of concepts about the relationships between transport, climate change and space. It concludes by urging transport geographers to work with concepts co-produced with a much wider range of constituencies than usually considered and to develop new methods for tracking the events created by new concepts.

Developmental Continuity in Theory of Mind: Speed and Accuracy of Belief–Desire Reasoning in Children and Adults

On belief-desire reasoning tasks, children first pass tasks involving true belief before those involving false belief, and tasks involving positive desire before those involving negative desire. The current study examined belief-desire reasoning in participants old enough to pass all such tasks. Eighty-three 6- to 11-year-olds and 20 adult participants completed simple, computer-based tests of belief-desire reasoning, which recorded response times as well as error rates. Both measures suggested that, like young children, older children and adults find it more difficult to reason about false belief and negative desires than true beliefs and positive desires. It is argued that this developmental continuity is most consistent with either executive competence or executive performance accounts of the development of belief-desire reasoning.

Transforming e‐assessment in American Sign Language: pedagogical and technological enhancements in online language learning and performance assessment

The rapid increase in demand for American Sign Language (ASL) instruction between 1998 and 2002 created pervasive challenges in effectively assessing and documenting ASL learner performance. To address these challenges, we designed and developed the Avenue ASL e‐assessment environment: an integrated, network‐based software system to capture, evaluate, and manage ASL learner performances. In this paper, we present a design overview of the Avenue ASL system and use a lens of design‐based research to examine how the theoretical foundations of the project have been enhanced through an iterative continuation of theory, design, and implementation research. The paper concludes with a discussion of potential further design applications, beyond ASL.

Friedrich Nietzsche and Weimar Classicism

This book argues that Nietzsche's polemics against 19th-century reception of Goethe and Schiller should not obscure his own more positive evaluation of Weimar classicism, as has generally been case. The authors uncover continuing influence of Weimar classicism at very heart of Nietzsche's theory, which in turn became cornerstone of his epistemological and moral concerns. The book takes as its starting point view that Thus Spoke Zarathustra has a single, coherent message that it identifies with what Goethe called the gospel of beauty. A hitherto unappreciated unity of plot, style, and argument is thus revealed in both Zarathustra and Nietzsche's philosophical oeuvre as a whole, showing how he participates in a perennial aesthetic. In this connection Nietzsche's statement in The Gay Science is revealing: want to learn more and more to see what is necessary in things as what is beautiful ? then I shall be one of those who make things beautiful. The book provides an overview of related scholarly literature; discusses Nietzsche's theory in The Birth of Tragedy; recounts composition of Thus Spoke Zarathustra and offers an interpretation of its aesthetic gospel; a concluding chapter explores historical continuities in theory. By demonstrating constitutive function of aesthetics of Weimar classicism in his philosophy, this book opens up a fresh and original perspective on Nietzsche. Reviews [The authors] make a convincing case that both vocabulary and imagery of Weimar aesthetics, represented principally in writings of Goethe and Schiller, are central to Nietzsche's project.... NEW NIETZSCHE STUDIES Students of Nietzsche ... will welcome this instructive and finely wrought study, which maps influence of Schiller and Goethe on Nietzsche's thought. CHOICE Drawing knowledgeably on works of Goethe and Schiller and on a wide range of sources from Nietzsche's oeuvre ... this assiduously researched study gives a new resonance to numerous passages and to key terms in Nietzsche's writings.... A welcome addition to scholarly literature on Nietzsche. GERMAN QUARTERLY The great strength of this study lies in its erudite and lucid discussions of Die Geburt der Tragodie and Also sprach Zarathustra in first three chapters. MODERN LANGUAGE REVIEW

A microgenetic investigation of stability and continuity in theory of mind development

The processes behind the transition from consistently failing tests of false belief understanding to consistently passing the tests was investigated by tracking changes in children's mental state understanding. Participants were 42 children (aged 3;1 to 4;3). There were two conditions; an experimental condition in which children were tested on a battery of eight theory of mind tests every four weeks for six phases of testing, and a control condition in which children only completed the battery of tests at the first and last testing phases. The profiles of performance showed that an understanding of false beliefs develops gradually and the development is relatively stable. An examination of the types of explanation children give on tests of false belief understanding showed that initially they rely on reality, then they progress through a period of confusion, where they do not provide an explanation, to a final stage in which they are able to explain behaviour by referring to an individual's false belief. Further analyses examined practice effects, construct validity, and the role of verbal ability on the development of mental state understanding.

Nussbaum's Capabilities Approach: A Pragmatist Critique

ions of economists and philosophers to embed thought about justice in the concrete reality of the struggles of poor women. If this claim is true, pragmatists and any who believe that reform must be democratically grounded in the experiences of ordinary people ought to take note. Given its apparent emphasis upon ethics, concrete experi ence, and the continuity of theory and practice, this work represents an opportunity for philosophers to unify our efforts, roll up our sleeves, and get down to the concrete task of social reconstruction. Such an apparent shift in style and focus in mainstream philosophy also repre sents an opportunity to achieve a better understanding of philosophical The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2002. Copyright ? 2002 The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.

Comparative Social Mobility

Although all sociological studies of social mobility are implicitly or ex­ plicitly comparative in nature, in this review I discuss primarily recent studies of social mobility incorporating explicit cross-national compari­ sons or explicit comparisons over time within a given society. The vari­ ous fanfares about cooperation and continuities in theory and notwithstanding, the actual recent number of such explicitly comparative studies, say in the 1970s, is not large. Despite the accessibility of expanded data processing facilities and the remarkable frequency and depth of international contacts, discussion, and coopera­ tion, the implementation of detailed comparative mobility studies involv­ ing separate data sets remains a massive undertaking. Individual researchers and research teams alike inevitably encounter not only the difficulties of reconciling the separate data-gathering procedures and developing adequate measurement routines, but also the even greater problem of interpretation in the contexts of different historical, cultural, and social settings. Nonetheless a number of ambitious studies have sought to compare trends and processes in many different countries, or have incorporated variegated and detailed comparisons over time, or have sought to use comparative studies to push the investigation of social mobility in new theoretical, methodological, or substantive directions. Other studies, more modest in scope or detail, have used explicit comparison of mobili­ ty to focus on more specific facets of the causes, processes, or outcomes

The Politics of Representation: Continuities in Theory and Research. Edited by Heinz Eulau and John C. Wahlke. (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1978. Pp. 312. $17.50, cloth; $7.95, paper.)

The Politics of Representation: Continuities in Theory and Research. Edited by Heinz Eulau and John C. Wahlke. (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1978. Pp. 312. 7.95, paper.) - Volume 74 Issue 2

The Politics of Representation: Continuities in Theory and ResearchHeinz Eulau and John C. Wahlke, et al. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1978, pp. 312

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Symposium On 'Conditions of Scientific Evolution'

On 3-5 November 1972 the Science Studies Unit (Forschungsschwerpunkt Wissenschaftsforschung) of the University of Bielefeld organized a symposium financed by the Volkswagenwerk Foundation which for the first time assembled the various research groups working independently in the Federal Republic on science policy and related topics. The symposium was attended by sixteen German scholars, and was devised to give an overview of different research interests and theoretical approaches, as well as to describe the general development of this relatively new field of. inquiry and to strengthen communication among these groups. The symposium was subdivided into three sections: (a) conceptions of 'internal' evolution, (b) conceptions of 'external' evolution, (c) conceptions of the scientific community. Papers which had been sent in beforehand revealed a remarkable convergence in the general conviction that 'internal' and 'external' conceptions of scientific evolution are interdependent and that research has to reflect this. Dissenting views, on the other hand, appeared on a more specific level. The point of departure was the concept of 'intertheoretical relations' presented by Dr Lorenz Kruger of the University of G6ttingen. This concept (which stands for an elaborate research programme) considers the traditional cumulative conceptions of scientific evolution, as in the philosophy of science, problematical, but conversely insists on a continuity of theories. The possibility to reconstruct the internal history of this continuity rests in the objectivity of science, i.e. in the inter-subjective consensus based on a common reference to identical objects. Within this approach scientific insight remains the main mechanism of control against all external influences. In the discussion of this unique approach in the philosophy of science the same sort of criticism was levelled against it to which 'internalist' conceptions are usually subjected: obviously, the decision whether scientific evolution is influenced or determined not only quantitatively (i.e. accelerated or retarded) but also qualitatively through external conditions rests on the proof that the concept of scientific rationality as well as the subject matters constitutive for research have remained identical and are not themselves subject to evolution